Research in high value crop

FPR in High Value Crops report Vietnam 2003 B U I L D I N G D I S E A S E M A N A G E M E N T C A P A C I T Y I N V I E T N A M 4 PR O G R E S S RE P O R T Farmer Participatory Research in High Value[.]

BUILDING DISEASE MANAGEMENT CAPACITY IN VIETNAM PROGRESS REPORT Farmer Participatory Research in High Value Crops Written by Paul Van Mele CABI Bioscience EMAIL: p.vanmele@cabi.org Period of Visit June –23 June 2003 Report prepared and distributed 20 June 2003 D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 Tab l e of contents Sum m ary A b b re viations .5 W ork sh op O utput .6 3.1 Path ogen Identification 3.2 Fie l d D iagnostics 3.3 Farm e r Participatory R e se arch on D ise ase Manage m ent .10 3.3.1 Cre ating th e FPR fram e w ork 10 3.3.2 Le arn to report, report to l e arn 13 3.3.3 Prob l e m id e ntification 15 3.3.4 Group form ation 15 3.3.5 D e cid ing on th e tre atm ent 16 3.3.6 Th e nitty-gritty of designing FPR e xpe rim ents 17 3.3.7 D ata col l e ction 18 3.3.8 D ata anal ysis .19 3.3.9 Eval uating re sul ts 19 3.4 Eval uation of FPR w ork sh op 19 Proje ct activitie s sch edul e for Jul y-D e ce m b e r 2003 22 A nne x W ork sh op A genda 23 A nne x W ork sh op Participants .24 PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 Summary Th is report sum m arize s th e activitie s and d iscussions h e l d w ith al lth e partne rs of th e A CIA R -funded proje ct ‘ D e ve l oping D ise ase Manage m ent Capacity in Vie tnam ’ A fte r id e ntifying th e m ajor gaps in te rm s of diagnostics and m anage m ent of m ajor d ise ases, Farm e r Participatory R e se arch approach e s (often k now n in Vie tnam as Participatory A ction R esearch (PA R ), or ‘ Mak ing Farm e rs R e se arch e rs’w h en transl ate d b ack l ite ral l y from Vie tnam e se ) w e re introduce d b y D r.PaulVan Me l e from CA BI Bioscience during th th tw o 2-d ay w ork sh ops b e tw e e n June and June 24 , 2003 Path ogen identification issues w e re d iscussed during th e w ork sh op and e ach group l e ader h as th e re sponsib il ity to se riousl yl ook into th e sugge stions m ad e b y D r Eric Boa in h is sum m ary report on th e surveys.D r.PaulFe rrar from A CIA R h as ful l y ack now l e d ge d th e im portance of th is report for d ire cting future actions in th is and oth e r proje cts Each group l e ader w il lm e e t w ith th e ir partne r institutes to final ise th e l ist of sym ptom s for w h ich m ore sam pl e col l e ction and id e ntification is re q uire d Th is l ist w il lb e se nd to D rs Eric Boa (CA BI) and R oge r Sh ivas (Q D PI) for th e ir com m ents b e fore th e e nd of June , 2003 D rs R oge r Sh ivas and Tony Cook e w il lvisitVietnam from Jul y 27 to A ugust to assist in id e ntifying th e se undiagnosed sym ptom s Partne r institutions re -e m ph asize d th at m ore support is ne e d e d for training m aste r traine rs in fie l d d iagnosis Th is w il lb e d e al t w ith in Septe m b e r b y D rs Eric Boa and PaulVan Mel e A t th e sam e tim e , th e d e ve l opm ent of an Exce l lD atab ase of h igh qual ity digital ph otograph s of sym ptom s avail ab l e at e ach institute sh oul d rece ive h igh priority.Group l e aders to coord inate th is activity and present l ist by th e e nd of Jul y, 2003 to proje ct l e ader Th is w il lassist us in m ak ing th e Fie l d D iagnosis training m anualful l y ad juste d to e xam pl es b ase d on th e Vie tnam e se conte xt and h ence e asie r to appl y w h en training PPSD and farm e rs during our ne xt training on Fie l d D iagnosis from Septe m b e r 15 to O ctob e r 5th D uring th e first w e e k , w e w il lfocus on ‘ final izing’th e m anual Farm e r Participatory R e se arch m e th ods w e re introduce d and activitie s pl anne d on m ajor fungal , b acte rialand virald ise ases A n ove rvie w of pl anne d FPR activitie s in col l ab oration w ith provincialPPSD s is given in th e next tab l e In th e South , FPR activitie s on m ango are b e ing l ink e d to a farm e r coope rative , re centl y estab l ish e d b y th e A usA id CA R D proje ct ‘ Im proving th e perform ance of th e fruit industry in Tien Giang and Tra Vinh provinces’ , and th e Song H au state farm at Can Th o, uniting m ore th an 1000 farm e rs grow ing 150,000 m ango tre e s Th is CA R D proje ct h as b rough t farm e rs for th e first tim e in Vietnam e se h istory in d ire ct contact w ith re tail e rs to d e ve l op a qual ity grad ing syste m Link ing th is proje ct to our A CIA R proje ct w as pe rce ive d as a unique opportunity to h ave coope rative farm e rs w ork w ith scientists and PPSD tow ards ach ie ving im proved qual ity stand ards and e xpl ore th e potentialfor cre ating innovative financing m e ch anism s for se rvice provision Extra incom e th rough im prove d fruit qual ity and stronge r ne gotiation pow e r coul d b e re investe d in farm e r training in one w ay or th e oth e r, and h ence cre ate an e xam pl e of h ow financial sustainab il ity of farm e r training, a gl ob alprob l e m , coul d b e addressed Farm e rs at th e Song PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 H au state farm h ave al re ady ve rb al l y m entione d w il l ingne ss to pay for se rvice s w h ich h e l p th e m to tack l e se rious prob l e m s O ve rvie w of pl anne d FPR activities in col l ab oration w ith provincialPPSD s INSTITUTE CROP DISEASE PROVINCE COMMENTS NIPP Longan Flower rot, anthracnose (fungus) Hung Yen Both Anthracnose and Peronophythora occur on flowers Are these symptoms distinct? Orange Greening (bacterium) Ha Tay TNU Longan Anthracnose (fungus) Thai Nguyen HAU Litchi Anthracnose Hai Duong PPD-PQ Pineapple Phytophthora heart rot (fungus) Bac Giang Red wilt or red blight may be caused by stress, mealybugs or Phytophthora, so it is too early to conduct FPR on this problem After the workshop we conducted a field sampling trip and confirmed the wiltassociated virus transmitted by mealybugs If possible also this disease will be covered in FPR Can Tho Cantho Extension Centre Dong Nai SEFRC-SOFRI in SE Vietnam Tien Giang SOFRI Can Tho All mango FPR experiments in Can Tho will be a collaborative effort of SOFRI and CTU Tien Giang Mango FPR activities in Tien Giang will link to on-going CARD project and include PHTI Pineapple wilt (virus) SOFRI Pineapple Mango CTU Phytophthora heart rot (fungus) Anthracnose (fungal) Mango Black spot (bacterial) Can Tho Tien Giang Tomato Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) Tien Giang Mango Anthracnose Can Tho Dong Thap Mango Black spot (bacterial) Can Tho Group learning will be compared between NIPP, TNU and HAU Different treatments and approaches may be used depending on local preferences Song Hau state farm, samples to be collected asap for proper diagnosis Dong Thap PHTI Mango Anthracnose Tien Giang IAS Chili Anthracnose Lam Dong and Ho Chi Minh City PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 Abbreviations A CIA R A ustral ian Centre for Inte rnationalA gricul turalR e se arch CA BI CA B Inte rnational CA R D Capacity-buil d ing for A gricul turalR e se arch and D e ve l opm e nt (A usA id) CPC Crop Prote ction Com pendium CTU Canth o Unive rsity FFS Farm e r Fie l d Sch ool s FPR Farm e r Participatory R e se arch H AU H anoi A gricul turalUnive rsity IA S Institute of A gricul turalScience s NIPP NationalInstitute of Pl antProte ction PA R Participatory A ction R e se arch PH TI Post H arve st Te ch nol ogy Institute [H CMC] PPD Pl antProte ction D e partm ent PPSD Pl antProte ction Sub -D e partm ents PQ -North Pl ant Q uarantine [H anoi] PQ -South Pl ant Q uarantine [H CMC] Q D PI Q ueensl and D e partm ent of Prim ary Industrie s SEFR C South East Fruit R e se arch Centre , l ink e d to SO FR I SO FR I South e rn Fruit R esearch Institute TNU Th Nguyen Unive rsity PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 Workshop Output 3.1 Path ogen Identification Se ve ralcapacity buil d ing training course s w e re conducte d ove r th e past tw o years to im prove th e d iagnostic and id e ntification sk il l s of m ainl y young scientists Tow ards th e end of th e se cond y e ar of our proje ct, I am ve ry pl e ase d to l e t you k now th at Ms Barb ara R itch ie h as m ad e a tre m endous effort in col l ating al lth e training m ate rial s from th e past l ab oratory diagnostic and post-h arve st training courses undertak en w ith in our proje ct Both th e re sul ting m anual'Lab oratory Tech niques for Pl ant H eal th D iagnostics’and al l Pow e r PointPre sentations from th e se course s w e re d istribute d to th e partne r institutes as an e l e ctronic copy, w h ich w as ve ry w e l lre ce ive d b y al l Th is w il lenab l e proje ct partne rs to use th e se m ate rial s to train oth e rs, h ence incre asing proje ct im pact A fte r e ach partne r institute presente d th e ir ach ie ve m ents of th e past m onth s, th e need to b e tter integrate avail ab l e inform ation sources national l y and international l y w as e m ph asize d A cl e ar e xam pl e arose w h en participants in th e north pre se nte d th e ir re sul ts from re cent surveys R e sul ts from th e Ce ntralPl ant Q uarantine office for instance reporte d th at in H a Tay province one of th e m ajor pine appl e d ise ase s w as h e art rot Most pine appl e s grow n in H a Tay b e l ong to th e Victoria varie ty.In th e l ab oratory tw o causal agents w e re found , nam e l y Ph ytoph th ora sp.and Erw inia sp Th is re sul te d in a group d iscussion to w h y it prove d d ifficul t to id e ntify w h e th e r th e m ajor cause w as fungalor b acte rial D uring th is discussion I b row se d th e CA BI Crop Prote ction Com pendium (CPC) for pine appl e h e art rot and it reporte d th at th e pineappl e Q ueen varie ty is resistant to Erw inia (se e te xt b ox).W e stre sse d th e im portance to use th is im portant re source b e fore e m b ark ing on surveys and sam pl e col l e ction Copies of th e CABI Crop Protection Com pendium nd edition w ere h anded out to e ach of th e institute s and w e re used during group w ork for th e re m ainder of th e w ork sh op as re source m ate rial Exce rpt from th e CA BI Crop Prote ction Com pendium : “ Th e causalb acte rium , Erw inia ch rysan th em i, attack s th e [pine appl e ] fruit a fe w w e e k s b e fore m aturity w h en it suddenl y exudes copious fl uid and b u b b l es of gas Th e re is no e ffe ctive d ire ct control , b ut spraying h e ptach l or on th e ground at th e tim e of fl ow e ring and w e e k s l ate r control s th e ants w h ich spre ad th e b acte ria D ise ase d fruits ne e d to b e re m ove d and destroyed el se w h e re to reduce th e popul ation of th e b acte ria in th e fie l d Th e path oge n al so cause s b acte rialh e art rot w h en it infe cts th e tender b ase s of young l e ave s of 3-6-m onth -ol d pl ants Th e rot can cause serious l osse s and is ch aracte rize d b y its putre fying od our Th e Cay enne and Q ueen pineappl e appe ar to b e re sistant to th is b acte rium In th e Ph il ippine s and Th ail and, h e art rot is caused by th e fungi Ph ytoph th ora cinnam om i and Ph ytoph th ora parasitica, re spe ctive l y.” PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 Th e occurrence of Erw inia sp on Queen pineappl e requires furth er investigation to se e w h e th e r typicalb acte rialrot sym ptom s d e ve l op in th e fie l d or not Eith e r re sistance h as b rok en dow n, or Erw inia w as pre sent, b ut d id not cause th e sym ptom s Furth e r fie l d studies sh oul d b e conducte d in th e l ocation w h e re th is sam pl e w as col l e cte d , nam e l y at th e Suoi H state farm , Ba Vi d istrict, H a Tay province Equal l y im portant is to upgrad e inform ation on d ise ase status of d iffe rentvarie tie s w ith in inte rnationalD atab ase s, such as th e CA BI Crop Prote ction Com pendium , as th is is an im portant d e cision-support toolfor pol icy m ak e rs and l and -use pl anne rs A ne w pine appl e proce ssing pl ant h as b e e n estab l ish e d in Bac Giang province , yet a l ot of th e pineappl e provid e d b y th e farm e rs w as re je cte d b e cause of poor proce ssing qual ity Most pine appl e grow n in th e North is of th e re l ative l yl ow yiel d ing Q ueen varie ty Cay e nne is b e tte r for proce ssing and if gove rnm ent push e s for a dram atic sh ift of varie tie s, ne w d ise ases are l ik e l y to b e e ncounte re d Updating e l e ctronic d atab ase s l ik e th e CPC are al so of utm ost im portance for scre e ning pe st and disease status w h en introducing ne w varie tie s D uring th is visit, in b oth th e north and south sam pl e s w e re col l e cte d of pine appl e w il t for id e ntification at CA BI H igh l yl ik e l y it is a m e al ybug transm itte d virus Th e fol l ow ing ove rvie w of fie l d sam pl e s tak en nation-w ide during th e surveys w ith in th e proje ct sh ow s th at out of of th e sam pl e s h ave not b e e n com pl e te l y identifie d and in coul d not b e id e ntifie d A s th is re fe rs to sam pl e s col l e cte d b e fore actuall ab oratory training course s w e re given during th e proje ct, it is anticipate d th at th is situation h as im prove d TA BLE Status of fie l d sam pl e s tak en during proje ct fie l d surveys TOTAL FIELD SAMPLES TAKEN NOT COMPLETELY IDENTIFIED NOT YET IDENTIFIED Fruit 66 21 10 Vegetables 65 23 Com b ine d w ith th e l ate st report from D r Eric Boa it se e m s th at, apart from pine appl e, l itch i and l ongan in th e North al so needs furth e r attention in te rm s of id e ntification of e xact causes I h ave m atch e d th ese resul ts w ith th e crop ph e nol ogy inform ation avail ab l e on e ach of th e se crops (se e first report b y D rs Eric Boa and PaulVan Me l e ), and w ith th e avail ab il ity of our A ustral ian col l e agues D rs R oge r Sh ivas and Tony Cook e from Q D PI h ave pl anne d th e ir ne xtvisit to Vie tnam from Jul y 27 to A ugust and , re spe ctive l y Both w il lstart w ork ing in th e North (27 Jul y– August, 2003);th e se cond w e e k (4 - A ugust) Tony w il lb e w ork ing in th e South Litch i is currentl y b e ing h arve ste d , w h ich b rings us to th e fol l ow ing crops to focus th e next d ise ase sam pl ing on: for th e North : l ongan and pine appl e , and for th e South : pine appl e , dragon fruit and som e ve ge tab l e s A CTIO N: Lists of sam ples w h ich w illb e collecte d for furth er identification need to b e final ized by th e end of June, 2003 and send to D rs Eric Boa and R oger Sh ivas for th eir com m ents PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 3.2 Fiel d D iagnostics A s com m onl y reporte d in w orl dl ite rature, farm e rs often confuse d ise ase sym ptom s w ith inse ct pest d am age H anoi A gricul turalUnive rsity presente d a cl e ar case w h e re b y farm e rs confuse l itch i l e af ve in b ore r dam age w ith a fol iar disease and use fungicides to controlit H ence th e need for furth e r deve l oping th e Fie l d D iagnostics course /m anualas initiate d in Fe b ruary 2003 b y D r Eric Boa w ith Ms Barb ara R itch ie Course m ate rialconsisting of ph otos and pow e r point pre sentations w e re provid e d to th e d iffe rent partne r institutions at th e tim e of th e course Upon re q uest EB prepared som e b ack -up guidel ine s to enab l e th e partne rs to m ak e b e tte r use of th ese training m ate rial s A m onitoring and e val uation m ission h as b e e n pl anne d from Septe m b e r 15 to O ctob e r 5, 2003 D uring th is tim e al so H ue w il lb e visite d to train staff from H u e A FU and PPSD A CTIO N: Group leaders need to coord inate th e d e velopm ent of an ExcellD atab ase of h igh qual ity digitalph otograph s of sym ptom s th at are al ready avail ab l e at each institute, and present l ist to D rs PaulVan Mel e and Eric Boa by th e end of Jul y, 2003 Th is w il lassist us in ful l y ad justing th e Fie l d D iagnosis training m anualto th e Vie tnam e se conte xt and h ence m ak e it e asie r to use w h en training PPSD and farm e rs A n e xam pl e of th e form at to b e used is given bel ow PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 Th e im portance of fie l d d iagnosis is notjust l im ite d to rath e r unk now n or uncom m on d ise ase s Even th e d iagnosis of th e w e l l -studied gre e ning or h uangl ongb in d ise ase is prone to confusion Th is is sh ow n b y th e m ul titude of possib l e causes resul ting in sim il ar sym ptom s (se e te xt b ox CPC) Exce rpt from th e CA BI Crop Prote ction Com pendium : “ Th e first sym ptom of h uangl ongb ing is usual l y th e appe arance of a y el l ow sh oot on a tre e , h ence th e nam e h uangl ongb ing w h ich l ite ral l y m e ans yel l ow dragon d ise ase Progre ssive y e l l ow ing of th e e ntire canopy fol l ow s: l e ave s turn pal e -yel l ow , sh ow sym ptom s of zinc or m angane se d e ficiency, or d ispl ay b l otch y m ottl ing, and are reduce d in size Bl otch y m ottl e is th e m ost ch aracte ristic sym ptom , but is not spe cific to h uangl ongb ing Stub b orn d ise ase [Spiropl asm a citri], se ve re form s of citrus triste za cl oste rovirus (CTV), spe cie s of Ph ytoph th ora, w ate r l ogging and th e use of m arcots can produce sim il ar b l otch y m ottl e patte rns Sym ptom s of zinc d e ficiency are al so associate d w ith th e e arl y stage s of citrus b l igh t (a disease of unconfirm e d ae tiol ogy) H uangl ongb ing b acte ria, h ow e ve r, d o not induce th e xyl e m dysfunction and w il ting ob se rve d in b l igh te d tre e s Ch ronical l y infe cte d tre e s are sparse l y fol iate d and sh ow e xte nsive tw ig d ie b ack Th e fruits are often sm al l ,l opsid e d and poorl y col oure d (h ence th e origin of th e nam e gre e ning) Th e y often contain ab orted seeds Sim il ar fruit sym ptom s are al so observe d w ith CTVinfe ction.” A s training pe opl e in fie l d d iagnosis re q uire s th orough preparation, pl anning and practice , we l ook forw ard to your e xpe rience s and sugge stions th at m ay arise w h en you are conduction your ow n Fie l d D iagnostics courses w ith PPSD staff in th e province s D r Eric Boa and m ysel f w il lb e m onitoring th ese activitie s ove r th e com ing m onth s, as ind icate d in th e proje ct activitie s sch edul e given in Ch apte r 4, and d o an e val uation in Septe m b e r Th e first w e e k w e w il ll ook at ad justing th e m anualto th e Vie tnam e se cond itions, incorporating l ocale xam pl e s and ph otos PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 3.3 3.3.1 Farm er Participatory R esearch on D isease Manage m ent Creating th e FPR fram ew ork A good e xam pl e to il l ustrate farm e r e m pow e rm ent w as given by Prof H a Minh Trung H e describ e d h ow in a pre vious A CIA R proje ct a l ack of scientific k now l e d ge ab out th e cause of l itch i sud d e n d e ath l e ad to an approach of prope rl y diagnosing th e underl ying cause s b y a te am of nationaland Austral ian e xpe rts, fol l ow e d b y farm e r training on th e principl es of d ise ase d e ve l opm ent Th is re sul te d in farm e rs e xpe rim enting b y th e m se l ves and innovating to sol ve th e ir ow n prob l e m s (se e te xt b ox) Th e case study provides us w ith an e xce l l e nt e xam pl e to il l ustrate one of th e b asic principl e s of e m pow e ring farm e rs th rough prope r diagnosis and stim ul ating farm e r e xpe rim entation by inje cting ne w inform ation on d ise ase d e ve l opm ent and spread A s w e w il lse e l ate r on th is is not q uite th e sam e as farm e r participatory research , al th ough b oth approach e s can l e ad to farm e r e m pow erm ent O ften participatory training th rough th e use of adul tl e arning principl e s w il ltrigge r farm e rs to e xpl ore new m anage m ent options A case study by Prof H a Minh Trung: Litch i sud d e n d e ath typical l y occurs afte r h arve st w h en th e tre e is e xh auste d (Jul yA ugust) and w h en rains are m ost h e avy (up to 100 m m pe r day) Th is case provides a cl e ar e xam pl e of soil -b orne path oge ns for w h ich a range of path ogens and nem atodes h ave b e e n found From anoth e r ACIA R proje ct on soil -b orne d ise ases w ith D r.Le ste r Burge ss, Ph ytoph th ora spe cial ists w e re invite d as NIPPcol l ab orators suspe cte d Ph ytoph th ora to b e th e m ain cause Farm e rs w e re inform e d h ow Fusarium m ainl y d e ve l ope d at th e tre e col ar and in cases w h e re tre e s are pl ante d to d e e p in th e soil Th e y w e re al so inform e d ab out Ph ytoph th ora affe cting m ainl y th e d e e pe r h air roots at th e w ate r tab l el e ve l , b e cause of poor drainage A fte r understand ing th e principl e s of d ise ase d e ve l opm ent farm e rs cam e up w ith th e ir ow n sol utions b y d igging up th e soil from around th e tre e b ase to al l ow air to re ach th e tre e col ar In case Fusarium w as spotte d th e y tre ate d th e trunk w ith fungicides (A l l ie tte ) Th ey al so m ad e e xtra drainage canal s in th e ir fie l d to reduce Ph ytoph th ora d am age and as th ey real ise d th e roots w e re sick , th ey expe rim ente d w ith d iffe rent l e ve l s of pruning b ranch e s to give th e tre e a re st Most tre e s re cove re d PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p 10 D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 SCENA R IO 1: FA R MER Far m e r Pr o b le m I d e n ti fi cati o n ISPA SSIVE R ECIPIENT Far m e r R e je cti o n o r A d apti o n I have many more problems! R e com m e n d i n g E n d So lu ti o n s ( m an age m e n t, …) SCENA R IO 2: FA R MER Far m e r Pr o b le m I d e n ti fi cati o n IS EMPO W ER ED Far m e r E x p e r i m e n tati o n I n je cti o n o f N e w Pr i n ci p le s ( fi e ld d i agn o s i s , d i s e ase d e ve lo p m e n t an d s p r e ad , …) Far m e r I n n o vati o n I have solved my own problems! PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p 11 D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 Pre senting th is type of inform ation to farm e rs typical l yl ie s at th e origin of participatory training or e xte nsion activitie s, especial l y if com b ine d w ith adul tl e arning principl e s A noth e r w ay to e m pow e r farm e rs is to ful l y invol ve th e m in participatory research activitie s Th is is particul arl y fruitfulin th e case w h en both scientists and farm e rs are uncl e ar ab out h ow e xactl y to tack l e th e probl e m in th e fie l d , y et th e probl e m sh oul d h ave b e e n d iagnose d to a ce rtain e xtent (oth e rw ise w e risk l oosing too m uch of th e farm e rs’tim e in case w e failto e xpl ore th e righ t type of m anage m ent practice ) A m ajor d iffe rence from th e trad itionalapproach of w ork ing w ith farm e rs is th at farm e rs l e arn to sol ve th e ir ow n prob l e m s, rath e r th an b e ing tol d w h at th ey sh oul d d o.A s e ach of us w il ll e arn th ese participatory approach e s ourse l ve s b y d oing, you w il lre al ize ove r tim e th at facil itation sk il l s b e com e e q ual l y im portant as te ch nicalsk il l s.H ence al so th e l ogical step of approach ing farm e rs sim ul tane ousl y as a te am of scientists and e xtension staff/PPSD , rath e r th an approach ing th e m in th e trad itionalse q uentialw ay In th ose cases w h e re Vie tnam e se re se arch institutions h ave e xpe rience in re gul arl y w ork ing w ith farm e rs in th e fie l d (e ith e r for conducting farm e r inte rvie w s or on-farm re se arch ), th e re h as h ardl y e ve r b e e n a joint and syste m atic e ffort to invol ve e xte nsion or PPSD O n th e oth e r h and , tre m endous ach ie ve m ents h ave b e e n m ad e ove r th e past d e cad e in Vie tnam th rough nationaland inte rnationalprogram s and proje cts re garding h um an capacity buil d ing in using participatory approach e s (Inte grate d Pe st Manage m ent, NaturalR e source Manage m ent, Com m unity Fore stry, …) O ne of th e aim s of our A CIA R proje ct is to inte grate sk il l s across proje cts and program s PPSD h as b e e n invol ve d (and stil lis) in th e training on Fie l d D iagnostics, initiate d b y th e proje ct in Fe b ruary 2003 D uring th is w ork sh op w e h ave invite d tw o PPSD staff m e m b e rs w h o are e xpe rience d in conducting participatory research w ith in Farm e r Fie l d Sch ool s on rice or ve ge tab l e s as re source peopl e It w as h e art w arm ing to se e th e ir e nth usiasm and e age rne ss to col l ab orate w ith th e proje ct, e ven if th ey h adn’ t w ork e d on fruit crops b e fore For instance one of th e re source peopl e in th e North w as Mr.Ph am D inh Th o from PPSD , H Ph ong H e h as b e e n w ork ing in th e NationalIPM Program on rice since 19 and h as b e e n invol ve d in a num b e r of Participatory A ction R e se arch (PA R ) activitie s w ith in th e FA O re gionalIPM on Ve ge tab l e s Program Mr H ong from PPSD , H a Tay, joine d us as se cond resource person, w h il e in th e South Mr.Le Minh D ung from PPSD , H CM City contribute d w ith a strong pre sentation and supporting group d iscussions O ften scie ntists are cal l e d in as re source person during Farm e r Fie l d Sch ool s to convey te ch nicalinform ation, th is tim e peopl e from PPSD acte d as a re source person to convey m e th od ol ogicalb ack stopping to scie ntists Th e fol l ow ing diagram sh ow s th e conce ptualfram e w ork for inte grating d iagnostic and participatory research approach e s.It h as b e e n use d as th e b asis on w h ich d ise ase s w e re se l e cte d as topics for FPR , e vid e ntl y in com b ination w ith th e perce ive d im portance of th e d ise ase A sim il ar syste m atic approach h as b e e n use d in th e survey sum m ary report b y D r Eric Boa, an im portant guiding toolduring th e w ork sh op (Th ank s for th is gre at e ffort, Eric) PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p 12 D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 Cr o p H e alth Cau s e Ce r tain Fa r m e r Parti c i p a tory Tr a i n i n g Fa r m e r I n n o vation Si n g le Cau s e Fa r m e r Parti c i p a tory R e s e arch M u lti p le Cau s e s Pr o p e r D iagnosis Cr o p H e alth Cau s e U n ce r tain 3.3.2 Learn to report, report to l earn It is m y e xpe rience th at reporting on FPR activitie s is often negl e cte d , w h ich l e ads to m isse d l e arning opportunitie s It is b y d ocum enting and refl e cting on activities th at you w il ll e arn m ost In th e w ork sh ops w e agre e d on a fairl y sim pl e form at for reporting Each te am w il lk e e p re cords of th e ir fie l d activitie s and sum m arize th is under six se ctions/questions R e m e m b e r th at in e ach of th e se steps th e farm e r sh oul d pl ay a ce ntral rol e and th at m ore e m ph asis sh oul d b e given to th e proce ss th an to num e ricald ata gath e ring: H H H H H H ow ow ow ow ow ow h ave h ave h ave h ave h ave h ave probl e m s b e e n id e ntifie d ? groups b e e n form e d ? tre atm ents b e e n se l e cte d ? d ata b e e n col l e cte d ? d ata b e e n anal yzed? anal yzed resul ts b e e n pre sente d to w ider farm ing com m unity? PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p 13 D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 Farm e r Participatory R e se arch approach e s w e re introduce d and activitie s pl anne d on m ajor fungal , b acte rialand virald ise ases Each group prepare d th e ir action pl an of FPR activitie s to b e im pl e m ente d ove r th e com ing y ear on topics agreed upon by th e w h ol e group (Tab l e 2) Th e structure for preparing th e action pl an w as sim il ar to th is for th e report to b e produce d on th e se activities TA BLE O ve rvie w of pl anned FPR activitie s in col l ab oration w ith provincialPPSD s INSTITUTE CROP DISEASE PROVINCE COMMENTS NIPP Longan Flower rot, anthracnose (fungus) Hung Yen Both Anthracnose and Peronophythora occur on flowers Are these symptoms distinct? Orange Greening (bacterium) Ha Tay TNU Longan Anthracnose (fungus) Thai Nguyen HAU Litchi Anthracnose Hai Duong PPD-PQ Pineapple Phytophthora heart rot (fungus) Bac Giang After the workshop we conducted a field sampling trip and confirmed the wilt-associated virus transmitted by mealybugs If possible also this disease will be covered in FPR Can Tho Cantho Extension Centre Dong Nai SEFRC-SOFRI in SE Vietnam Tien Giang SOFRI Can Tho All mango FPR experiments in Can Tho will be a collaborative effort of SOFRI and CTU Tien Giang Mango FPR activities in Tien Giang will link to on-going CARD project and include PHTI Pineapple wilt (virus) SOFRI Pineapple Mango CTU Phytophthora heart rot (fungus) Anthracnose (fungal) Mango Black spot (bacterial) Can Tho Tien Giang Tomato Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) Tien Giang Mango Anthracnose Can Tho Dong Thap Mango Black spot (bacterial) Can Tho Group learning will be compared between NIPP, TNU and HAU Different treatments and approaches may be used depending on local preferences Song Hau state farm, samples to be collected asap for proper diagnosis Dong Thap PHTI Mango Anthracnose Tien Giang IAS Chili Anthracnose Lam Dong and HCM City In th e fol l ow ing se ctions som e k ey rem inders and e xam pl e s are presente d on e ach of th ese six points H ands-on inform ation of h ow to initiate and conduct Farm e r Participatory PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p 14 D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 R e se arch (FPR ) activitie s w as pre sente d b y PPSD spe cial ists w h o h ad b e e n invol ve d in Farm e r Fie l d Sch ool s on rice and ve ge tab l e s for m any years Th ey h ad b e e n ask e d to prepare and present th e ir e xpe rience s using th e sam e structured outl ine D iscussions w e re th en h e l d on h ow to ad apt approach e s for tre e crops 3.3.3 Probl em identification O ne of th e prerequisite s for farm e rs to participate is of course th at th e activity m ust focus on a l ocal l y perce ive d prob l e m A l th ough th e spe cific prob l e m to w ork on actual l y h as to b e d e cided upon th rough group consensus in th e com m unity th rough a rank ing or voting m e ch anism , w e al re ady narrow e d d ow n th e topics, b e ing at th e start of th e th ird y e ar of th e proje ct Th ose topics ch osen for participatory research re fl e cte d th e significance of th e d ise ase in th e re gion and th e l e ve lof confid e nce ab out corre ct d iagnosis, b ase d on th e gaine d insigh ts from th e proje ct To il l ustrate th e im portance of prope r diagnosis, PPD -PQ for instance w ish e d to w ork on pine appl e‘ re d w il t’ H ow e ve r, as th e causalage nt w as far from k now n I convince d th e m not to e m b ark on it W h e n d ays afte r th e w ork sh op w e w ent on a fie l d trip to Bac Giang toge th e r w ith D r Tu from PPD -PQ and Ms.Ly from NIPP, th e w il t w as diagnose d to b e caused by a virus transm itte d b y m e al ybugs Know ing th is, m anage m ent strate gie s coul d be e xpl ore d and th e road to FPR w as opene d If w e h ad not prope rl y diagnose d th is sym ptom , m anage m ent strate gie s for Ph ytoph th ora m igh t h ave b e e n e xpl ore d at no use In th e South pe opl e d e cid e d to w ork in te am s consisting of pe opl e from d iffe rent institutes, e spe cial l y for FPR w ork on ve ry serious disease s l ik e m ango b l ack spot and m ango anth racnose A t th e Song H au state farm at Can Th o, m ango b l ack spot incid e nce incre ase d in six m onth s tim e from 3% d am age (e arl y h arve ste d fruit) to 65% d am age (fruit h arve ste d at norm altim e ) H e re 1000 farm e rs grow m ore th an 150,000 m ango tre e s and if noting is d one ab out it, th e next ye ar w il lb e d isastrous Th e b acte rialdisease w as quick l y refe re d to as Xan th om onas cam pestris, but l ate r on I found out th at sam pl e s h ad previousl y b e e n send to CIR A D , R é union, and th at no Xan th om on as w as found Sam pl e s sh oul d b e col l e cte d and id e ntifie d as quick l y as possib l e A nyw ay, k now ing it is caused by a b acte rium w il l al l ow us to e xpl ore ce rtain m anage m ent inte rventions Mango anth racnose , on th e oth e r h and , is an im portant disease w h e re farm e rs ne e d b oth pre - and post-h arve st support on tack l ing th is d ise ase Farm e r coope rative s e stab l ish e d w ith in th e CA R D proje ct ‘ Im proving th e fruit industry in Tien Giang and Tra Vinh province s’re cognise d th is as an im portant constraint w h ich m ak e s se l l ing to l arge traders im possib l e O ur FPR w ork on m ango anth racnose w il lw ork w ith farm e rs from th e se coope rative s 3.3.4 Group form ation I w oul d recom m end farm e r re se arch groups to h ave b e tw e e n and 10 m e m b e rs Th e l arge r th e group th e m ore d ifficul t to ge t th e m al ltoge th e r during d ata col l e ction and oth e r PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p 15 D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 activitie s.W ith sm al l e r groups w e risk to incre ase th e h um an e rror of e stim ating val ues for th e d iffe rent param e te rs No m atte r w h at size th e group w il lb e , at th is stage actual e xpe rim ents sh oul d onl y be set up in or orch ards O th e r group m e m b e rs join in during e ach activity Th e type of farm e rs to b e se l e cte d w as raise d and som e guid ing crite ria are : • • • • • Education l e ve l R e spe cte d in th e com m unity Enth usiasm to participate H ave sufficie nt tim e Pre fe rab l y previous e xpe rience in FFS Vil l age l e ader coul d b e consul te d to assist in th e se l e ction A s th e l atte r crite ria m igh t b e d ifficul t to ach ie ve b e cause th e re e xist no FFS for fruit crops, it m ay b e im portant to sit toge th e r w ith PPSD staff w h o w il lb e invol ve d in th e FPR e xpe rim ent and d iscuss th e d ise ase y ou w ant to w ork on W ith th e vast e xpe rience of PPSD in d e ve l oping and /or using d iscove ry l e arning e xe rcise s, th ey m ay quick l y com e up w ith som e generale xe rcise s th at can b e used to give participating farm e rs a quick introduction on th e d e ve l opm ent and spre ad of th e d ise ase in a w ay th at is understand ab l e to th e farm e rs A noth e r factor to consider is h ow th e form ation of th e group l ink s to oth e r e xisting institutions in th e farm ing com m unity In th e South , for instance , w e d e cid e d to l ink FPR activitie s on m ango to a farm e r coope rative , re centl y estab l ish e d b y th e A usA id CA R D proje ct ‘ Im proving th e perform ance of th e fruit industry in Tien Giang and Tra Vinh province s’ Th is CA R D proje ct h as b rough t farm e rs in d ire ct contact w ith re tail e rs to d e ve l op a qual ity grad ing syste m Link ing th is proje ct to ours w as pe rce ive d as a unique ch ance to h ave coope rative farm e rs w ork w ith scie ntists and PPSD tow ards ach ie ving im prove d m ark e ting stand ards, w h il e at th e sam e tim e e xpl oring th e potentialfor cre ating innovative financing m e ch anism s for se rvice provision Extra incom e th rough im proved qual ity coul d b e re inve ste d in farm e r training in one w ay or th e oth e r, and h ence cre ate an e xam pl e of h ow financialsustainab il ity of farm e r training, a gl ob alprob l e m , coul d b e addressed.O ne of th e perce ive d b e ne fits of w ork ing toge th e r as a coope rative w as th e incre ase d acce ss to te ch nicaltraining It w il lb e w orth e xpl oring to w h at e xtent farm e rs w ant to inve st financial l y in buil d ing th e ir ow n capacity as a group 3.3.5 D eciding on th e treatm ent First of al ll ocalid e as sh oul d b e col l e cte d , id e al l y afte r h aving conducte d a b asic discove ry l e arning training course on th e d e ve l opm ent and spre ad of th e d ise ase Th e ‘ inje ction’of ne w principl es m igh t trigge r ne w id e as for th e m anage m ent of th e d ise ase , w h ich w e re not considered at first (se e al so pre viousl y presente d d iagram SCENA R IO 2: Farm e r is e m pow e re d ) O n a fl ip ch art you l ist al lth e id e as, fol l ow e d b y th e origin or source of th e PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p 16 D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 id e a (for instance e xte nsion staff, farm e rs Kim and Lam , scientist H ong) and in a th ird col um n h ow ach ie vab l e th is id e a is Try to tack l e one probl e m at a tim e and d o not atte m pt to se l e ct tw o tre atm ents and a controlw h en w ork ing w ith fruit tre e s.In th at case you w il lb e tte r conduct e ach singl e tre atm ent (and control ) in a separate orch ard al ltoge th e r 3.3.6 Th e nitty-gritty of d e signing FPR experim ents Th is step al so re q uire s gre at com m unication sk il l s and e xpe rience in FPR /PA R as w e need to e xpl ain farm e rs th e need of th e d e vl oping a ce rtain procedure O ne e xtra re ason to w ork w ith PPSD Som e of th e partne rs h ave al re ady initiate d ‘ particiapatory research ’activitie s w ith out invol ving PPSD In Vie tnam , scie ntists ofte n e m b ark on d oinge xpe rie m nts d ire ctl y w ith farm e rs, yet th e ob je ctives are m ainl y to d e ve l op re sul ts and re com m endations, rath e r th an focusing on th e l e arning aspe cts of th e w h ol e proce ss.Late r, w e w il ltry to e val uate th e d iffe rence s, as th is w il lyiel d som e inte re sting l essons TA BLE Main d iffe rence s of FPR in annualand perennialcropping syste m s ANNUAL & VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED CROPS PERENNIAL TREE CROPS Examples Rice, vegetables, pineapple, dragon fruit Longan, litchi, mango, citrus Variability between individual plants low higher Selection of experimental plants At random A priori selection of plants to reduce initial variability (similar age, performance, disease level,…) Experimental design Blocks No blocks unless local conditions dictate so Size of experimental plot Rice (30 m 2) Vegetables (15 m 2) No specific plot is needed as trees are selected throughout orchard No of treatments Flexible, but keep it simple Ideally in orchard only treatment is compared with a control No of replicates Minimum per treatment No replicates No of plants sampled At least in each replicate, resulting in plants per treatment At least 10 trees for the treatment and 10 as control trees Control Farmer practice Farmer practice Time of sampling Weekly or 2-weeklydepending on crop/topic/season Weekly or 2-weeklydepending on crop/topic/season COMMENTS Hybrids, varieties or vegetatively propagated plants show less variation in performance due to their higher genetic uniformity Tree crops are often grown on rootstocks increasing the variation For fruit crops like pineapple this will need to be explored, based on scientific literature PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p 17 D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 H ands-on inform ation of h ow to initiate and conduct Farm e r Participatory R e se arch (FPR ) activitie s w as pre sente d b y PPSD spe cial ists w ork ing in Farm e r Fie l d Sch ool s on rice and ve ge tab l e s for m any years.Participants enquired w h e th e r for fruit crops a sim il ar approach coul d b e fol l ow e d , m ainl y in regard to e xpe rim entald e sign and sam pl ing Th e auth or of th is report th an e m b ark e d on th e underl ying principl e s of sam pl ing m e th od ol ogy accord ing to th e type of cropping syste m Major d iffe rence s w ith rice and ve ge tab l e participatory research are given in Tab l e Al th ough w e d iscusse d th e sam pl ing procedure for pine appl e , as b e ing q uite re se m b l ing to th is in rice cropping syste m s, th e fact th at ants are invol ve d in prote cting m e al ybugs w h ich transfe r th e pine appl e w il tvirus re q uire s us to use a d iffe rent approach as th e rand om ise d bl ock d e sign Th is w as furth e r discusse d w ith D r Tu from PPD -PQ and il l ustrate s th at not onl y th e cropping syste m , b ut al so th e nature of th e pest- or d ise ase com pl e x infl uences th e sam pl ing procedure to b e fol l ow e d Th e auth or re m ains open for any queries th at m ay arise 3.3.7 D ata col l ection Most im portantl y is th at w e h e l p farm e rs to understand th e purpose of w h y w e sh oul d ob se rve th is type of d ata and th at w e k e e p it as sim pl e as possib l e Som e groups suggested sam pl ing tre e s in th e d iffe re nt w ind d ire ctions and in th re e d iffe rent l ayers of th e tre e (top, m id d l e , b ottom ) It is use fulto k now th e scientific approach e s, b ut it w as agre e d th e se issue s ne e d to b e d iscusse d w ith th e farm e rs w h o w il l vol unte e r to col l ab orate in th e participatory research e xpe rim ent Farm e rs w il lfinal l y need to m ak e th e d e cision as to w h at th ey th ink is fe asib l e Th is is one of th e m ajor d iffe rence s b e tw e e n on-farm re se arch and participatory research W e need to nurture farm e rs’ m otivation and stim ul ate th e l e arning proce ss.Pre senting th e m a rigid and com pl ex scientific protocolw il lnot b e ve ry h e l pfulin th is re gard If scie ntific d ata ne e d to b e col l e cte d th is sh oul d b e d one separate l y O N-FAR M R ESEAR CH ≠ PA R TICIPATO R Y R ESEAR CH It is prob ab l y b e tte r for scientists w h o l ack e xpe rience in participatory research to d iscuss scientific protocol s and m ost usefulparam e te rs to m e asure for a spe cific tre atm ent w ith th e ir PPSD counte rpart in th e re spe ctive province s, and th en l e t th e m facil itate th e d iscussion and procedures w ith th e farm e rs Be ing a scientist m ysel f, I k now it is ve ry d ifficul t to give th e se issue s out of h and , but once y ou tak e up th e rol e of observe r, reporte r and ad visor (in case you are ask e d to inte rvene), you w il ll e arn m any new th ings from th is inte raction PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p 18 D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 3.3.8 D ata anal ysis Sim pl ifie d statistics are used, pre se nting d ata in tabul ar form on sh e e ts and l ook ing at th e range of re sul ts (m inim um -m axim um ) to com pare tre atm ents If th e re is no ove rl ap b e tw e e n th e m inim um of one tre atm ent and th e m axim um of anoth e r, w e can b e fairl y sure th e re e xists a significant d iffe rence In case y ou use b l ock s, al so ch e ck w h e th e r d iffe rence is not due to variation b e tw e e n b l ock s (you m ay h ave ove rl ook e d an im portant environm entalvariab l e ) 3.3.9 Eval uating resul ts A t th is finalse ssion in w ork ing w ith farm e rs w e need to d iscuss th e b e ne fits of th e farm e r participatory research , w h at im pl ications b oth re sul ts and procedures w il lh ave on th e w ider com m unity, h ow th e re sul ts w il lb e sh are d w ith th e w ider com m unity For th e l atte r you m ay th ink of using Going Pub l ic se ssions, or any te ch nique to get fe e d b ack from th e com m unity Be fl e xib l e and cre ative D uring th is se ssion, ne w topics for participatory research and h ow activitie s coul d b e (co-) funded by th e farm e r com m unity m ay b e e xpl ore d In th e fol l ow ing b ox a se l e ction of l essons l e arne d are presente d from participatory re se arch activitie s undertak en w ith in th e Se e d H e al th Im prove m entProje ct in Bangl adesh By l e arning from oth e r proje cts w e m ay avoid m ak ing th e sam e m istak es ove r and ove r again 3.4 Eval uation of FPR w ork sh op Som e k e y l e arning points from th e w ork sh op as e xpre sse d b y th e w ork sh op participants sh ow s a cl e ar sh ift in th ink ing: Farm e r first: th is re fl e cts th e ch ange d position of th e farm e r in conducting participatory research Most institutes in Vie tnam h ave e xpe rience in conducting onfarm re se arch , w h e re b y th e farm e r m ainl y provides inputs in te rm s of h is or h e r fie l d and l ab our O ften a generalfe e d b ack from th e farm e r is ask e d for at th e e nd of th e e xpe rim ent A fte r th e w ork sh op scientists understood th e need to h ave farm e rs invol ve d in e ve rey step of th e e xpe rim ent Ne e d to invol ve e xtension (PPSD ): W ith a strong e m ph asis on th e l e arning proce ss and m e th od ol ogy of Farm e r Participatory R e se arch (FPR /PA R ), scientists re al ise d th ey coul dl e arn a l ot b y w ork ing m ore cl ose l y w ith PPSD as th ey h ave gaine d a l ot of e xpe rience in oth e r IPM program s Ne e d to inte grate sk il l s of farm e rs, scientists and e xte nsion: e ach h as spe cific strength s w h ich th rough te am w ork w il lyiel d best re sul ts Farm e r b e com e s e m pow e re d : participants re al ise d th at th e aim of FPR is not onl y to d e ve l op appropriate d ise ase m anage m ent inte rve ntions, but th at th e farm e rs w il lb e ab l e to appl y th is m e th od ol ogy to address oth e r prob l e m s PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p 19 D e ve l oping D isease Manage m e nt Capacity in Vietnam A CIA R report on visit /06-24/06/2003 Im pact on pol icy: participants fe l t th is w as a ve ry useful lapproach for conducting h igh l y rel e vant re se arch to sol ve l ocalprob l e m s at and w ith th e farm ing com m unity and e xtension, and anticipate d th is coul d infl uence agricul turalre se arch pol icy O ve ral lk now l e d ge incre ase s: cl e arl y th is approach convince d participants th at by doing FPR , e ve rybody l e arns a l ot: a w in-w in situation PaulVan Mel e , CA BI, p 20 ... ift in th ink ing: Farm e r first: th is re fl e cts th e ch ange d position of th e farm e r in conducting participatory research Most institutes in Vie tnam h ave e xpe rience in conducting... qual ity coul d b e re inve ste d in farm e r training in one w ay or th e oth e r, and h ence cre ate an e xam pl e of h ow financialsustainab il ity of farm e r training, a gl ob alprob l e... ork ing toge th e r as a coope rative w as th e incre ase d acce ss to te ch nicaltraining It w il lb e w orth e xpl oring to w h at e xtent farm e rs w ant to inve st financial l y in buil d ing