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  • Beginning Android 3D Game Development

    • Contents at a Glance

    • Contents

    • About the Author

    • About the Technical Reviewer

    • Acknowledgments

    • Introduction

    • Chapter 1: Let’s Meet the Android

      • Overview of Android

      • Overview of the Android SDK

        • Android Software Development Kit (SDK) Requirements

        • Android SDK Components Overview

          • Eclipse with Android Development Tools Plug-in

          • Android SDK Manager

          • Android Virtual Device

        • How to Set Up for Development

        • Android Development Tools Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Overview

          • Package Explorer

          • Source Code Area

          • Outline

          • Dalvik Debug Monitor Server (DDMS)

          • LogCat Window

          • Launching the SDK Manager and AVD Manager from Eclipse

      • Hands-on Example: Non–OpenGL ES Text “Hello World” Program

        • Creating a New Android Project

        • Running on an Android Emulator

        • Running on an Actual Android Device

        • The Main Source Code

        • The Graphical Layout

        • The Actual “Hello World” Data

      • Summary

    • Chapter 2: Java for Android

      • Overview of the Java Language

      • Java Comments

      • Java Basic Data Types

        • Arrays

        • Data Modifiers

      • Java Operators

        • Arithmetic Operators

        • Unary Operators

        • Conditional Operators

        • Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators

      • Java Flow Control Statements

      • Java Classes

        • Packages and Classes

        • Accessing Classes in Packages

        • Java Interfaces

        • Accessing Class Variables and Functions

      • Java Functions

        • Calling the Parent Function

      • The Basic Android Java Program Framework

        • Android Activity Life Cycle Overview

          • Key Activity Life Cycle Cases

        • Seeing the Activity Life Cycle in Action

      • The Basic Android Java OpenGL Framework

        • Basic Android OpenGL ES Framework for a Single-View OpenGL ES Application

          • The Custom GLSurfaceView

          • The Custom Renderer

        • Basic Android OpenGL ES Framework for a Multiple View OpenGL ES Application

          • The XML Layout File

          • The Activity Class and GLSurfaceView Class

      • Hands-on Example: A 3D OpenGL “Hello Droid” Example

        • Importing Project Examples into Eclipse

        • The MainActivity and MyGLSurfaceView Classes

        • The MyGLRenderer Class

        • Class Overview

        • Experimenting with “Hello Droid”

      • Summary

    • Chapter 3: 3D Math Review

      • Vectors and Vector Operations

        • What Is a Vector ?

          • Vector Representing Position

          • Vector Representing Direction

          • Vector Representing Rotation Axis

          • Vector Representing Force

          • Vectors Representing Local Axes

        • Our Vector Class

        • The Vector Magnitude

        • Vector Normalization

        • Vector Addition

        • Vector Multiplication

          • Vector Negation

        • The Right Triangle

        • Vector Dot Product

        • Vector Cross Product

      • Matrices and Matrix Operations

        • What Is a Matrix ?

        • Built-in Android Matrix Class

        • The Identity Matrix

        • Matrix Transpose

        • Matrix Multiplication

        • Matrix Inverse

        • Homogeneous Coordinates

        • Using Matrices to Move Objects

        • Using Matrices to Rotate Objects

        • Using Matrices to Scale Objects

        • Combining Matrices

      • Hands-on Example: Manipulating Objects in 3D Space

        • Building a 3D Object’s Model Matrix

        • Adding a Rotation to an Object

        • Moving an Object in 3D Space

        • Scaling an Object

      • Summary

    • Chapter 4: 3D Graphics Using OpenGL ES 2.0

      • Overview of OpenGL ES 2.0 on Android

        • General Overview of OpenGL Object Rendering

        • Specific Overview of the Rendering Procedure

          • Transforming the 3D Object’s Vertices

            • Building the Model Matrix

            • Building the View Matrix

            • Building the Projection Matrix

            • Setting the Viewport

          • Sending the Matrices and Lighting Information to the Vertex and Fragment Shaders

          • Rendering the Scene

      • Overview of the OpenGL ES 2.0 Shading Language

        • Basic Data Types

        • Vector Components

        • Operators and Expressions

        • Program Flow Control Statements

        • Storage Qualifiers

        • Reserved Variables

        • Built-in Functions

      • Overview of Vertex Shaders

        • A Complex Vertex Shader

      • Overview of Fragment or Pixel Shaders

      • Overview of the Shader Class

      • The Camera

      • The 3D Object Mesh

        • Mesh Vertex Data

        • The MeshEx Class

          • MeshEx Class Overview

          • MeshEx Class Constructor

          • MeshEx Class Error Debug Function

          • MeshEx Class Mesh Draw Function

      • Lighting

        • Overview of Lighting

        • The PointLight Class

        • Building the Normal Matrix

        • Lighting in the Vertex Shader

          • Ambient

          • Diffuse

          • Specular

        • Lighting in the Fragment Shader

          • Ambient Lighting

          • Diffuse Lighting

          • Specular Lighting

          • Final Fragment Color

      • Materials

        • The Material Class

        • Materials in the Fragment Shader

      • Textures

        • Texture Magnification and Minification

        • Texture Clamping and Repeating

        • The Texture Class

        • Textures in the Vertex Shader

        • Textures in the Fragment Shader

      • Summary

    • Chapter 5: Motion and Collision

      • Overview of Motion

        • Linear Velocity and Linear Acceleration

        • Newton’s Laws of Motion

        • Gravity

        • Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration

        • Rotational Forces

      • The Physics Class

      • Hands-on Example: Linear Motion and Angular Motion Using Forces

        • Creating a Four-Sided Textured Cube

        • Modifying the Object3d Class

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

      • Overview of Collisions

        • Collision Detection

        • Modifying the MeshEx Class

        • Modifying the Object3d Class

        • Types of Collisions

        • Modifying the Physics Class

        • Calculating Collisions

        • Modifying the Physics Class

      • Hands-on Example: Collisions

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

      • Newton’s Law of Gravity

      • Drone Grid Case Study: Creating a Gravity Grid Using a Vertex Shader

        • Modifying the Physics Class

        • Modifying the MeshEx Class

        • The GravityGridEx Class

        • Creating the New Vertex Shader

          • Main() Function of Shader

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

      • Summary

    • Chapter 6: Game Environment

      • Overview of Sounds on Android

        • The Sound Class

        • Modifying the Object3d Class

      • Hands-on Example: Sounds

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

      • Overview of a Heads-Up Display

        • Overview of Our HUD

        • Creating the BillBoard Class

        • Creating the BillBoardFont Class

        • Modifying the Texture Class

        • Creating the BillBoardCharacterSet Class

        • Creating the HUDItem Class

        • Creating the HUD Class

        • Modifying the Object3d Class

      • Drone Grid Case Study: Creating the HUD

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

      • Overview of Persistent Data

        • Modifying the Orientation Class

        • Modifying the Physics Class

        • Modifying the Object3d Class

      • Hands-on Example: Saving Persistent Data

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

        • Modifying the MyGLSurfaceView Class

        • Modifying the MainActivity Class

      • Summary

    • Chapter 7: Drone Grid Case Study: Creating the Player

      • Creating the Player Graphic

        • Creating the Mesh Class

        • Modifying the Object3d Class

        • Modifying Other Classes That Use the Object3d Class

        • Creating the Pyramid Class

        • Creating the PowerPyramid Class

      • Creating the Player’s Viewpoint and Input

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

        • Modifying the MyGLSurfaceView Class

      • Creating Player Weapons and Ammunition

      • Creating the Explosions

        • Creating the PolyParticleEx Class

        • Creating the SphericalPolygonExplosion Class

        • Modifying the Object3d Class

      • Creating Game Object Statistics

        • Creating the Stats Class

        • Modifying the Object3d Class

      • Hands-on Example: Target Shooting!

        • Creating the Player

        • Creating the Player’s Weapon

        • Processing Collisions

        • Modifying the onDrawFrame() Function

      • Summary

    • Chapter 8: Drone Grid Case Study: Creating the Enemies

      • Creating Arena Objects

      • Overview of Artificial Intelligence

      • Creating the Tank Enemy

        • Creating the Tank Graphic

        • Creating the Tank State

        • Creating Vehicle Commands

        • Creating the Tank State to Process Commands

        • Creating the Vehicle Steering Class

        • Creating the Tank’s Patrol/Attack State

        • Creating the Tank Finite State Machine

        • Creating the Driver for the Tank

        • Modifying the Physics Class

        • Modifying the Object3d Class

        • Creating the Tank Class

      • Hands-on Example: Arena Objects and Tanks

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

      • Summary

    • Chapter 9: Drone Grid Case Study: The User Interface

      • Creating the Main Menu System

        • The MenuItem Class

        • The MainMenu Class

      • Creating the High Score Table

        • The HighScoreEntry Class

        • The HighScoreTable Class

      • Creating the High Score Entry System

      • Hands-on Example: Demonstrating the User Interface

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

      • Summary

    • Chapter 10: The Final Drone Grid Game

      • Organizing and Controlling Groups of Enemies

        • The ArenaObjectSet Class

        • The TankFleet Class

      • The GamePlayController Class

      • Saving and Loading the Game State

        • Modifying the MainActivity Class

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

      • Adding in the Game Over Game State

      • Hands-on Example: The Drone Grid Game

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

      • Summary

    • Chapter 11: The Android Native Development Kit (NDK)

      • NDK Overview

      • NDK System Requirements

      • Android Platform Compatibility

      • Installing the Android NDK

      • Ways to Use the Android NDK

      • Java Native Interface Overview

        • The Java Interface Pointer

        • Loading and Linking Native C/C++ Methods

        • Naming Native Functions

        • Native Function Parameters

        • C vs. C++ Native Function Formats

        • Native Types

        • Reference Types

        • JNI Signature Types

        • Calling Native Code from Java and Accessing Java Methods from Native Code

        • JNI Functions

      • Android JNI Makefile

      • Hands-on Example: “Hello World from JNI and Native Code ”

        • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

      • Hands-on Example: Adding Native Functions to the Drone Grid Game Case Study

        • Calculating Gravity in Native Code

          • Modifying the hello-jni.c File

          • Modifying the Physics Class

        • Rotating Objects from Native Code

          • Modifying the hello-jni.c File

          • Modifying the Physics Class

          • Modifying the MyGLRenderer Class

        • Calculating the Reaction Force for a Collision from Native Code

          • Modifying the hello-jni.c File

          • Modifying the Physics Class

      • Summary

    • Chapter 12: Publishing and Marketing Your Final Game

      • Creating the Final Distribution File

      • Testing the Distribution .apk File

      • List of Android Marketplaces and Policies

        • Google Play

        • Amazon Appstore for Android

        • Samsung Apps Store

        • Aptoide

        • Appitalism

        • GetJar

        • SlideMe

        • Soc.Io Mall

        • Your Own WebSite.Com

      • List of Android Ad Networks

        • AppFlood

        • Appwiz

        • LeadBolt

        • AppBucks

        • MobileCore

        • AdMob

        • StartApp

        • Other Ad Network and Marketing-Related Companies

      • List of Android Game Review Web Sites

      • List of Other Helpful Sites for Android Developers

      • Summary

    • Index

Nội dung

Beginning Android 3D Game Development COMPANION eBOOK Shelve in Mobile Computing User level: Beginning–Intermediate www.apress.com BOOKS FOR PROFESSIONALS BY PROFESSIONALS ® B eginning Android 3D Game Development is a unique, examples-driven book for today’s Android and game app developers who want to learn how to build 3D game apps that run on the latest Android 5.0 (KitKat) platform using Java and OpenGL ES. After reading and using this book, you’ll be able to build your first 3D Android game app for smartphones and tablets. This book offers an extensive 3D game app case study called Drone Grid with code that is modular and reusable to help you create your own games using advanced vertex and fragment shaders. Drone Grid is somewhat similar to the best-selling Geometry Wars game series, utilizing a gravity grid and colorful abstract graphics and particles. You’ll learn: • How to build 3D game apps using Android SDK, NDK, and OpenGL ES • Which Android SDK and NDK APIs are most useful for 3D game development • How to get a 3D Math Review for game development • How to build 3D graphics using OpenGL ES • How to create various motion patterns • How to set up a game environment, including gravity grid, sounds, and heads-up display • How to create the characters, including the player and its enemies or targets • How to develop a rich menu system with high score table Robert Chin Companion eBook Available Chin Beginning Android 3D Game Development SOURCE CODE ONLINE Beginning 9781430 265474 54999 ISBN 978-1-4302-6547-4 For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front matter material after the index. Please use the Bookmarks and Contents at a Glance links to access them. iii Contents at a Glance About the Author �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xvii About the Technical Reviewer ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xix Acknowledgments �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xxi Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xxiii Chapter 1: Let’s Meet the Android ■ �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Chapter 2: Java for Android ■ ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 Chapter 3: 3D Math Review ■ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57 Chapter 4: 3D Graphics Using OpenGL ES 2�0 ■ ������������������������������������������������������������������81 Chapter 5: Motion and Collision ■ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������135 Chapter 6: Game Environment ■ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������183 Chapter 7: Drone Grid Case Study: Creating the Player ■ �������������������������������������������������221 Chapter 8: Drone Grid Case Study: Creating the Enemies ■ ���������������������������������������������267 Chapter 9: Drone Grid Case Study: The User Interface ■ ��������������������������������������������������321 Chapter 10: The Final Drone Grid Game ■ �������������������������������������������������������������������������353 Chapter 11: The Android Native Development Kit (NDK) ■ �����������������������������������������������393 Chapter 12: Publishing and Marketing Your Final Game ■ �����������������������������������������������419 Index ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������453 xxiii Introduction This book is meant to be a quick-start guide to developing 3D games for the Android platform using Java and OpenGL ES 2.0. Development will utilize the Eclipse Integrated Development Environment (IDE) with Android Development Tools (ADT) plug-ins installed. The goal is to cover key concepts and illustrate them, using concrete hands-on examples and case studies. A single book cannot cover every aspect of Android game development or Android software development in general. Thus, this book is not meant as a reference guide. The following is a summary of each chapter in this book. Chapter 1: “Let’s Meet the Android.” In this chapter, I provide an overview of Android, an overview of the Android SDK, instructions on how to set up your computer for Android development, and a hands-on example involving a simple “Hello World” program for those unfamiliar with Android. Chapter 2: “Java for Android.” In this chapter, I offer an overview of the Java language, the basic Android Java program framework, and information on the basic Java OpenGL ES framework. Chapter 3: “3D Math Review.” In this chapter, 3D math, vectors, matrices, and vector and matrix operations are discussed. Chapter 4: “3D Graphics Using OpenGL ES 2.0.” In this chapter, I provide an overview of OpenGL ES 2.0 on Android, 3D meshes, lighting, materials, textures, saving persistent data, and creating a gravity grid using vertex and fragment shaders. Chapter 5: “Motion and Collision.” In this chapter, collision and Newtonian mechanics are covered. Chapter 6: “Game Environment.” In this chapter, sounds and the heads-up display are discussed. xxiv Introduction Chapter 7: “Drone Grid Case Study: Creating the Player.” In this chapter, I explain how to create a player, including elements associated with a player within our Drone Grid game, such as weapons, ammunition and player’s HUD. Chapter 8: “Drone Grid Case Study: Creating the Enemies.” This chapter details how to create the enemies in our Drone Grid game. The enemies are arena objects and tanks. Arena objects are fairly simple in their behavior. Tanks are more complex enemy objects that will require the use of complex artificial intelligence, which I also cover. Chapter 9: “Drone Grid Case Study: The User Interface.” User interfaces for our Drone Grid game are discussed in this chapter, including the Main Menu System, the creation of the high score table, and the high score entry menu. Chapter 10: “The Final Drone Grid Game.” This chapter brings together everything from previous chapters into the final Drone Grid game. A final complete working game that integrates all the elements from previous chapters is presented. The final game will use elements discussed previously such as menus, heads up display, and enemy objects such as arena objects and tanks. Chapter 11: “The Android Native Development Kit (NDK).” This chapter covers the Android Native Development Kit and discusses the Java Native Interface (JNI) in addition. Chapter 12: “Publishing and Marketing Your Final Game.” This chapter discusses how to publish and market your final Android game. It includes a list of Android marketplaces from which you can upload your game distribution file, a list of numerous ad networks that support Android, and a list of game sites that review Android games. 1 Chapter 1 Let’s Meet the Android Android mobile phones dominate the mobile smartphone market, surpassing even Apple’s iPhone. There are hundreds of millions of mobile phones using the Android operating system in over 190 countries around the world. Every day, a million new users begin using their Android phones to surf the Web, to e-mail friends, and to download apps and games. In fact, in the Google Play Store alone, there are 1.5 billion downloads per month of Android games and applications. If you include other web sites that offer Android games and apps for sale, such as Amazon Appstore for Android, then the number is even higher. In this chapter, you will learn about the Android Software Development Kit (SDK). You will learn how to set up the Android development environment. You will also learn about the major components of this environment, such as Eclipse. We then go through the creation and deployment of a simple “Hello World” program for Android, to both a virtual Android emulator program and also a real Android device. Overview of Android The Android operating system is a widely used operating system available on mobile phones and tablets. It is even used on a video game console called the Ouya. Android phones range from expensive phones that require a contract to inexpensive prepaid phones that do not require any contract. Developing programs for the Android platform does not require any developer’s fees, unlike Apple mobile devices, which require yearly fees in order to even be able to run your program on their devices. A good working prepaid no-contract Android phone that can develop 3D games using OpenGL ES 2.0 can be bought on Amazon.com for as little as $75–$100 with free shipping. Overview of the Android SDK This section discusses the Android SDK. Development system requirements and important individual pieces of the SDK, such as the SDK Manager, Android Virtual Device Manager, and the actual Android emulator will be covered. 2 CHAPTER 1: Let’s Meet the Android Android Software Development Kit (SDK) Requirements Android development can be done on a Windows PC, Mac OS machine, or a Linux machine. The exact operating system requirements are as follows: Operating Systems: Windows XP (32-bit), Vista (32- or 64-bit), or Windows 7 (32- or 64-bit) Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later (x86 only) Linux (tested on Ubuntu Linux, Lucid Lynx) GNU C Library (glibc) 2.7 or later is required. On Ubuntu Linux, version 8.04 or later is required. 64-bit distributions must be capable of running 32-bit applications. Developing Android programs also requires installation of the Java Development Kit. Java Development Kit requirements are JDK 6 or later and are located at www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/ downloads/index.html. If you are using a Mac, then Java may already be installed. The Eclipse IDE program modified with the Android Development Tools (ADT) plug-in forms the basis for the Android development environment. The requirements for Eclipse are as follows: Eclipse 3.6.2 (Helios) or greater located at  http://eclipse.org Eclipse JDT plug-in (included in most Eclipse IDE packages) Android Development Tools (ADT) plug-in for Eclipse located at  http://developer.android.com/tools/sdk/eclipse-adt.html Notes Eclipse 3.5 (Galileo) is no longer supported with the latest version of ADT. For the latest information on Android development tools, go to http://developer.android.com/tools/index.html. Android SDK Components Overview The different components of the Android SDK are the Eclipse program, the Android SDK Manager, and the Android Virtual Device Manager and emulator. Let’s look at each in more detail. Eclipse with Android Development Tools Plug-in The actual part of the Android SDK that you will spend most of your time dealing with is a program called Eclipse, which is customized specifically for use with Android through the ADT software plug-in. You will enter new code, create new classes, run programs on the Android emulator and on real devices from this program. On older, less capable computers, the emulator may run so slowly 3CHAPTER 1: Let’s Meet the Android that the best option would be running the program on an actual Android device. Because we are dealing with CPU-intensive 3D games in this book, you should use an actual Android device to run the example projects (see Figure 1-1). Figure 1-1. Eclipse with Android Development Tools plug-ins Android SDK Manager The Android SDK Manager allows you to download new Android platform versions and tools through its interface. Current tools and platform versions that are installed are also displayed. For example, in Figure 1-2, the Android 2.2 platform has already been installed and is ready for use for development. This means that you can compile your source code to target this platform. 4 CHAPTER 1: Let’s Meet the Android Android Virtual Device The Android SDK also supports a virtual device emulator (see Figure 1-3). In many instances, you will be able to run your Android programs on a software emulator on your development system rather than an actual device. However, this works best for non-graphic intensive applications. Because this book deals with 3D games, we will not be using this software emulator but an actual Android device. The Android Virtual Device Manager allows you to create new virtual Android devices, edit existing Android devices, delete existing devices, and start up an existing virtual Android device. Figure 1-3 indicates that there is a valid virtual Android device named “Android22,” which emulates the 2.2 version of the Android operating system (API Level 8) and simulates the ARM CPU type. The 2.2 version of the Android operating system is important because it is the first version that supports OpenGL ES 2.0, which we will be using in this book to develop our 3D graphics. OpenGL is the graphics system that allows the programmer to create 3D graphics on the Android platform. It is designed to be hardware-independent. That is, OpenGL graphics commands are designed to be the same across many different hardware platforms, such as PC, Mac, Android, etc. The OpenGL 2.0 version of OpenGL is the first version of OpenGL that includes programmable vertex and fragment shaders. OpenGL ES is a subset of regular OpenGL and contains fewer features. Figure 1-2. The Android SDK Manager 5CHAPTER 1: Let’s Meet the Android Figure 1-4 depicts the actual emulator after it is launched. The emulator depicted is the one for version 2.2 of the Android operating system. Figure 1-3. The Android Virtual Device Manager [...]...   . PROFESSIONALS ® B eginning Android 3D Game Development is a unique, examples-driven book for today’s Android and game app developers who want to learn how to build 3D game apps that run on the latest Android 5.0. useful for 3D game development • How to get a 3D Math Review for game development • How to build 3D graphics using OpenGL ES • How to create various motion patterns • How to set up a game environment,. Beginning Android 3D Game Development COMPANION eBOOK Shelve in Mobile Computing User level: Beginning Intermediate www.apress.com BOOKS FOR PROFESSIONALS BY PROFESSIONALS ® B eginning Android

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