bones stones and molecules-out of africa and human origins

[...]... being swamped genetically and physically? Indeed, are Neanderthals just an extreme version of the one species H sapiens — is there still a little Neanderthal left in us all? Any understanding of human evolution, undoubtedly, must be based on an interpretation of human physical (bone) and cultural (stone) remains This is particularly true of the remains that predate the origins of our own species, H sapiens,... packed strands of DNA T G A A single strand of DNA is a string of nucleotides encoding certain proteins Figure 1.4 ᭤ From person to gene Adapted from Kingdon (2003) 12 Chapter 1 Introduction of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA for short) DNA itself consists of two long spiral strands, which form the chromosomes Each of these strands is made up of four types of small molecules (coded A, G, C, and T) The... the modern human range than to the Neanderthal samples, which are later in time, thus confirming the distinctiveness of the Neanderthals not only from living humans, but also from earlier fossil modern human populations This interpretation supports the “Out of Africa model and reflects the distinctiveness of all modern humans (in time and space) compared to our near contemporaries, the Neanderthals... recent dates for this species), and modern H sapiens, who had by then occupied most parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia (including Australia) Following the emergence of modern humans in Africa between 250,000 and 150,000 years ago, and their later dispersal into Europe and Asia, the more archaic human populations became extinct, not through a form of genocide, but as a result of losing in a competition for... “Out of Africa school) regard them as belonging to a number of different species (Homo erectus in Java, Homo pekinensis in China, Homo heidelbergensis in Africa and Europe) It is true that a general likeness of skull shape is maintained over vast eons of time — hundreds of thousands of years — within each of Chapter 1 Introduction 9 these regions, though this is to be expected given the similar rate of. .. heidelbergensis was already a part of the Neanderthal lineage, and as such the African hominins usually allocated to the same species must be a different species because they are not part of the Neanderthal lineage Thus a separate and parallel line in Africa (H rhodesiensis?) may have led to the evolution of H sapiens via African populations, as represented by the Herto, Elandsfontein, and Kabwe specimens (see... both authors that the “Out of Africa model for recent human origins is supported by the available fossil, archaeological and molecular evidence, though, as we will also argue, there was more than one “Out of Africa, ” and in some cases there were dispersals into Africa during the early Pleistocene by some human species That is not to say that we both agree on the details of human evolution over the last... the gibbon and the others (orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and human) , with a difference of around 5%, and this suggests that the earliest divergence date is between gibbons and the other apes Next is the orangutan, which differs in mtDNA by 3.6% from the gorilla, chimpanzee, and human; and then the gorilla, at 2.3% difference from chimpanzee and human The two chimpanzee species (the common and pygmy... a number of truly significant discoveries relating to the evolution of humans and their ancestors Most recent have been the discovery and publication of the late Miocene fossil specimen from Chad allocated to Sahelanthropus and the mid-Pliocene fossils from Kenya allocated to Kenyanthropus Ongoing discoveries of more recent human remains, especially from the Pleistocene of Africa, Europe, and Australia... evidence, such as bones and stones, and also suggests likely evolutionary relationships 1 2 Chapter 1 Introduction between different human groups Unlike bones and stones, however, the molecular evidence does not provide a picture of what our ancestors looked like or how they adapted physically and behaviorally to their seasonally fluctuating environments The overall tempo and mode of evolution best . Bones, Stones and Molecules “Out of Africa and Human Origins Reconstruction of Paranthropus (Adapted from Matternes [Isaac & McCown, 1976]) Bones, Stones and Molecules “Out of Africa and. Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cameron, David W. Bones, stones and molecules: “Out of Africa and human origins / David W. Cameron and. Geography of Humanity 201 8. “The Grisly Folk”: The Emergence of the Neanderthals 207 9. The Second African Exodus: The Emergence of Modern Humans 233 10. The Emergence of Modern Humans in Asia and