Case Study 1. Manufacture of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), (Hoffmann La Roche, Germany)
Introduction
Technical description
Life cycle assessment
Process of innovation
Process comparisons
Summary and conclusions
Case Study 2. Production of 7-Amino-cephalosporanic Acid Biochemie, Germany/Austria)
Introduction
Technical features of the alternative processes
Advantages and disadvantages
Description of the innovation process
History
Internal factors
External factors
Summary and conclusions
Case Study 3. Biotechnological Production of the Antibiotic Cephalexin (DSM, Netherlands)
Case Study 4. Bioprocesses for the Manufacture of Amino Acids (Tanabe, Japan)
Introduction
Use of immobilised aminoacylase
Cost comparison
Use of immobilised E. coli
Use of immobilised E. coli and immobilised Pseudomonas dacunhae
Summary and conclusions
Case Study 5. Manufacture of S-Chloropropionic Acid (Avecia, United Kingdom)
Introduction
Technical description of process
Advantages and disadvantages
History of the innovation process
Summary and conclusions
Case Study 6. Enzymatic Production of Acrylamide (Mitsubishi Rayon, Japan)
Case Study 7. Enzymatic Synthesis of Acrylic Acid (Ciba, United Kingdom)
Case Study 8. Enzyme-Catalysed Synthesis of Polyesters (Baxenden, United Kingdom)
Introduction
Technical features
Process selection
Advantages and disadvantages
Description of process innovation
Internal factors relevant to decisions
External factors
Co-operation
Summary and conclusions
Case Study 9. Polymers from Renewable Resources (Cargill Dow, United States)
Introduction
Technical description
History of the innovation
Environmental benefits and disposal options
Life Cycle Inventory of PLA polymers
Raw material production
Summary and conclusions
Case Study 10. A Vegetable Oil Degumming Enzyme (Cereol, Germany)
Introduction
Technical features of the EnzyMax process
Advantages of the EnzyMax process
Description of the process of innovation
Historical overview
Internal factors
External factors
Co-operation
Summary and conclusions
Case Study 11. Water Recovery in a Vegetable-processing Company (Pasfrost, Netherlands)
Case Study 12. Removal of Bleach Residues in Textile Finishing (Windel, Germany)
Case Study 13. Enzymatic Pulp Bleaching Process (Leykam, Austria)
Case Study 14. Use of Xylanase as a Pulp Brightener (Domtar, Canada)
Case Study 15. A Life Cycle Assessment on Enzyme Bleaching of Wood Pulp (ICPET, Canada)
Case Study 16. On-site Production of Xylanase (Oji Paper, Japan)
Case Study 17. A Gypsum-free Zinc Refinery (Budel Zink, Netherlands)
Introduction
Process description
Operational experience
Environmental impact
Case Study 18. Copper Bioleaching Technology (Billiton, South Africa)
Case Study 19. Renewable Fuels – Ethanol from Biomass (Iogen, Canada)
Introduction
History
Process
Project
Economics
Discussion
Case Study 20. The Application of LCA Software to Bioethanol Fuel (ICPET, Canada)
Case Study 21. Use of Enzymes in Oil-well Completion (M-I, BP Exploration, United Kingdom)