additives in polymers

ADDITIVES IN POLYMERS Industrial Analysis and Applications Additives In Polymers: Industrial Analysis And A pplications J. C. J. Bart  2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-85062-0 ADDITIVES IN POLYMERS Industrial Analysis and Applications Jan C.J. Bart DSM Research, The Netherlands Copyright  2005 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. 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Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bart, Jan C. J. Additives in polymers : industrial analysis and applications / Jan C.J. Bart. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-470-85062-0 (acid-free paper) 1. Polymers – Additives. 2. Polymers – Analysis. I . Title. TP1142.B37 2005 668.9 – dc22 2004015411 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-85062-0 Typeset in 9/11pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. The author and publishers wish to thank C. Gerhardt, GmbH & Co. KG for providing the cover image: ‘Soxtherm’ an original painted by Douglas Swan (1997). Contents Foreword ix Preface xi About the Author xiii Acknowledgements xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Additives 2 1.1.1 Additive functionality 3 1.2 Plastics formulations 5 1.2.1 Supply forms 7 1.2.2 Additive delivery 9 1.3 Economic impact of polymer additives 9 1.4 Analysis of plastics 11 1.4.1 Regulations and standardisation 15 1.4.2 Prior art 17 1.4.3 Databases 19 1.4.4 Scope 20 1.4.5 Chapter overview 22 1.5 Bibliography 23 1.5.1 Plastics additives 23 1.5.2 Processing technologies 23 1.5.3 Instrumental analysis 23 1.5.4 Polymer analysis 24 1.5.5 Polymer/additive analysis 24 1.6 References 24 Chapter 2 Deformulation Principles 29 2.1 Polymer identification 30 2.2 Additive analysis of rubbers: ‘Best Practice’ 32 2.3 Polymer extract analysis 42 2.4 In situ polymer/additive analysis 46 2.5 Class-specific polymer/additive analysis . 47 2.6 Bibliography 48 2.6.1 Polymer identification 48 2.6.2 Deformulation of rubbers 48 2.6.3 Deformulation of polymers 48 2.7 References 48 Chapter 3 Sample Preparation Perspectives 51 3.1 Solvents 54 3.1.1 Polymer solubility criteria 55 3.1.2 Solubility parameters 55 3.1.3 Polymer solutions 56 3.2 Extraction strategy 57 3.3 Conventional extraction technologies 59 3.3.1 Liquid–liquid extraction 60 3.3.2 Liquid–solid extraction 60 3.3.3 Classical solvent extractions of additives from polymers 61 3.3.4 Sonication 75 3.4 High-pressure solvent extraction methods 81 3.4.1 Supercritical fluid technology 81 3.4.2 Analytical SFE 85 3.4.3 Subcritical water extraction 100 3.4.4 Microwave technology 101 3.4.5 Microwave-assisted extractions 104 3.4.6 Pressurised fluid extraction 117 3.5 Sorbent extraction 123 3.5.1 Solid-phase extraction 124 3.5.2 Solid-phase microextraction 129 3.5.3 Stir bar s orptive extraction 133 3.6 Methodological comparison of extraction methods 134 3.6.1 Experimental comparisons 136 3.6.2 Extraction selectivity 138 3.6.3 ‘Nonextractable’ additive analysis 140 3.7 Polymer/additive dissolution methods 146 3.8 Hydrolysis 152 3.9 Bibliography 155 3.9.1 Sampling and sample preparation 155 3.9.2 Solvents/solubility 155 3.9.3 Extraction methods 156 3.10 References 156 vi Contents Chapter 4 Separation Techniques 171 4.1 Analytical detectors 177 4.2 Gas chromatography 181 4.2.1 High-temperature gas chromatography 200 4.2.2 Headspace gas chromatography 202 4.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography 205 4.4 Liquid chromatography techniques 217 4.4.1 Planar chromatographies 218 4.4.2 Column chromatographies 230 4.5 Capillary electrophoretic techniques 273 4.6 Bibliography 278 4.6.1 General texts 278 4.6.2 Detectors 279 4.6.3 Gas chromatography 279 4.6.4 Supercritical fluid chromatography 279 4.6.5 Thin-layer chromatography 279 4.6.6 Liquid chromatography 280 4.6.7 Size-exclusion chromatography 280 4.6.8 Ion chromatography 280 4.6.9 Capillary electrophoretic techniques 280 4.7 References 281 Chapter 5 Polymer/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative 299 5.1 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry 302 5.2 Infrared spectroscopy 311 5.3 Luminescence spectroscopy 318 5.4 High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 323 5.4.1 Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy 336 5.5 Bibliography 342 5.5.1 General spectroscopy 342 5.5.2 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry 342 5.5.3 Infrared spectroscopy 342 5.5.4 Luminescence spectroscopy 342 5.5.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 342 5.6 References 342 Chapter 6 Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods 349 6.1 Basic instrumentation 351 6.1.1 Inlet systems 352 6.1.2 Modes of detection 353 6.1.3 Mass resolution 354 6.1.4 Isotope distributions 354 6.1.5 Accurate mass measurements 355 6.2 Ion sources 357 6.2.1 Electron impact ionisation 360 6.2.2 Chemical ionisation 362 6.2.3 Metastable atom bombardment 367 6.2.4 Fast atom bombardment 367 6.2.5 Field ionisation 372 6.2.6 Field desorption 374 6.2.7 Thermospray ionisation 376 6.2.8 Atmospheric pressure ionisation techniques 378 6.2.9 Desorption/ionisation methods 383 6.2.10 Photoionisation techniques 385 6.3 Mass analysers 386 6.3.1 Sector analysers 387 6.3.2 Quadrupole mass spectrometers 389 6.3.3 Time-of-flight mass spectrometry . 390 6.3.4 Quadrupole ion trap 393 6.3.5 Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry 395 6.3.6 Tandem mass spectrometry 398 6.4 Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis 407 6.5 Ion mobility spectrometry 415 6.6 Bibliography 417 6.6.1 Mass spectrometry (General) 417 6.6.2 Mass spectrometers 417 6.6.3 Ionisation modes 417 6.7 References 418 Chapter 7 Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer/Additive Analysis 425 7.1 Precolumn hyphenation 428 7.1.1 Chromatographic sampling methods 432 7.2 Coupled sample preparation – spectroscopy/spectrometry . 449 7.3 Postcolumn hyphenation 452 7.3.1 (Multi)hyphenated GC techniques 456 7.3.2 (Multi)hyphenated SFC techniques 475 7.3.3 (Multi)hyphenated HPLC techniques 489 7.3.4 Hyphenated SEC techniques 527 7.3.5 Hyphenated TLC techniques 530 7.3.6 Hyphenated CE techniques 543 Contents vii 7.4 Multidimensional chromatography 545 7.4.1 Multidimensional gas chromatography 548 7.4.2 Multidimensional supercritical fluid chromatography 550 7.4.3 Multidimensional liquid chromatography 550 7.4.4 Multidimensional thin-layer chromatography 558 7.5 Multidimensional spectroscopy 560 7.6 Bibliography 562 7.6.1 General 562 7.6.2 Multihyphenation and multidimensionality 563 7.6.3 Precolumn hyphenation 563 7.6.4 Postcolumn hyphenation 563 7.6.5 Multidimensional chromatography 563 7.6.6 Multidimensional spectroscopy 563 7.7 References 564 Chapter 8 Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods 585 8.1 Element analytical protocols 587 8.1.1 Element analytical pretreatment protocols 588 8.1.2 Elemental analysis methods 589 8.2 Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis 591 8.2.1 Combustion analysis 593 8.2.2 Wet matrix digestion 597 8.2.3 Fusion methods 604 8.3 Analytical atomic spectrometry 605 8.3.1 Atomic absorption spectrometry . 608 8.3.2 Atomic emission spectrometry 613 8.3.3 Atomic fluorescence spectrometry 624 8.3.4 Direct spectrometric analysis of solid samples 625 8.4 X-ray spectrometry 627 8.4.1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry . 628 8.4.2 Particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry 639 8.4.3 X-ray absorption spectrometry 642 8.4.4 X-ray diffraction 644 8.5 Inorganic mass spectrometry 648 8.5.1 Spark-source mass spectrometry . 650 8.5.2 Glow-discharge mass spectrometry 651 8.5.3 Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry 652 8.5.4 Isotope dilution mass spectrometry 659 8.6 Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods 662 8.6.1 Activation analysis 663 8.7 Electroanalytical techniques 666 8.7.1 Potentiometric methods 668 8.7.2 Voltammetric methods 669 8.7.3 Coulometric methods 673 8.8 Solid-state speciation analysis 674 8.9 Bibliography 677 8.9.1 Sampling and sample preparation 677 8.9.2 Atomic spectrometry 677 8.9.3 X-ray spectrometry 678 8.9.4 Inorganic mass spectrometry 678 8.9.5 Nuclear analytical methods 679 8.9.6 Trace-element analysis 679 8.9.7 Electroanalysis 679 8.9.8 Speciation analysis 679 8.10 References 679 Chapter 9 Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer/Additive Dissolutions 691 9.1 Chromatographic methods 692 9.1.1 Size-exclusion chromatography 693 9.2 Spectroscopic techniques 696 9.2.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 696 9.3 Mass-spectrometric methods 701 9.3.1 MALDI-MS analysis of polymer/additive dissolutions 702 9.4 References 709 Chapter 10 A Vision for the Future 711 10.1 Trends in polymer technology 712 10.2 Trends in additive technology 715 10.2.1 Advances in additives 717 10.3 Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints 723 10.3.1 Trends in manufacturing, processing and formulation 724 10.4 Analytical consequences 725 10.4.1 General analytical tool development 728 10.4.2 Future trends in polymer/additive analysis 729 10.4.3 Analytical challenges 739 10.4.4 Polymer/additive analysis at the extremes 740 viii Contents 10.4.5 Advanced polymer/additive deformulation schemes 743 10.5 Epilogue 746 10.6 Bibliography 747 10.7 References 747 Appendix I List of Symbols 751 Appendix II Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers and Thermosetting Resins 773 Appendix III Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets 793 Index 803 Foreword Loss of knowledge is an acute threat to companies. The crucial question is how existing knowledge and n ew technologies can be harnessed as a corporate resource. A major problem facing industry is retaining knowledge within the company, in particular in times of acceleration of innovation. Moreover, in industrial research there is an unmistakable shift from generating knowledge and solving problems by experimental work towards detecting, selecting and absorbing knowledge from the external knowledge infrastructure and adapting it to specific situations. This book contributes a great deal to preserving and critically evaluating knowledge in the field of the analytics of polymer additives. Additives play a leading role in the success of commercial plastics, elastomers, rubbers, coatings and adhesives. Without additives, many polymers would simply be of limited use. Although polymer additive analysis claims a history of use spanning at least half a century it is, nevertheless, still a continuously evolving research area with new and modified procedures related to increasingly sophisticated products. In many ways, this has led to a plethora of traditional and new chemical, physico-chemical and physical techniques and applications that are confusing to the specialist and beginner alike. An overview of developments across all areas of polymer additive analysis is lacking and a unified approach should therefore be of considerable assistance. This work shows that industrially relevant polymer additive analysis has developed into a very broad and complex field, in retrospect at the limit for one single author and problem holder. Also, despite the many advances direct polymer additive analysis has not yet displaced conventional wet chemical routes. In this respect, current state-of-the-art ends up in a draw. This book makes a substantial contribution to the current literature on the analytics of polymer additives, follows up an earlier industrial tradition and lays a foundation for the future. It will be of great value to a broad readership comprising industrial and academic (analytical) chemists, polymer scientists and physicists, technologists and engineers, and other professionals involved in R&D, production, use and re- use of polymers and additives in all areas of application, including manufacturers, formulators, compounders, end users, government legislators and their staff, forensic scientists, etc. With a rapidly developing field as this one, this book can only be considered as a work in progress. Hope- fully, this monograph will help users to avoid reinvent- ing the classical analytical wheel, and abandon obsolete, old practices, to redirect their efforts eventually towards more appropriate, though sometimes complicated equip- ment, to become sufficiently proficient to solve real-life analytical problems efficiently and with confidence, or even to devise innovative and challenging new direc- tions. Certainly, this book will save significant time and effort for those analysts faced with cracking complex polymer additive cocktails. As nothing holds true for ever, it will be most appropriate to review the field again within the next decade. Jos Put Vice President R&D Materials DSM Research Geleen The Netherlands Preface Whenever textbooks on polymer chemistry deal with polymer analytical aspects, macromolecular characteri- sation is usually overemphasised giving the unsuspect- ing reader the incorrect impression that polymers and formulated polymeric materials are one and the same thing. This treatise, which attempts to remedy such an oversight, is concerned with the characterisation of additives embedded in a broad variety of polymeric matrices. The topic is particularly relevant in view of the impressive growth in the use of synthetic poly- meric materials and significant analytical advances in terms of sample preparation, chromatography, detec- tion systems, hyphenation and computation in the last two decades. In every field of science and engineer- ing, it is convenient to have at one’s disposal an up- to-date handbook to provide specialists with a broad collection of technical details about the individual ele- ments of the field. This has now come true for poly- mer/additive analysis. The purpose of this monograph, the first to be ded- icated exclusively to the analytics of additives in poly- mers, i s to evaluate critically the extensive problem- solving experience in the polymer industry. Although this book is not intended to be a treatise on modern ana- lytical tools in general or on polymer analysis en large, an outline of the principles and characteristics of rele- vant instrumental techniques (without hands-on details) was deemed necessary to clarify the current state-of- the-art of the analysis of additives in polymers and to accustom the reader to the unavoidable professional nomenclature. The book, which provides an in-depth overview of additive analysis by focusing on a wide array of applications in R&D, production, quality control and technical service, reflects the recent explosive devel- opment of the field. Rather than being a compendium, cookery book or laboratory manual for qualitative and/or quantitative analysis of specific additives in a variety of commercial polymers, with no limits to impractical aca- demic exoticism (analysis for its own sake), the book focuses on the fundamental characteristics of the arse- nal of techniques utilised industrially in direct relation to application in real-life polymer/additive analysis. The analyst requires expert knowledge, i.e. understanding of the strengths, weaknesses and limits of application of each technique and how they relate to practical prob- lems. Therefore, the chapters are replete with selected and more common applications illustrating why partic- ular additives are analysed by a specific method. By understanding the underlying principles, the mystery of the problem disappears. Expertise, of course, requires more than understanding of the principles alone. Con- sequently this book does not serve to become overnight expert in the area of polymer/additive analysis. Rather, it helps the emerging generation of polymer analysts to obtain a rapid grasp of the material in minimal time but is no substitute for personal experience. Additives in Polymers: Industrial Analysis and Appli- cations fulfils a need and provides information not cur- rently available from another s ingle literature source. This book is different from other books on polymer analysis in a number of ways. Instrumental methods are categorised according to general deformulation prin- ciples; there is more emphasis on effective problem solving and promoting understanding than on factual information or instrumental capabilities without focus on any specific analyte or polymer class. The tools of the trade are introduced when appropriate in the deformula- tion strategy, not on the basis of their general properties only. In particular, the author has tried to emphasise the importance of employing rational methods to labo- ratory, in situ and on-line polymer/additive analysis. The present text is an appraisal of the literature and method- ology currently available (tool description), from which the inexperienced ‘deformulator’ can select those means necessary to tackle his own problem and finally write his own recipe and clear procedures in compliance with local instrumental possibilities. The critical evaluation of methods also indicates what still needs to be done. From an industry perspective, it is clear that above all there is a need to improve the quantitative aspects of the methods. xii Preface Although wide-ranging, the author does not claim to present a collection of 10 comprehensive reviews. Instead, illustrative examples, drawn from closely related fields (polymers, rubbers, coatings, adhesives), are given to outline the ranges of applicability. The value of the book stays in the applications. No book is perfect and no doubt equally deserving papers have been omitted and some undeserving ones have been included. However, with the number of techniques much greater than originally planned the text should be kept within reasonable bounds. The reader may keep in mind the lines For what there was none cared a jot. But all were wroth with what was not. Theory and p ractice of polymer/additive analysis are not a regular part of analytical education, and usually require on-the-job training. The intention in writing this text was to appeal to as wide an audience as possible. Using an instructional approach, this reference book helps orienting chemists and technicians with little or no background in polymer/additive analysis who would like to gain rapidly a solid understanding of its fundamentals and industrial practice. Seasoned analysts of polymer formulations may use the text to quickly understand terms and techniques which fall outside of their immediate experience. The author has attempted to bring together many recent developments in the field in order to provide the reader with valuable insight into current trends and thinking. Finally, this book can also serve as a modern textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in many disciplines including analytical chemistry, polymer chemistry and industrial chemistry. In planning this book the author has chosen a monograph in decathlon fashion. This allows critical comparisons between methods and has the advantage of a unified structure. The disadvantage is that no individual can have specialist knowledge in all fields equal to that of the sum of the experts. To overcome this drawback extensive peer review has been built in. For each individual technique more excellent textbooks are available, properly referenced, albeit with less focus on the analysis of additives in polymers. However, the steep growth curve during t he past two decades has made reporting on this subject an almost elusive target. Each chapter of this monograph is essentially self- contained. The reader can consult any subchapter indi- vidually. Together they should give a good grounding of the basic tools for dealing with the subject matter. The reader is well advised to read the two introductory chapters first, which define the analytical problem area and general deformulation schemes. The next chapters tackle polymer/additive deformulation strategically in an ever-increasing order of sophistication in analytical ingenuity. Conventional, indirect, polymer/additive anal- ysis methods, mainly involving wet chemistry routes, are described in Chapters 3 to 9. The book is con- cluded with prospects in Chapter 10. Extensive appen- dices describe additive classes; a glossary of symbols, and databases. To facilitate rapid consultation the text has been provided with eye-catchers. Each chapter con- cludes with up-to-date references to the primary litera- ture (no patent literature). Contributions from many of the top industrial research laboratories throughout the world are included in this book, which represents the most extensive compilation of polymer/additive analy- sis ever. Once more it comes true that most research is being carried out beyond one’s own R&D establishment. The author has not tried to include a complete ab-initio literature search in any particular area. The majority of references in the text are from recent publications (1980–2003). This is not because excellent older references are no longer relevant. Rather, these are frequently no longer used because: (i) more recent work is a fine-tuned extension of prior work; (ii) the ‘classic’ texts list extensive work up to 1980; and (iii) older methods are frequently based on inferior or obsolete technology and thus direct transfer of methods may be difficult or impossible. Readers familiar with the ‘classics’ in the field will find that almost everything has changed considerably. As most (industrial) practitioners have access to rapid library search facilities, it is recommended that a liter- ature search on the analysis of a specific additive in a given polymer be carried out at the time, in order to generate the most recent references. Consequently, the author does not apologise for omitting references to spe- cific analyses. However, every effort has been made to keep the book up-to-date with the latest methodolog- ical developments. Each chapter comprises a critical list of recommended general reading (books, reviews) for those who want to explore the subjects in greater depth. This book should convince even the most hardened of the ‘doubting Thomases’ that polymer/additive analysis has gone a long way. With a developing field such as this one, any report represents only work in progress and is not the last word. Geleen December 2003 [...]... successful use of plastic materials in many applications, such as in the automotive industry, the electronics sector, the packaging and manufacturing of consumer goods, is substantially attributable to the incorporation of additives into virgin (and recycled) resins Polymer industry is impossible without additives Additives in plastics provide the means whereby processing problems, property performance... articles intended for food contact applications Reference [164] contains other spectra for the identification of additives in food packaging The handbook Spectra for the Identification of Additives in Food Packaging [84] compiled with EC funding under the SM&T programme, contains a collection of spectra for the identification of 100 of the most important additives used in plastics packaging and coatings Infrared... stage (directly during production of the plastic in the reactor); (ii) addition to the finished granulate in a subsequent processing (compounding/mixing) stage, or in the processing machine itself Finally, additives may be applied to the finished part surface Much depends on the type of additive and polymer Automated powder sampling systems have been described [25] and handling of solid additives has been... concentrates without having to use an extruder Pure additives usually require specific handling In fact, some additives have to be dispersed like pigments to avoid agglomeration; some others need to be intensively kneaded It is difficult to choose processing conditions that offer simultaneously an optimum on mixing/dispersing/kneading/dissolving efficiency as required for processing of additives with very... -thio-bis-(4-tert-octylphenolato)-nbutylamine)-nickel), a low-MW hindered amine light stabiliser or HALS (di-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate) and a polymeric HALS compound (Tinuvin 622) Various commercial additive products are binary or ternary blends Examples are Irganox B225 (Irganox 1010/Irgafos 168, 1:1), Ultranox 2840 (Ultranox 276/Weston 619, 3:2), and Tinuvin B75 (Irganox 1135/Tinuvin 765/Tinuvin 571, 1:2:2)... merchant compounders consuming the remaining 23 % The average cost of the polymer additive classes varies widely Demand for the different classes of polymer additives varies by resin Modifiers and processing aids rely heavily on PVC while the property extenders are primarily used in non-PVC resins PVC is by far the largest consuming resin for polymer additives (excluding fillers), accounting for some 80 % of... plastics additives are not marginal As outlined before, they are not simply optional extras but essential ingredients, which make all 4 Introduction Table 1.1 Main functions of polymer additives Polymerisation/chemical modification aids Accelerators Cross-linking agents Chain growth regulators Promoters Compatibilisers Improvement in processability and productivity (transformation aids) Defoaming and blowing... with organic and/or inorganic additives, fillers, etc Textbooks on various aspects of the determination of the complex structure of polymers (in particular macromolecular characterisation in terms of molar mass, chemical composition, functionality and architecture) [39–57] outnumber those covering analysis of additives in polymers [41,50,54,55,58–63] or textbooks dealing with the inservice aspects of... and mechanical properties of polymers, or may cause tainting in case of foodstuff- or beverage-packaging grades of polymers Residual volatiles are often indicative of the production process (and therefore play a role in product protection) Typically, oligomer extracts often provide a fingerprint permitting to establish the origin of a polymeric material (e.g of polycarbonate) In both cases a broad knowledge... more demanding as it is not acceptable from an analytical point of view that fragmentation occurs during analysis This may easily be the case in handling thermally labile compounds For instance, both mass spectrometry and thermal analysis indicate initial fragmentation resulting in the loss of 2-hydroxybenzophenone from a 2hydroxybenzophenone based phosphite, or of 4-amino tetramethylpiperidine from . ADDITIVES IN POLYMERS Industrial Analysis and Applications Additives In Polymers: Industrial Analysis And A pplications J. C. J. Bart  2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-85062-0 ADDITIVES. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Bart, Jan C. J. Additives in polymers : industrial analysis and applications. packages continue to evolve and diversify. Additives can mean ingredients for plastics but they play a crucial role also in other materials, such as coat- ings, lacquers and paints, printing inks, photographic films