media arabic an essential vocabulary

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Media Arabic

An Essential Vocabulary Elisabeth Kendall

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Typeset in Times New Roman and Geeza Pro and printed and bound in Germany by

Bercker Graphischer GmbH & Co

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 7486 2150 4 (paperback)

The right of Elisabeth Kendall to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

CONTENTS Introduction 1 ena Ye FY DS General Politics Elections Military Economics Trade & Industry Law & Order Disaster & Aid

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INTRODUCTION

The ability to access Media Arabic — the language of printed or broadcast news items — has become increasingly important in the light of recent developments in the Middle East Consequently, the need for a ‘quick-fix’ vocabulary of Media Arabic is greater than ever Arabic dictionaries are not equipped to deal with Media Arabic which involves many

new coinages to express contemporary concepts (for example, multi-culturalism, anti-aircraft missile, globalisation) While

English-speaking students can deduce some terms from Arabic to English by thinking laterally (for example, ministerial straightening equals cabinet reshuffle, the falsification of elections equals election-rigging), this is a much more hit-and-miss process when attempted from

English to Arabic Until now, getting to know the Arabic for

common contemporary media terminology has necessitated a long period of familiarisation with the Arabic media This book is designed to help undergraduates, postgraduates,

governmental, military, diplomatic and business personnel bypass this lengthy process

This book aims to supply the core vocabulary of Media Arabic in a logical format to provide easy reference and easy- to-learn lists testing both Arabic to English and English to Arabic Familiarisation with this book will furnish the reader with an invaluable knowledge of the key vocabulary components essential to comprehend, translate, write and speak contemporary Media Arabic Whilst independently useful, this book is best used in conjunction with Julia

Ashtiany’s excellent Media Arabic (EUP, 1993), a coursebook which sets the vocabulary in context and teaches students to

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3 ® INTRODUCTION

This book comprises eight sections, organised by topic:

General; Politics; Elections; Military; Economics; Trade and Industry; Law and Order; and Disaster and Aid The initial

General section comprises vocabulary pertaining to reports, statements, sources and common media idioms of a general nature Prepositions and idiomatic time expressions are listed only where particular variations arise in Media Arabic For

example, ‘day’, ‘week’ and so on are excluded whereas ‘in the long term’, ‘in the near future’ are included Generally,

basic vocabulary such as would be acquired during elementary grammatical training is excluded The General and Politics sections are naturally the Jongest, since much of this vocabulary is also used in media discussions concerning the Military, Economics, Trade and Industry and so on Vocabulary 1s not repeated except where this forms part of an expression to produce a new meaning Expressions have been excluded where the reader has the information to assemble these logically For example, ‘intelligence’ and ‘military’ are both supplied as general media vocabulary items in the General section, therefore ‘military intelligence’ does not

feature as a separate entry in the Military section

Each section has its own internal logic For example, the Politics section begins with common political acronyms and organisations followed by political systems, descriptors of

political stance, political bodies and organisations, political

offices and roles, geographical entities, and so on Direct subtitles for groupings within each section have been avoided since not all vocabulary items can be neatly categorised beyond the broad section title Within each logical grouping, alphabetical order has purposely been avoided since this has a negative impact on the learning of vocabulary lists Lastly, this book does not claim to be exhaustive and the choice of vocabulary is necessarily to some extent subjective However,

INTRODUCTION ® 3

every effort has been made to select the most useful and/or common vocabulary items

Notes on the formal presentation

The Arabic is vocalised to ensure correct pronunciation and entrench in the mind the vocalisation patterns of certain structures However, short vowels are not supplied where:

e a fatha precedes a long alif or a ta’ marbuta

¢ a kasra precedes a long ya

¢ a damma precedes a long waw

The pronunciation of sun and moon letters is assumed knowledge and has not been marked

End vowels have not been supplied where they are not generally pronounced or where they vary for case

In general, Arabic nouns are supplied in both the singular

and plural; the plural is printed after the comma

A circular ha is shown to indicate the location of the direct object in cases where verbs take prepositions after the direct object

Where ‘+ idafah’ is written in the text, this indicates that

the Arabic must be followed by the genitive construction First form verbs

These have been supplied in the form of the basic stem (past tense masculine singular) followed by the present tense

(masculine singular with the middle vowel marked) and the masdar (verbal noun) The middle vowel of the past tense has

only been supplied where this is not a fatha Where two short

vowels are marked with the same letter, this indicates that

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4 * INTRODUCTION

Derived forms of the verb

These have been supplied only in the form of the basic stem (past tense masculine singular), since present tense vocalisation and masdars are predictable for derived forms of the verb The present tense and masdars have been supplied only where the spelling of the verb changes significantly (for

example, the present tense of second form first radical hamza

verbs), where a separate vocabulary item is intended, or where the word is commonly misvocalised

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6 * GENERAL als Jloa Ơ Sia al ôJ1; La 4 bei SS SL S3 iB gts “ O- <i 25 Ci Cpls Cob ve š 2 Lä J quấn sli Se\ co ai isle +» @lbí to continue to continue,

carry on (lit not to cease)

to go on to say to mention, recall

to confirm

to refute, deny, repudiate to deny to rule out; to regard as unlikely to state to express to declare, announce to claim to communicate, convey to state, quote, convey

to present one’s opinions to notify, inform s.o of s.t

to tell, inform s.o about s.t to tell s.o s.t ro ell Asi a OF e- we + 52 \ Gl ox cls ose! we wh % w Jc Jt Jc Cs Tp Opts “7 1< <3-Äl1 li 9< Dee =^ - ® * ae a ve we z £

isle dala! —— ola

GENERAL *® 7 to let s.o know s.t.,

inform s.o of s.t to deem, consider

to believe

to comment on

to give a speech

to publish, express, issue

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S © GENERAL Z , ⁄ cH \ > Gb! css Lai -o0 -9oO | Oe 6 again, Siu! Jf3~« JÊ~~e JU~« col] BL) pads LB ol! chi \ ot “0 se ole 3325 w -3 a “ “=3 SU^ 9 2291 guy ws asl Sor ons EO oli

to answer, respond to s.o

to interrogate, examine

to inquire, ask s.o about to ask

to indicate, point to

to hint at, allude to to suggest, propose to assume, presume

to impose upon s.o s.t

to insist on

to survey, review

to define

to concentrate, focus on

to emphasise, stress to allow, permit s.o s.t

to advise to consult “- #3 | 2 \s Ils oi Sab jess Be Cpe 8 de - O- ws 54) ode \ 54a de )¬> Sé» jaa! woe w 3S woe ‘Le shins ths wo \ ps8 ¬ - GENERAL ® 9 to stipulate to demand, request worth mentioning is

the fact that

to warn s.o about

„ to be cautious, wary of to doubt, suspect to avoid to praise to criticise to evaluate

to raise doubts about

the burden of proof falls on

to admit, confess

1

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10 © GENERAL

w

ile dys Jus da

ca ^2€ ^^ 2€

“tí

Re La vua L ai

Š +2 | \ Jaế \ JấK JES: Jas

ulas

`

idle

và 202

ust 193 Gal ah Gal

S2 3} oats oti

22 z7 í

to show, prove

to show, demonstrate

to harm the image of (+ idafah)

to discover to reflect to guarantee

to make a phone call to to participate in

to contribute to

to play a role in

to cause

to cause, provoke, give rise to

to provoke, incite, arouse to influence

to be influenced to lead to

Bub age oll E925 eat O20

doh ad 2 4 + “ ow “ lâm Cy = Cs “- 0 I - “ o - ~

Oe \o Sas Seu Sas

GENERAL ® 11

to result in to pave the way

to go back to, stem from as a result of (+ idafah) to impress to be impressed to explore, investigate; to discuss to discuss

to exchange (e.g views)

to cooperate

to treat, deal with s.t to treat, deal with s.o

to incorporate,

take in, include

to comprise, include to join

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12 * GENERAL She col eda lw col JL>2 context area, field + level, plane W method, way " means according to " " C+ idafah) according to (+ verb) in the manner of,

on the pattern of (+ idafah) whether

publicly

in the framework of (+ idafah)

on the basis of (+ idafah)

oe Yas - J Lae ro 8 | (<J>l +e> >2 ŒENERAL * I3 Instead of

other than, besides (+ idafah)

in exchange for; 1n relation to, in comparison with

including

on the other hand

with regard to

from the point of view of,

with regard to (+ idafah)

with regard to

in view of, with regard to

in this respect

aspect, approach, standpoint

in the face of, towards towards

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14 © GENERAL

We X X

SĨ Lae

Ol 2“

ðÌ œ3

Gilg dea bull le

allel -ta3i afk’, „à

alll LS) UK 3 w ọ oO oi LSS ye SI meal sll oye Be -3 Ot eSsill 30 to some extent

to the extent that

equally

for the sake of (+ idafah)

thanks to (+ idafah)

mere, pure (+ idafah) meaning that

"

on the international stage

in various parts of the world

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16 * GENERAL GENERAL ® 17

o “

cola «alas analysis Bole 332 NA impasse, predicament cle ‘Tw L.^¬] explanation, clarification jc | go «dogo date; appointment

9 < “

Cox elucidation, explanation sacl go «sles "

ol- «filet argumentation, justification =2 lạ ‹=¿B date; hIstory ol- «5354 justification, vindication Juclic <tuade intention, aim

sẻ o ° “ở

LSlieag! «dues description Lilgs 4s "

2 0¢ sự ““

296! «50! matfer; order -3lLAÍ cä+4 — aim, objective

‹ ~ 9 £ “ <

LL 23.4 ^3 issue, affair, matter, question eljel «yee target, aim, goal

+ xa + a2

Jolie «dite " Tek ambition

qilas daly occurrence, incident lal aiming at

oe ee oe

SlaateSse event, occurrence =m dass result

og 8 “sa £ o 8

eslaat dhol chain of events c Lắc Í ‹ ¬&Ẩ upshot, outcome

er ~

Í— 4+2 occasion, opportunity cơọ|se ôdadle consequence, outcome

-2 os ⁄ “Le

^^ duc 59 opportunity c Lắc \ eol— dide impediment, obstacle

z #“

° 2

392 «yl matter, affair ol ‹ „a3 influence

Og 9° ⁄ &£

g Lud sl ‘a9 position a! "

- o-

aS

85] 50 «8856 position, stance 495 "

Shiga i ‹JL> circumstance, state, condition clu) ‘eu = CauSe, reason

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18 © GENERAL es lH «yyse ails caals eilss ol ge «sole ⁄ Adjectives justification, excuse motive dynamics (Arabic pl.) factor element

fact; reality, truth

political cultural religious social agricultural intellectual economic financial military official unofficial GENERAL *® 19 civil advisory popular national, people’s (i.e of the people)

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20 * GENERAL

ils

LaLa 4yjle\ jle

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22 * GENERAL

wwe

dad! aL

ae ⁄ a4 `

J eh! aleiay! ols \ 93

“ 0 +

tangible important pivotal

decisive, crucial, definitive critical, crucial

significant, grave

instrumental serious

of the utmost importance

of mutual significance

controversial

main, principal widespread prevailing

current, widespread, universal overwhelming compatible with pis , Time expressions sel soll le casi (call le ose La £Ea~i (See cy ¢ pul gals — Gale cla ` ` Liao “ asl “ als GENERAL *® 23 suitable, appropriate similar

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24 * GENERAL ~ ox# = - O- g permanent temporary, interim fleeting continuously recently; finally soon usually rarely often sometimes at the same time,

simultaneously

in the near future

during before shortly before after shortly after vléc! ss 2 ` `

eUSY! ofa ưš

9 ~

GENERAL * 25

in the wake of (+ idafah) subsequently

as soon as

meanwhile

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2 POLITICS “pal cpg lll pula’ “4 eg Lolall daca! seis wo wt mm 3a5YI Lalas

cual) JLo als

peal |

ds yall A8Ul A gall ULSI

w - 9 -~ GB ~#8

ive uli! ys pl dole

dus yall Soul daole

2 ,„VI 4 |

Ca „ÝI xa 3311 4a llta Às^Ÿ „EU lay |

GCC

(Gulf Cooperation Council) UN (United Nations)

The (UN) General Assembly

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organisation) EU (European Union)

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)

IAEA (International Atomic

Energy Authority)

PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organisation)

the Arab League the Muslim League

OIC (the Organisation of the

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28 ® POLITICS

Abell Lesggall yaiigh

- ~ w fe) 9 or w ° “ẹ ~ ao ~# Ce ula ’s 24 2A1 l3 3221! Soul! Cel 2-2 sả 42514] olga gated pall 50 SY pdt de Lam ;a¬>9lcÚ2¬ll 3542

2a>1 Jạil Äếa

Tl gull gdall 3a+2 lsat =

24s củ»

Cagal „all bl pasar! Shall

WJC (the World Jewish

Congress)

the Knesset

the Islamic Salvation Front

OAU (the Organisation of African Unity)

the Security Council

the Five Permanent Member States

of the Security Council the international community

Axis of Evil

Greenpeace the Red Cross the Red Crescent Amnesty International the Labour Party the Conservative Party the Liberals the Democrats soseenll jal Copel 2L id “£ đào L l col gst | a wei Sal jal w bee 43525 s wee 4:ảLã5 dì (a5 ° 4 _ 9 q- dal laul , GSI us! “ “ POLITICS ® 29 the Republicans the Right the Left

the political apparatus

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30 © POLITICS

Quả factionalism ; POLITICS * 3 1

dl Linas l separatism “mà

factiona]

“oe

» V9 4

34: \ dasa ie sectarianism Basses constitutional

HS fundamentalism ae Yet unconstitutional

als aSa self-rule, autonomy Nhớ democratic

la \o ^^ oe self-determination ai electoral

a¬lall jal els one-party system tribal

Saaa3kl ©3291 elas multi-party system v = racial

(635 ỳ aca decentralised rule ch extremist

dy yghews KA constitutional monarchy ke radical, bigot

us [peter | socialist

` hard-line

w 2

&

cise totalitarian Sas revolutionary

“ 2

7

Ho Communist & _ right-wing

w ° Qe

isl La.Í 2 _ capltalist Solu,

left-wing, leftist “ Zz ” £ al ^ œl+>~^' \N LÍ - fundamentalist lo neutral w o- Sy |— cái Las | `

c‡4+^ chu psilele secularist Zionist bly, ab! ° - _- — MHlon

,° > Confederation, league

oa

WLS

cglliadi! separatist -

(state of) alliance

w ° woo %ọ ⁄ sulla, ® „+ l

c42Lb\ 2445 -~ “ sectarian “ -“ Council

-

ey |— : i ° =

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32 * POLITICS =|[— ,4K,Š od é ` Bee “7 Oo- cols ‹+¬> cole us - “Z a “ko” a 4a sLä2 call ca “ 3 eal ca Š^ Bek „ 3 449% 4asŠ¬ a TG! Le gS sala ca ^ ols “." 73 ⁄ , ° “ >9 ‹ r9 Lots network bloc front committee, commission, board, council

board, council, commission

opposition resistance party ruling party wing government caretaker/interim government transition government, provisional government leadership ranks parliament

the political headquarters palace court (royal) POLITICS * 33 organisation establishment, foundation authority the authorities interim authority rule regime leadership delegation team, crew team of mediators delegate, envoy

delegate, agent, representative representative

official

high-ranking officials inspector

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34 * POLITICS - 8 - elingy «pes y <8 - elas «abs -#, “ els Gate -~ 38 Oo- °œ 8 cs ola) cá “ 97 sen Da ° 8 saLlš \ obs sh - 4 “ elec’, case 5 -o 4 ^ an UWS 6) ve 4 OQ J «jlac “38 “⁄ - ` clÏ 3A ca ^^ # < -4 ` - ` WI ‘jr 3 Os «il xe ws las \ 19 «sal - 8 < cÍl š 5 “ễ eye ver -3 O97 N “j - OF ˆ .~ ở C9 (9e president minister prime minister (PM)

the office of prime minister

member of parliament (MP),

delegate politician

leader

authority (e.g cleric)

consultant analyst expert specialist, expert observer; censor critic counterpart, peer

rebel, insurgent, revolutionary

t†

đissident

POLITICS * 35

terrorist enemy

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36 * POLITICS Ustat! Gale G2 (LÍ clyai c„aÍ šXs ‹ JÍs

xả» „.3I Í Cpe yall asl

His Majesty sultan prince

governor, ruler

Guardian of the Two Holy

Shrines (i.e Saudi king)

ambassador secretary general spokesperson pioneer republic state nation, homeland a people country developing countries developing (lit backward)

countries vivre - 3 dosti J oJ w o- o- - ** ding U gu eral se c2, ¬Le all Jaall mal gs THAT est YI

das yall dacall

oe cha JoGay| 8x POLITICS * 37 developed countries nation-state capital (geographical) the Superpowers

the Gulf States

the Occupied Territories

the West Bank

the Gaza Strip the Occupation (refugee) camp settlements human rights political circles entrenched interests public life constitution

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38 * POLITICS

cole das Liss

“ £ 9x ha or ols cole cola) - 0 cole «ois | 4 8s B94 «958 Š la (Syl Z ~ “ - o- Œal> ‹@aD ° ọ “ 213 Las policy principle trend, current ft difference difference, distinction similarity programme reform modernisation (ministerial) portfolio

to take over the portfolio of (+ idafah) cabinet reshuffle credentials peace conciliation amnesty for solution “ “ wow bà» J^ lle Ay get eXL~« Sale pri Flee bee ~- wy cole ‘dg „ : oe ¥ # - ~ - + cyl 649 La] \ s (ã5 | „ “ a ° wala 2545 be \ Ube POLITICS * 39 compromise settlement of demands peace settlement

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40 * POLITICS Lid glade oa \ oiale cal cš glide ole Leb li 3 (œÌ— cỗ 23L xa ole ls \ ole cial

SLSi \ Sed ayy «Jad 5,

cole | =!

w 9 Oo ° ** cổ (xe

“ “

w -o 4

\ Iago JS Jae Jos jose le alg co|— cễ xạ U52 523, o~ cole dials negotiations talks, discussions consultation discussion initiative choice, option suggestion advice reaction measures exceptional measures

innovations, recent measures to exert effort

round (of talks); tour round (of talks)

parliamentary term/session session, sitting

stage, phase

WAT a

cải YI Sarde ole

lial! abs

layla! glad \aLei

dal!) ULM Jã: Saag o- ` - Sale 6695 %›lall 41L» POLITICS * 41 appreciation of/for bilateral relations trilateral relations multi-lateral relations

the normalisation of relations to resume/cut diplomatic relations with pressure tension hesitation progress backwardness

the status quo

decline, slump, breakdown independence

unity

revolution

revolt, coup

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42 © POLITICS o “ , JLsef gla {œÍ— lea! w 2 b pilge 5S! £ OLY! aloe “SG ⁄ a 448slb sliuslie lain I daly S453 ash 2D als ess VA85 33 42 Juels reals gob Sil

Oe \ ee wie phe aie

assassination attempt allegation

abuse, insult, bickering

disapproval, horror safety valve sectarian rivalries withdrawal, dissolution; retirement, resignation to encounter, face to revolt to demonstrate to resist to oppose

to reject, refute, refuse

to fight, struggle

to prevent s.t./s.o from

dbl agass!! slel “4 Be w- ~ «18 sg ha \ ah sh: ab ole ola ile ph POLITICS * 43 to sow the seeds of conflict

to contend, compete for to fall, collapse

to topple the regime

to hand over power/authority to transfer power to

to reinstate democracy

to take over, contro] to overwhelm, overcome to seize, overcome, terrorise

to dominate, control, seize to suppress, repress

to harass

to suspend

to remove, sideline, get rid of

to marginalise

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44 * POLITICS dG) aa JU Joe Joa Je ye Joie | ` a | “

Jlae! JUSS Sle | a! nf | it} tl cole chi gi sắc cá: (lắc “ “- 8 -~- - Ä\4+ 3 Í xà X ° so 4 - 6 ele! Com 21 Oo - Sas to dismiss to dissolve itself to disband s.t to withdraw from to break away, secede,

split off from

to disintegrate, break up

to put an end to to end s.t

to end (intransitive) to clear the way to assassinate

to take hostage, abduct to belong to

to be on the point of to convene, hold (meeting) to be convened

to hold (talks) to arrange

dla 52 ald asd: ali

Za, S545: al

oe Byes

jal csl! Sseag Jus Jers

él a i

pile

Buse spas sle ESS C22 PO POLITICS * 45 to resume to renew to attend, be present to last to continue to delay, postpone to be delayed to receive (visitor) to meet with to take/make a trip

to pay a State/official visit

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46 * POLITICS “ oO ww dl dass oe Base Sirk rà 65 ais | 238 le ADE att ADE

to head for

on his way back from

at the end of his visit to to conclude a visit to accompany

to send

to present, offer to hand over

to award, grant, confer to obtain, receive

to get hold of, obtain

to receive, obtain, take to agree on

to sign

to decide, resolve to decide on, determine

CoH ss =3 acs ae da #“ ves Be J1 sas sy ve # “Ó isle ở Co “ 9x

ool! Jae Jaa: JL

“ Đ ~x or

POLITICS © 47 to settle, decide

to settle

to keep one’s options open to rule out an option to form, shape to set up, erect, hold

to found, establish to stabilise, secure to entrench to strengthen to support to support s.o to encourage s.o to do s.t to lean towards, favour

to call on s.o to to develop s.t

to develop (intransitive)

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48 * POLITICS

aoe

4 gis -

LaSls |yel eiue

iste «gb \ +b 1 ys lo

to grow, develop (intransitive) to expand s.t to expand (intransitive) to change, transform s.t to change (intransitive) to improve s.t to improve (intransitive) to undertake to direct, administer to adopt (e.g measures)

to embrace (doctrine; person)

to orientate s.t towards

to supervise,

oversee, watch over to observe, watch, censor to scrutinise

„

to become a reality to befall, happen to s.o

Baha cl ghd sil 8 Lisi dass =~+allsLa3Y| dic 93 Š ~ $8 POLITICS * 49 to occur, happen " to seem

to emerge, appear, seem to reappear, re-emerge

to fulfil, realise

to implement, carry out to commit, perpetrate to practise

more of

under the leadership of (+ idafah)

!†

sovereignty to take steps a strong step in

the right direction

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50 * POLITICS ae o8 Jal C22 2E olsgie 458 25% 58

clase &À2 cà» &32

“salll lle ls lle

patel Oe Glee im bào bas 2 { 2| “ Bee -~ -~ S 9 C4Ì)

(bis bia, bee

awe aes turning point to be exemplary/a byword to impose sanctions to lift sanctions

to seek political asylum prevention of to link, unite to be linked to to be related to to fluctuate between to put pressure on

to moderate, diminish, ease to fade, dwindle, diminish

to snatch the limelight

to suffer from to be afflicted by (Arabic passive) 3 ELECTIONS Qo cole «ol

ies Oo” cha

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52 * ELECTIONS Jes Cell „xe Go - 38 gL aay! piled xả 2x3 là «2 Og3 GI «¿ai ogee cal plat! ` daly 5a GLA! Am TT Sal dale obi! cai obs! Jai elit ali ogee se pl và 338 ao 5L ala | Leet! a1 loyalty to non-voters registered voters the electorate seat vote victory election-rigging

free and fair elections

the most widespread party the fastest-growing party propaganda to hold elections to delay elections to cancel elections to vote to abstain from

to gain, win votes

to win a landslide victory

z Z Fae an a

“es

o

- 4 “Ẩ# €6 49 € V2 ở £ do gSall dic{ S54 SAU SAI

a ll gues Jao +23 PIN] #_ x TH ELECTIONS * 53 to secure an overwhelming majority

to take up the reins of government

to come to power

to appoint

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4 MILITARY wm 0 209 Go -s w - 0 “ „ „9⁄ OHSS SOS ve a # w Be 4^.L „lJ -,J sãÏÍ we o¢ o 4 ISS! oS) 2 w oF Jot «(o> 9 ‘ge 3 sLéll

3 las \ O97 clas

dy yall Slave (gaia

the military

army

the armed forces the troops

military statf

soldier

civilian

Trang 31

commando, special troop light/mobile task force combat troops

peacekeeping forces

the Allied Forces

defence force strike force deterrent force cell, squad

execution squad, firing squad patrol

(military) unit

squadron battalion weapon

Jolt jLoal data

œ›la~2 ‹È3^

cl plall SLAs ¢ 5 jbe

itp ca2›L^ als és jbo 3>T— œb>Cs›L~^ TS Vẻ &22la-all ää3(ä “ “ c * - cá L ‹ CÔ vua ~ ~ MILITARY * 57 small arms ammunition parachute arsenal nuclear weapons precision weapons

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58 © MILITARY Youeg wae : ww 77 ae POF 4s 9.4 „ở “7 FOF - ˆ- -~ 49 94 4145 wwe zo4 -~ - - ~~ 4 4 w os Sok - we - ~- 43 gare Ma we FOF 43 ›L¬ 4l 53 : “ , “ £ ~ BI «aad \ pal jel, \ ol disle, Ge 8 eyle 6p w “ “oO alas cise wet ge wt V2 02 42Ïl 4352 “ w “0 o explosives hand grenade nuclear bomb atomic bomb cluster bomb incendiary bomb mortar bomb mine bullet gun revolver machine gun sub-machine gun automatic rifle ballistic weapon

(piece of) artillery

artillery fire rocket fire shrapnel (Arabic pl.) £ xài wom a “Xe ọ pat \ jaa \ là ° + 2% ¢ Une (S3> we we o - - (SS=> yes debi a wes a - we ele bs we wen

dis gee 6 ple Zag ye 5 Ub

Jala col sll Salas duals col sls Abels 3ã» š „5L ees ecole 6S pote MILITARY * 59 radiation explosion blast bombardment, shelling precision bombing preemptive strike use of force air cover no-fly zone

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60 * MILITARY

ww 9 FF wt OF

dasye (dew dye Uda

Cols dal

4> (2 lạ) ‘sto 329)

cole dal

£ o €

abe Lint «gba!

w “oO

ae ls8 4s Sauce S08

wa “0 “

Jal Sblis «Staal! 2ã 1a

20.9 oe UL tahke we ZZ ds g gull L891 La ~ Or is Sy 3 yb 34 sz 9x =2 >> wn Fg o- dla) Gy obllae Gye warship, frigate gunboat torpedo boat fleet military base headquarters (HQ) strategic point combat zone nuclear-free zone nuclear proliferation centrifugal system enrichment of uranium war (Arabic fem.) civil war guerilla warfare " — daclem SL! £ oluas ‘foe “ “7Ô ~ Jide MILITARY * 61 at war theatre of war field of operations manoeuvre reconnaissance parade battle danger safety ceasefire disarmament; demilitarisation acts of violence acts of sabotage suicide bombing car bomb

(lit booby-trapped car) massacre

genocide

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62 * MILITARY 2 os Cle \ Ce Co - wt - - - - blows «dons = = “ ~ 8x ~ a “O- - a ww | Jx45 ~- đ Â% ộ (Sorel ô pase - 7-0 # O97 «>a wa a aad 277

4s loti! dilsc Sais

ad - a eal 45e La wow 2 (So ese ik asa Lids aged cÍ< K5 beheading military intervention injury funeral (procession) victim

wounded, injured (person) dead (person)

captured (person), prisoner detainee

suicide bomber surprise attack, raid

ground offensive, land attack amphibious attack terrorist attack armed attack on counter attack ambush tactics re cele le lac | “ “ “~ “ ọ ale | ola 35 9 9 fe “ -“ “ a - ros ate “ w “ w o4 Slee \ „I3 ° ~ ic we Of a disaits waa p alS

a Ae ge i> “0-0 | iu cc“ ve #< MILITARY * 63 aggressions against revenge for on board (a ship/aircraft) (+ idafah)

in a state of readiness for deployed (lit spreading out) hostile

repercussions to mobilise, call up,

to accumulate to mobilise

" (+ idafah)

to amass (especially troops)

to draft, conscript, mobilise

to call up

to reinforce the troops to deploy

to inspect to explode s.t

Trang 35

64 * MILITARY

="

2EII abJ Jobs

-OÂ sLằơ (ssl to destroy tt to annihilate to exchange fire

to claim the life/lives of (+ tdafah)

to be martyred (Arabic passive)

to suffer serious/minor injuries (Arabic passive) to attack

to attack, invade, raid to launch an attack/

a campaign

to launch

(missile, torpedo, etc.)

to storm to infiltrate

to advance further,

to penetrate deeply into

MILITARY * 65 to besiege, surround to open fire to defend to protect s.t against to withdraw (intransitive) to evacuate, pull out of to evacuate (transitive) to surrender

Trang 36

66 * MILITARY “ ° “Z Zz ⁄ a3 ve Sybll cle a o- 3 | line 52 58 52 1 2 8

to erect road blocks

to impose a cordon/ blockade on to break out (war) to be in s.o.’s power to

to occupy

to take the place of

to cross the border(s)

to estimate the strength

of forces at to debrief

5 ECONOMICS

ơi gall saul! Gosies

olga! elit! Sash GS alts igolaS¥l bLaay| -.-o #8 ° ° My L8 9~0 vw ~#@Ð ~ 12⁄1 32A1 3z 24Í 321 28311 <UL3^Í ple ¢ Ubi pels £ tà „a2 ¬äÃI J2 l<5 š 2La3ll ¿2^ soled Jul IMF

(International Monetary Fund) the World Bank

the European Central Bank the Federal Reserve

the Common Market black market

free market

the Stock Exchange exchange markets

foreign currency markets foreign currency reserves public sector

private sector

Trang 37

68 * ECONOMICS

(soles be

dus Lucial c Là säc

Sola! gle! coal

Sigel eg) Sle Gul Jasliuy «Slat, JAS el dal 898 ola «(Sta Gguull clsš 2 - ys LS w x - Ok -¬ L5 6 448 - o- Oo

cảy All yA~ô

sua] yaa

Đ yỏa 25Lọ

ol

oY gall las gagall jae

o-

agus cag

trade embargo

economic sanctions

at the close of trade hard currency soft currency capital income purchasing power monopoly; cartel market forces competition competitiveness exchange rate interest rate

preferential rate of interest retail price

the price of the euro against the dollar

share

JAG das pus

Sgt ấu v2 ath \ ub cole cà Lao | @slas c2 s Ệ 9£ de! ‹J 2l cole «dole cole ctl ys! Joleen ca La¬^ les gh chl ‹<› °2 =2 o# past ae «plies ~ “ ECONOMICS ® 69 bond derivatives tax income tax

value added tax (VAT) capital gains tax

Trang 38

70 * ECONOMICS silts é “ “ Te ° o o- 2.251 1 sli! a + ° og Ằ £ J 8 ye Spo plat! Ssiliue

ily! o ¢g a 9 3801 ial “o7 Zo rer 9-445 Be - ä ~ “ G+ # ` +

doral | - ¬ - ca^> eos ee a

Bee cđ|— «gS uw 7 5 costs expenses total, gross net in real terms price control price stability the global village globalisation

the welfare state

money laundering recession decline, slump inflation rate of inflation devaluation forecasting speculation Fore ° oh! “ o 4 ~ a2 o- 989 «as „ Sor dh gate i SS 74 2°% VAI S58 cL«« š nã

2lsall Ä3I3xa vả yàe

olet jae peal da ails’ ail dU ges anal Leaks IU ual \ UL a Lal ECONOMICS * 71 instability fluctuation bankruptcy standard of living debt debt/indebtedness outstanding debt loan grace period budget deficit trade deficit

the amount of the deficit surplus

liquidity

economy of scale the financial year record figure

Statistics

Trang 39

72 * ECONOMICS ° o ° jes QI_I „5 vw B commodity consumer goods

the average consumption of

(+ idafah) finance minister financier economist trader, dealer broker speculator shareholder investor consumer trade partner

to apply economic sanctions

to finance to invest capital to spend to squander ° G@ - aon - oe oe w IV eas tes ws ~ #0 Đơơỏl i 4l bạ, Bị „ bà) 33salL, ECONOMICS ® 73 to cost to consolidate to insure to blossom, flourish to raise/lower taxes

to reduce the budget deficit

to come into effect

to stimulate the economy to repay a debt

to become payable to become bankrupt

Trang 40

6 TRADE & INDUSTRY

- 4 bs 9/ or ve - 1# 6 x# on 9x os “3 £1 eg chgl 4 elec YI we go -38 Z4HH § Loa deka, š ›Lạ_¬ delice ol yslus lasts

cole cde game ele dat Luss

cle aS | a

ole ig Losi

Skis «Soe

OPEC

Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

non-OPEC

WTO

(World Trade Organisation)

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