Masters thesis of engineering application of ceramic ultrafiltrationreverse osmosis membranes and enhanced membrane bioreactor for the reuse of car wash wastewater

Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering SHAMIMA MOAZZEM Bachelor in Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) School of Engineering College of Science, Engineering and Health RMIT University June 2017 Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed Shamima Moazzem June 2017 i Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am delighted to acknowledge those who have encouraged me and contributed in many ways during my progress and towards the completion of this research Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Principal Supervisor Prof Veeriah Jegatheesan for his continuous guidance, assistance, and encouragements during this research I deeply appreciate his effort in providing me the opportunity to have this learning experience I would also like to show my generous appreciation to my Associate Supervisor Prof Felicity Roddick and Dr Linhua Fan for their valuable suggestions and guidance throughout this research I acknowledge the support I have received for my research through the provision of an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship I would like to express my special thanks to Peg Gee Chang, Cameron Crombie, Sandro Longano, Mike Allan for providing guidance and support in various ways to conduct my laboratory experiments I want to express my special thanks to Cameron Crombie, senior technical officer for his help for making the membrane module which was the key element of my experiment I would also like to acknowledge Harish Ravishankar and Susanthi Liyanaarachchi who were mentoring and providing support in various ways during my time at RMIT University I am also grateful to Li Shu, Shruti Sakarkar, Jamie Wills, Zubayeda Zahan and Nusrat Rezwana Binte Razzak for their kind help during my research Above all, I would like to express my special thanks and appreciation to my husband Mohammad Taufiqul Arif, my son Aayan Tausiq Arif, my parents and parents-in-law for their patience, understanding, sacrifices and encouragements during this research ii Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater ABSTRACT The most convenient way of transportation is car and the use of car is increasing to improve our daily activities According to the Motor Vehicle Census (MVC) in 2016, there are 18.4 million registered motor vehicles in Australia The demand of car washing is also increasing for better maintenance of these cars But the wastewater generated from this car wash centers is a major concern for the environment as it contains different type of pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbon waste (gasoline, diesel and motor oil), heavy metals (such as copper, lead and zinc), nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen), surfactants and suspended solids, microorganisms, sand and dust A literature survey showed that over 35 billion litres of contaminated wastewater are being disposed of rather than recycled from 10,000 car wash centers in Australia every year Therefore, appropriate treatment processes are required to treat car wash wastewater which enables us to reuse the treated water at car wash facilities and efficiently isolate pollutants from the wastewater Past research studies have used different treatment technology comprising of conventional treatment and membrane based treatment The aim of this study is to develop a treatment system which is cost effective, have a small footprint (with respect to space) and produce high-quality recycled water After critically evaluating the available literature and previous studies, two membrane based technologies were selected here The first treatment system comprising of coagulation-flocculation, sand filtration, ceramic ultrafiltration membrane and reverse osmosis were set-up in the Laboratory, and the treated water qualities were analyzed to evaluate the removal efficiency of various parameters at every step An Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor (eMBR) was selected as a second treatment system in this research The eMBR system comprised of anaerobic and anoxic bioreactors followed by an aerobic membrane bioreactor as well as an ultraviolet (UV) disinfection unit which are a combination of biological treatment, membrane separation, and physical treatment processes This treatment systems were set-up in the laboratory and ran for 17 months In the first stage of experiment, synthetic wastewater was used to acclimatize the microorganisms present in all three reactors (anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic membrane bioreactor) In the second stage, different percentage of car wash wastewater was introduced with the synthetic wastewater The permeate water quality was analyzed to evaluate the removal efficiency of various parameters The short term critical flux tests were conducted to determine the fouling characteristics of the iii Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater membrane In the final stage, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the system was reduced to find out the optimum operating condition Moreover, the performances of the first and second treatment systems were compared based on the recycled water quality It was found from the experimental results that both treatment systems were able to produce high-quality recycled water which can be reused for washing the cars in a car wash center However, eMBR was able to produce higher-quality permeate compare to first treatment system (in the first treatment system the removal efficiencies of COD, turbidity and total nitrogen were 96.1, 99.9 and 74.4%, respectively and in the eMBR they were 99.6, 99.9 and 66.3%, respectively) Moreover, first treatment system produced a significant amount of waste whereas eMBR produced no disposable waste during 17 months of operation iv Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater To my parents K Moazzem Hossain and Shahan Ara Begum v Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Conference • Shamima Moazzem, Susanthi Liyanaarachchi, Linhua Fan, Felicity Roddick, Jega Jegatheesan, Recycling car wash wastewater using ceramic membrane ultrafiltration, International Membrane Science And Technology Conference – 9th IMSTEC 2016, 5-8 December 2016, in Adelaide, Australia Journal • Shamima Moazzem, Jamie Wills, Linhua Fan, Felicity Roddick, Jega Jegatheesan (in preparation), Performance of ultrafiltration ceramic membrane in treating car wash wastewater for the purpose of recycling • Shamima Moazzem, Harish Ravishankar, Linhua Fan, Felicity Roddick, Jega Jegatheesan (in preparation), Performance of Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor in treating car wash wastewater for the purpose of recycling vi Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II ABSTRACT III LIST OF PUBLICATIONS VI TABLE OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES X LIST OF TABLES XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIV COPYRIGHT STATEMENT XV CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH EXPECTED DELIVERABLES RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH Importance of undertaking this research Benefit of this research to the Community Significance of this Project THESIS OUTLINE CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION TYPES OF CAR WASH CENTERS POLLUTANTS IN CAR WASH WASTEWATER: SOURCES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT CURRENT PROCEDURE AVAILABLE TO DISCHARGE THE WASTEWATER FROM CAR WASH CENTERS12 WATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR RECYCLING OF TREATED CAR WASH WASTEWATER 13 DIFFERENT TREATMENT SYSTEMS TO RECYCLE THE CAR WASH WASTEWATER 14 CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT AND MEMBRANE BASED TREATMENT 24 PROPOSED RESEARCH 30 Treatment system 1: Coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, sand filtration, ultrafiltration using ceramic membrane and reverse osmosis 30 Treatment system 2: Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor (eMBR) 33 CONCLUSION 41 CHAPTER 42 RECYCLING OF CAR WASH WASTEWATER TREATED BY CERAMIC ULTRAFILTRATION AND REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES 42 vii Appendix: Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 30 31 31 25 30 32 32 19.180 21.560 24.360 26.990 29.470 32.860 35.990 38.060 40.610 2.01 1.71 2.02 1.89 1.79 2.44 2.25 1.49 1.84 6.59 5.62 6.61 6.21 5.86 8.01 7.39 4.89 6.02 32.12 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 55.02 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 10 33 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 12 33 37.5 37.5 30 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 35 39 39 39 39 32 40 40 40 44.210 47.210 51.420 54.480 57.110 60.110 63.930 66.880 69.210 73.850 77.210 82.620 87.670 91.870 95.630 98.870 101.690 105.690 109.260 114.200 117.050 119.710 123.560 127.080 130.950 134.790 138.780 141.650 145.010 2.45 2.30 3.03 2.20 1.89 2.16 2.75 2.12 1.68 3.34 2.42 2.58 2.44 3.02 2.71 2.33 2.03 2.88 2.57 3.56 2.05 1.92 2.77 2.53 2.79 2.76 2.87 2.07 2.42 8.02 7.54 9.94 7.23 6.21 7.09 9.02 6.97 5.50 10.96 7.94 8.46 8.01 9.92 8.88 7.65 6.66 9.45 8.43 11.67 6.73 6.28 9.09 8.31 9.14 9.07 9.43 6.78 7.94 A-41 Appendix: Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater Critical flux 75% Car wash wastewater (intermittent mode) (Phase 4) Time (min) TMP (KPa) Volume collected in (mL) Flow (L/d) Flux (L/m2.h) 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 32 32 25 31 35 35 35 25 32.5 34 34 34 0.00 1.78 3.49 5.60 6.84 8.68 10.91 13.31 15.69 17.67 19.08 20.30 21.59 22.86 24.58 26.74 0.00 1.28 1.23 1.52 0.89 1.32 1.61 1.73 1.71 1.43 1.02 0.88 0.93 0.91 1.24 1.56 0.00 4.20 4.04 4.98 2.93 4.35 5.27 5.67 5.62 4.68 3.33 2.88 3.05 3.00 4.06 5.10 32.35 34 36 38 40 42 44.2 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 32 37 37 37 37 26 37 37 37 37 26 37 37 39 39 25 40 40 29.40 31.36 35.32 38.49 42.08 45.37 48.44 51.33 55.82 60.02 63.20 65.82 68.53 71.55 75.98 78.05 80.26 83.15 85.50 87.88 93.42 94.68 1.63 1.71 2.85 2.28 2.58 2.37 2.01 2.31 3.23 3.02 2.29 1.89 1.95 2.06 3.19 1.49 1.59 2.08 1.69 1.71 3.99 0.91 5.35 5.61 9.35 7.49 8.48 7.77 6.59 7.59 10.61 9.92 7.51 6.19 6.40 6.77 10.46 4.89 5.22 6.83 5.55 5.62 13.09 2.98 A-42 Appendix: Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 40 40 18 39 40 40 40 96.82 99.04 101.70 104.08 108.68 110.62 113.89 115.97 1.54 1.60 1.92 1.71 3.31 1.40 2.35 1.50 5.06 5.24 6.28 5.62 10.87 4.58 7.72 4.91 Critical flux 100% Car wash wastewater (intermittent mode) (Phase 5) Time (min) 10 12 14.2 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 TMP (KPa) 18 22 22 22 22 16 22 22 22 22 15 22 25 27 30 20 30 30 30 30 20 28 28 25 25 Volume collected in (mL) 1.14 3.40 5.11 6.51 7.49 8.01 9.03 11.94 14.03 15.33 15.99 16.65 17.53 19.68 21.64 23.81 25.31 28.14 28.68 32.71 34.42 35.51 36.24 37.47 39.11 42.32 44.85 46.55 47.51 Flow (L/h) 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.12 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.03 Flux(L/m2.h) 2.69 5.34 4.04 3.31 2.31 1.23 2.19 7.64 4.94 3.07 1.56 1.56 2.08 5.08 4.63 5.13 3.54 6.69 1.28 9.52 4.04 2.57 1.72 2.91 3.87 7.58 5.98 4.02 2.27 A-43 Appendix: Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 12 18 39 40 40 20 32 40 40 40 40 35 40 48.46 49.55 52.41 55.22 57.34 58.74 60.61 63.73 66.09 69.78 71.87 73.67 75.95 77.94 81.81 86.66 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.11 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.12 0.15 2.24 2.57 6.76 6.64 5.01 3.31 4.42 7.37 5.57 8.72 4.94 4.25 5.39 4.70 9.14 11.46 Critical flux 100% Car wash wastewater (After reducing HRT) (intermittent mode) (Phase 6) Time (min) 10 12.2 14.26 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 40 42 44.2 TMP (KPa) 30 40 42 47 30 40 45 48 38 42 45 20 40 46 49 42 49 50 Volume collected in (mL) 0.00 3.21 6.44 9.78 13.07 16.75 19.73 23.01 26.38 29.63 33.04 36.16 39.39 42.96 46.09 49.39 52.41 55.62 59.06 65.55 68.82 72.43 Flow (L/h) 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Flux (L/m2.h) 0.00 7.58 7.63 7.89 7.77 8.69 6.40 7.52 9.15 7.68 8.06 7.37 7.63 8.43 7.39 7.80 7.13 7.58 8.13 7.67 7.72 7.75 A-44 Appendix: Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 40 48 50 25 40 48 76.02 79.21 82.43 86.28 89.39 92.89 96.34 99.63 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.10 9.42 7.54 7.61 9.09 7.35 8.27 8.15 7.77 62 64 67.08 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 51 30 45 50 52 42 48 50 52 40 50 50 103.15 107.27 110.34 112.72 115.19 117.87 120.65 123.78 126.22 129.03 132.11 135.22 139.07 141.87 144.95 0.11 0.12 0.06 0.16 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.08 0.09 8.31 9.73 4.71 12.22 5.83 6.33 6.57 7.39 5.76 6.64 7.28 7.35 9.09 6.61 7.28 A-45 Appendix: Application of Ceramic Ultrafiltration/Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor for the Reuse of Car Wash Wastewater Picture of Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor (eMBR) setup Fouling of membrane module A-46 Page: Batch No: Report Number: Client: Client Program Ref: Page of 17-15561 617889 RMIT University Shamima Moazzem Analysis: Chemistry Sample Sampled Date 5146844 26-03-17 5146846 27-03-17 Your Ref Component: Units: Sample Type 1,3,5 Carwash WW 2,9,6,8 Permeate WATER WATER Sampled Date 5146844 26-03-17 5146846 27-03-17 Your Ref 5146844 26-03-17 5146846 27-03-17 Your Ref 5146844 26-03-17 5146846 27-03-17 PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH PAH Component: Units: Sample Type FLU mg/L PHE mg/L ANT mg/L FLA mg/L PYR mg/L BAA mg/L