oracle database 10g - the complete reference 2004

Oracle Database 10 g : The Complete Reference Kevin Loney McGraw-Hill/Osborne New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto McGraw-Hill/Osborne 2100 Powell Street, 10th Floor Emeryville, California 94608 U.S.A. To arrange bulk purchase discounts for sales promotions, premiums, or fund-raisers, please contact McGraw-Hill/Osborne at the above address. For information on translations or book distributors outside the U.S.A., please see the International Contact Information page immediately following the index of this book. Oracle Database 10 g : The Complete Reference Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (Publisher). All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of Publisher. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Screen displays of copyrighted Oracle software programs have been reproduced herein with the permission of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Excerpts of copyrighted Oracle user documentation have been reproduced herein with the permission of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. 1234567890 CUS CUS 01987654 Book p/n 0-07-225352-5 and CD p/n 0-07-225353-3 parts of ISBN 0-07-225351-7 Publisher Brandon A. Nordin Vice President & Associate Publisher Scott Rogers Acquisitions Editor Lisa McClain Project Editors Patty Mon, Janet Walden Acquisitions Coordinator Athena Honore Technical Editor Pete Sharman Copy Editors Bart Reed, Margaret Berson, William F. McManus Proofreader Carol Henry Indexer Jack Lewis Computer Designer Apollo Publishing Services Cover Series Design Damore Johann Design, Inc. This book was composed with Corel VENTURA™ Publisher. Information has been obtained by Publisher from sources believed to be reliable. However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, Publisher, or others, Publisher does not guarantee to the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information included in this work and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from the use of such information. Oracle Corporation does not make any representations or warranties as to the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information contained in this Work, and is not responsible for any errors or omissions. To my parents, and to Sue, Emily, Rachel, and Jane. About the Author Kevin Loney is a senior technical management consultant with TUSC (http://www.tusc.com), an Oracle-focused consultancy headquartered in Chicago. He was selected as ORACLE Magazine ’s Consultant of the Year in 2002. He is an expert in the design, development, administration, tuning, security, and recovery of Oracle-based applications. An Oracle DBA and developer since 1987, he is the primary author of 15 books for Oracle DBAs and developers. He is a frequent and highly-rated presenter at local and international Oracle user groups. About the Technical Reviewers Pete Sharman has 16 years’ IT experience designing, implementing, and managing the performance of Oracle solutions. As a solo consultant and team leader, Pete has provided administrative and technical leadership to leading Internet-based businesses as well as several Fortune 100 and Fortune 500 companies. He has also completed world-class benchmarks and implementation reviews of the Oracle RDBMS, and performed high-impact performance tuning. A proven technical leader, Pete has acquired expert-level skills in Oracle Parallel Server and Real Application Clusters database design, administration, backup and recovery, operations planning and management, performance management, system management, and security and management of complex data centers. Currently, Pete is performing the role of Oracle9 i and Oracle 10 g Database Global Consulting Lead, acting as an interface between Oracle Development and North America Sales and Consulting. Pete has also passed all the Oracle DBA Certifications (Oracle7, Oracle8, Oracle8 i, and Oracle9 i ) and was one of the first 20 people in the world to qualify as an Oracle9 i Certified Master. Bob Bryla is an Oracle 8, 8 i, 9 i, and 10 g Certified Professional with more than 15 years of experience in database design, database application development, training, and database administration, and he is the tech editor and author of several Oracle Press and Sybex Oracle DBA books. He is an Internet database analyst and Oracle DBA at Lands’ End, Inc., in Dodgeville, Wisconsin. Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii PART I Critical Database Concepts 1 Oracle Database 10 g Architecture Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Databases and Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Inside the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Choosing Architectures and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 Installing Oracle Database 10 g and Creating a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Overview of Licensing and Installation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 Upgrading to Oracle Database 10 g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Choosing an Upgrade Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Before Upgrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Using the Database Upgrade Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Performing a Manual Direct Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Using Export and Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Using the Data-Copying Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 After Upgrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4 Planning Oracle Applications—Approaches, Risks, and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 The Cooperative Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Everyone Has “Data” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 The Familiar Language of Oracle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Some Common, Everyday Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 What Are the Risks? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Importance of the New Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 How to Reduce the Confusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Capitalization in Names and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Normalizing Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Good Design Has a Human Touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Understanding the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Toward Object Name Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 v vi Oracle Database 10 g : The Complete Reference Intelligent Keys and Column Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 The Commandments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 PART II SQL and SQL*Plus 5 The Basic Parts of Speech in SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Creating the NEWSPAPER Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Using SQL to Select Data from Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 select, from, where, and order by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Logic and Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Another Use for where: Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Combining Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Creating a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6 Basic SQL*Plus Reports and Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Building a Simple Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Other Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Checking the SQL*Plus Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 7 Getting Text Information and Changing It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 What Is a String? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Concatenation ( || ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 How to Cut and Paste Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Using order by and where with String Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 8 Searching for Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Search Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 REGEXP_SUBSTR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 9 Playing the Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 The Three Classes of Number Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Single-Value Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Aggregate Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 List Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Finding Rows with MAX or MIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Precedence and Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 10 Dates: Then, Now, and the Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Date Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 ROUND and TRUNC in Date Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Contents vii TO_DATE and TO_CHAR Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Dates in where Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Dealing with Multiple Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Using the EXTRACT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Using the TIMESTAMP Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 11 Conversion and Transformation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Elementary Conversion Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Specialized Conversion Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Transformation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 12 Grouping Things Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 The Use of group by and having . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Views of Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 The Power of Views of Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 More Grouping Possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 13 When One Query Depends upon Another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Advanced Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Outer Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Natural and Inner Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 UNION, INTERSECT, and MINUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 14 Some Complex Possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Complex Groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Using Temporary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Using ROLLUP, GROUPING, and CUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Family Trees and connect by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 15 Changing Data: insert, update, merge, and delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 rollback, commit, and autocommit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Multitable Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 delete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Using the merge Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 16 DECODE and CASE: if, then, and else in SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 if, then, else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Replacing Values via DECODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 DECODE Within DECODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Greater Than and Less Than in DECODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Using CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 17 Creating and Managing Tables, Views, Indexes, Clusters, and Sequences . . . . . . . . . 311 Creating a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Dropping Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Altering Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Creating a Table from a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Creating an Index-Organized Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Using Partitioned Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Creating a View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 18 Basic Oracle Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Users, Roles, and Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 What Users Can Grant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Granting Limited Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 PART III Beyond the Basics 19 Advanced Security—Virtual Private Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Initial Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Create an Application Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Create a Logon Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Create a Security Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Apply the Security Policy to Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Test VPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 How to Implement Column-Level VPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 How to Disable VPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 How to Use Policy Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 20 Working with Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Tablespaces and the Structure of the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Planning Your Tablespace Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 21 Using SQL*Loader to Load Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 The Control File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Starting the Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Control File Syntax Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Managing Data Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Tuning Data Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Additional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 22 Using Data Pump Export and Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Creating a Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Data Pump Export Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Starting a Data Pump Export Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Data Pump Import Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Starting a Data Pump Import Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 23 Accessing Remote Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Database Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Using Synonyms for Location Transparency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 viii Oracle Database 10 g : The Complete Reference Using the User Pseudo-Column in Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Dynamic Links: Using the SQL*Plus copy Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Connecting to a Remote Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 24 Using Materialized Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Required System Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Required Table Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Read-Only vs. Updatable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 create materialized view Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Using Materialized Views to Alter Query Execution Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Using DBMS_ADVISOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Refreshing Materialized Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 create materialized view log Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Altering Materialized Views and Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Dropping Materialized Views and Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 25 Using Oracle Text for Text Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Adding Text to the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 Text Queries and Text Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Index Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 26 Using External Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Accessing the External Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Creating an External Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Altering External Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 Limitations, Benefits, and Potential Uses of External Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 27 Using Flashback Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Time-Based Flashback Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Saving the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 SCN-Based Flashback Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 What If the Flashback Query Fails? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 What SCN Is Associated with Each Row? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Flashback Version Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 Planning for Flashbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 28 Flashback—Tables and Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 The flashback table Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 The flashback database Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 PART IV PL/SQL 29 An Introduction to PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 PL/SQL Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Declarations Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Executable Commands Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 Exception Handling Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Contents ix x Oracle Database 10 g : The Complete Reference 30 Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Required System Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 Required Table Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 Types of Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Trigger Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 Enabling and Disabling Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 Replacing Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 Dropping Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 31 Procedures, Functions, and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Required System Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 Required Table Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 Procedures vs. Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 Procedures vs. Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 create procedure Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 create function Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 create package Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 Viewing Source Code for Procedural Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Compiling Procedures, Functions, and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Replacing Procedures, Functions, and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 Dropping Procedures, Functions, and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 32 Using Native Dynamic SQL and DBMS_SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 Using Bind Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 Using DBMS_SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 PART V Object-Relational Databases 33 Implementing Types, Object Views, and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Working with Abstract Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Implementing Object Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 34 Collectors (Nested Tables and Varying Arrays) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Varying Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Nested Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 Additional Functions for Nested Tables and Varying Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Management Issues for Nested Tables and Varying Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 35 Using Large Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Available Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 Specifying Storage for LOB Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 Manipulating and Selecting LOB Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 [...]... instance will use the same database (see Chapter 40) The instances generally are on separate servers connected by a high-speed interconnect Inside the Database Within the Oracle database, the basic structure is a table Oracle Database 10g supports many types of tables, including the following: ■ Relational tables Using the Oracle- supplied datatypes (see “Datatypes” in the Alphabetical Reference) , you... available in Oracle Database 10g Part VIII contains several “hitchhiker’s” guides—to the data dictionary, the database optimizer, Oracle Application Server, database administration, and Oracle s XML implementation These guides provide an overview of areas that developers may need to use in their application development and administration Part IX, the “Alphabetical Reference, ” is a reference for the Oracle. .. examples of complex programs The final two parts of the book contain the “hitchhiker’s guides”—guided tours of the data dictionary, optimizer, tuning case studies, the application server, database administration, and XML—and the Alphabetical Reference The Alphabetical Reference contains the syntax and description of all functions and commands supported by Oracle Database 10g The reference is intended for... As of Oracle Database 10g, licensing for the Oracle database is only by named user or CPU, and there is no longer a concurrent user licensing option Therefore, the DBA should use the initialization parameter LICENSE_MAX_USERS to specify the maximum number of users that can be created in the database As a result, LICENSE_MAX_SESSIONS and LICENSE_SESSIONS_ WARNING are deprecated in Oracle Database 10g. .. however, any database you create should be configured and tuned for the types of users and transactions on the database Database Identification In the next step of DBCA, you will identify the name of the instance along with the global database name NOTE If the global database name needs to be changed in the future, you must use the alter database command to change it, in addition to changing it in the initialization... Options Oracle provides a full array of tools for developing applications based on Oracle Database 10g Although this book does not cover each of the possible tools and their uses, see Chapter 45 for a detailed overview of the Oracle Application Server and its capabilities You can use Oracle Application Server as the middle tier for three-tier applications that access Oracle Database 10g Many of the features... for the Oracle SYSTEM tablespace and the associated Oracle software and tools ■ Plan the locations of the physical datafiles on the server’s disk to maximize performance and recoverability In general, the more physical disks, the better If a RAID or Network Attached Storage area will be used for the datafiles, consider Oracle Managed Files to manage the placement of the datafiles As of Oracle Database. .. but assumes some familiarity with the products To make the most productive use of any of the entries, it’s worthwhile to read the introductory pages of the reference These pages explain in greater detail what is and is not included and how to read the entries The CD that accompanies this book contains a special electronic edition of Oracle Database 10g: The Complete Reference Now, with this electronic... for both the server-side and client-side components You can also deinstall any Oracle products from the initial OUI screens During the server installation, you will choose the version of Oracle Database 10g from the list in the previous section: Enterprise Edition, Standard Edition, or one of the other options available for your platform It is strongly recommended that you create a starter database. .. multiple CDs Oracle Database 10 g: The Complete Reference is the first entity that has gathered all the major Oracle definitions, commands, functions, features, and products together in a single, massive core reference one volume that every Oracle user and developer can keep handy on his or her desk The audience for this book will usually fall into one of three categories: ■ An Oracle end user Oracle can . multiple CDs. Oracle Database 10 g : The Complete Reference is the first entity that has gathered all the major Oracle definitions, commands, functions, features, and products together in a single,. the index of this book. Oracle Database 10 g : The Complete Reference Copyright © 2004 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (Publisher). All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America administration, and XML—and the Alphabetical Reference. The Alphabetical Reference contains the syntax and description of all functions and commands supported by Oracle Database 10 g. The reference is intended