air pollution control equipment calculations

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT CALCULATIONS AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT CALCULATIONS Louis Theodore An Introduction by Humberto Bravo Alvarez Copyright # 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 74-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http//www.wiley.com/go/permission Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format Fore more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Theodore, Louis Air pollution control equipment/Louis Theodore p cm ISBN 978-0-470-20967-7 (cloth) Air—Purification—Equipment and supplies I Title TD889.T49 2008 628.50 3—dc22 Printed in the United States of America 10 2007032133 TO BILL O’REILLY a true patriot AND THE O’REILLY FACTOR for battling the enemy from within and helping protect/represent the silent majority CONTENTS PREFACE xi INTRODUCTION 1 AIR POLLUTION HISTORY 15 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 AIR POLLUTION REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 15 16 17 19 25 26 Introduction The Regulatory System Laws and Regulations: The Differences The Clean Air Act Provisions Relating to Enforcement Closing Comments and Recent Developments 27 27 29 37 41 42 44 INCINERATORS 69 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Design and Performance Equations 4.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance Problems 27 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Measurement Fundamentals 3.3 Chemical and Physical Properties 3.4 Ideal Gas Law 3.5 Phase Equilibrium 3.6 Conservation Laws Problems FUNDAMENTALS: GASES 69 79 84 86 ABSORBERS 127 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Design and Performance Equations 5.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance Problems 127 131 142 143 vii viii CONTENTS 247 249 252 260 262 267 271 GRAVITY SETTLING CHAMBERS 315 315 319 324 325 CYCLONES 361 361 367 374 376 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS 399 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Design and Performance Equations 10.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance Problems 11 247 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Design and Performance Equations 9.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance Problems 10 FUNDAMENTALS: PARTICULATES 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Design and Performance Equations 8.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance Problems 185 194 201 202 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Particle Collection Mechanisms 7.3 Fluid–Particle Dynamics 7.4 Particle Sizing and Measurement Methods 7.5 Particle Size Distribution 7.6 Collection Efficiency Problems 185 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Design and Performance Equations 6.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance Problems ADSORBERS 399 406 410 415 VENTURI SCRUBBERS 451 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Design and Performance Equations 11.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance Problems 451 455 459 462 ix CONTENTS 12 BAGHOUSES 503 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Design and Performance Equations 12.3 Operation and Maintenance, and Improving Performance Problems 503 506 511 514 APPENDIX A HYBRID SYSTEMS A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 Introduction Wet Electrostatic Precipitators Ionizing Wet Scrubbers Dry Scrubbers Electrostatically Augmented Fabric Filtration APPENDIX B SI UNITS B.1 B.2 B.3 B.4 The Metric System The SI System SI Multiples and Prefixes Conversion Constants (SI) 549 549 550 550 551 552 555 555 557 557 558 APPENDIX C EQUIPMENT COST MODEL 563 INDEX 567 NOTE Additional problems for Chapters 3–12 are available for all readers at www.wiley.com The problems may be used for homework purposes Solutions to these problems plus six exams (three for each year or semester) are available to those who adopt the text for instructional purposes Visit www.wiley.com and follow links for this title for details PREFACE I fear the Greeks, even when bearing gifts —Virgil (70 – 19 B.C.), Aeneid, Book II In the last four decades, the technical community has expanded its responsibilities to society to include the environment, with particular emphasis on air pollution from industrial sources Increasing numbers of engineers, technicians, and maintenance personnel are being confronted with problems in this most important area The environmental engineer and scientist of today and tomorrow must develop a proficiency and an improved understanding of air pollution control equipment in order to cope with these challenges This book serves two purposes It may be used as a textbook for engineering students in an air pollution course It may also be used as a reference book for practicing engineers, scientists, and technicians involved with air pollution control equipment For this audience, it is assumed that the reader has already taken basic courses in physics and chemistry, and should have a minimum background in mathematics through calculus The author’s aim is to offer the reader the fundamentals of air pollution control equipment with appropriate practical applications and to provide an introduction to design principles The reader is encouraged through references to continue his or her own development beyond the scope of the presented material As is usually the case in preparing any text, the question of what to include and what to omit has been particularly difficult However, the problems and solutions in this book attempt to address calculations common to both the science and engineering professions The book provides the reader with nearly 500 solved problems in the air pollution control equipment field Of the 12 chapters, are concerned with gaseous control equipment and with airborne particulate pollutants The interrelationship between both classes of pollutants is emphasized in many of the chapters, Each chapter contains a number of problems, with each set containing anywhere from 30 to 50 problems and solutions As indicated above, the book is essentially divided into two major parts: air pollution control equipment for gaseous pollutants (Chapters 3– 6), and control equipment for particulate pollutants (Chapters 7– 12) Following two introductory chapters, the next four chapters examine control equipment for gaseous pollutants, including incineration, absorption, and adsorption The last six chapters are devoted to gravity settlers, cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, and baghouses Each chapter contains a short introduction to the control device, which is followed by problems dealing with performance equations, operation and maintenance, and recent developments The Appendix contains writeups on hybrid systems, the SI system (including conversion constants), and a cost equipment model This project was a unique undertaking Rather than prepare a textbook in the usual format—essay material, illustrative examples, nomenclature, bibliography, problems, xi xii PREFACE and so on—the author considered writing a calculations book that could be used as a self-teaching aid One of the key features of this book is that the solutions to the problems are presented in a near stand-alone manner Throughout the book, the problems are laid out in such a way as to develop the reader’s understanding of the control device in question; each problem contains a title, problem statement and data, and the solution, with the more difficult problems located at or near the end of each chapter set (Additional problems and solutions are available at a Website for all readers, but particularly for classroom/training purposes.) Thus, this book offers material not only to individuals with limited technical background but also to those with extensive industrial experience As such, this book can be used as a text in either a general environmental and engineering science course and (perhaps primarily) as a training tool for industry Knowledge of the information developed and presented in the various chapters is essential not only to the design and selection of industrial control equipment for atmospheric pollutants but also to their proper operation and maintenance It will enable the reader to obtain a better understanding of both the equipment itself and those factors affecting equipment performance Hopefully, the text is simple, clear, to the point, and imparts a basic understanding of the theory and mechanics of the calculations and applications It is also hoped that a meticulously accurate, articulate, and practical writing style has helped master the difficult task of explaining what was once a very complicated subject matter in a way that is easily understood The author feels that this delineates this text from others in this field The author cannot claim sole authorship to all the problems and material in this book The present book has evolved from a host of sources, including notes, homework problems, and exam problems prepared by J Jeris for graduate environmental engineering courses; notes, homework problems, and exam problems prepared by L Theodore for several chemical and environmental engineering graduate and undergraduate courses; problems and solutions drawn (with permission) from numerous Theodore Tutorials; and, problems and solutions developed by faculty participants during National Science Foundation (NSF) Undergraduate Faculty Enhancement Program (UFEP) workshops During the preparation of this book, the author was ably assisted in many ways by a number of graduate students in Manhattan College’s Chemical Engineering Master’s Program These students, particularly Agogho Pedro and Alex Santos, contributed much time and energy researching and classroom testing various problems in the book My sincere thanks go to Anna Daversa, Andrea Paciga, and Kevin Singer for their invaluable help and assistance in proofing the manuscript LOUIS THEODORE April 2008 B.4 559 CONVERSION CONSTANTS (SI) Force To convert from N N N N N lbf lbf lbf lbf to multiply by kg m/s dyn g cm/s2 lbf lb ft/s2 N dyn g cm/s2 lb ft/s2 105 105 0.2248 7.233 4.448 4.448 Â 105 4.448 Â 105 32.17 to multiply by Pressure To convert from atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm psi psi psi in H2O at 48C in H2O at 48C in H2O at 48C N/m (Pa) kPa bars dyn/cm2 lbf/in2 (psi) mm Hg at 08C (torr) in Hg at 08C ft H2O at 48C in H2O at 48C atm mm Hg at 08C (torr) in H2O at 48C atm psi mm Hg at 08C (torr) 1.013Â105 101.3 1.013 1.013 Â 106 14.696 760 29.92 33.9 406.8 6.80 Â 1022 51.71 27.70 2.458 Â 1023 0.0361 1.868 to multiply by L cm3 (cc, mL) ft3 gal (US) qt in3 gal (US) m3 L 1000 106 35.31 264.2 1057 1728 7.48 0.02832 28.32 Volume To convert from m m3 m3 m3 m3 ft3 ft3 ft3 ft3 560 SI UNITS Energy To convert from to multiply by J J J J J J J cal cal cal Btu Btu Btu Btu ft lbf ft lbf ft lbf N.m erg dyn cm kW hr cal ft lbf Btu J Btu ft lbf ft lbf HP hr cal kW hr cal J Btu 107 107 2.778 Â 1027 0.2390 0.7376 9.486 Â 1024 4.186 3.974 Â 1023 3.088 778 3.929 Â 1024 252 2.93 Â 1024 0.3239 1.356 1.285 Â 1023 To convert from to multiply by W W W W kW kW HP HP HP HP J/s cal/s ft lbf/s kW Btu/s HP ft lbf/s kW cal/s Btu/s 0.2390 0.7376 1023 0.949 1.341 550 0.7457 178.2 0.707 Power Concentration To convert from mg/m mg/m3 mg/m3 gr/ft3 gr/ft3 lb/ft3 lb/ft3 lb/ft3 to multiply by lb/ft lb/gal gr/ft3 mg/m3 g/m3 mg/m3 mg/L lb/gal 6.243 Â 10211 8.346 Â 10212 4.370 Â 1027 2.288 Â 106 2.288 1.602 Â 1010 1.602 Â 107 7.48 B.4 561 CONVERSION CONSTANTS (SI) Viscosity To convert from to multiply by P (poise) P P P P P lb/ft s lb/ft s lb/ft s lb/ft s g/cm s cP (centipoise) kg/m h lb/ft s lb/ft hr lb/m s P g/cm s kg/m hr lb/ft hr 100 360 6.72 Â 1022 241.9 5.6 Â 1023 14.88 14.88 5.357 Â 103 3600 Heat Capacity To convert from to multiply by cal/g 8C cal/g 8C cal/g 8C cal/gmol 8C J/g 8C Btu/lb 8F Btu/lb 8F Btu/lb F kcal/kg C cal/gmol C Btu/lbmol F Btu/lb F cal/g C J/g C 1 Molecular weight 0.2389 4.186 Appendix C EQUIPMENT COST MODEL [Adapted with permission from J.D McKenna, ETSI Inc, Roanoke, VA, 2008] A simple method for determining costs associated with air pollution control equipment is presented below To simplify the presentation, only costs associated with baghouses will be considered However, the algorithm can easily be extended to include all other plant or environmental equipment As with most economic/cost models involving (plant) equipment, there are two classes of cost that need to be considered Capital investment Operation and Maintenance (O & M) costs Specific information follows Capital investments can be divided into four general categories Control equipment hardware costs Auxiliary equipment costs Air Pollution Control Equipment Calculations By Louis Theodore Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 563 564 APPENDIX C Field installation costs Engineering studies, land, preparation, initial inventory, strucure modification(s), and start-up There are basic factors that must be considered with regard to annual O & M costs Gas volume Pressure drop On-steam time Electricity Mechanical efficiencies of the fan(s) Filter bag replacement It is not uncommon to split the O & M costs into two categories: Operation and Maintenance These two costs may be determined from Equation (C.1) GẳAỵBỵCỵD where (C:1) G ẳ Annual operating and maintenance cost A ¼ Electrical cost B ¼ Liquid consumption cost C ¼ Fuel cost D ¼ Maintenance cost For a baghouse, the above equation reduces to GẳAỵD since (C:2) B¼0 C¼0 The standard electrical cost component of the above equation is given by ! 0:7457 (P)(H)(K)(S) A¼ 6356E where S ¼ Design capacity of baghouse fabric filter in acfm P ¼ Pressure drop in H2O E ¼ Fan efficiency H ¼ Annual operating time in hr K ¼ Power cost, $/kW hr 0.7457 and 6356 are conversion constants (C:3) 565 APPENDIX C Thus, the annual O & M costs become ! (0:7457)(P)(H)(K) GẳS ỵM (6356)(E) (C:4) Finally, the total annualized cost is given by TẳGỵXỵY where T ¼ Total annualized cost (as described in text) G ¼ Annual costs for operation maintenance X ¼ Annualized capital costs Y ¼ Depreciated capital investment ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE Estimate the total annualized cost for a baghouse given the following data Capital charges: Initial capital cost, ICC ¼ $153,700 Annualized capital costs, ACC ¼ 18% of ICC (CRF ¼ 0.18) Depreciated capital investment ¼ 6.67% of ICC Operating information: Gas flowrate ¼ 70,000 acfm Pressure drop ¼ 6.0 in H2O Fan efficiency ¼ 60% Annual on stream time ¼ 6000 hr Electrical cost ¼ 0.05 $/kW hr Maintenance information: Number of bags ¼ 1080 Bag life ¼ yr (25% replacement per year) Bag replacement cost ¼ $100/bag Routine maintenance time ¼ hr/week Labor cost ¼ $20/hr Solution: First calculate the annual maintenance cost in $/acfm M ẳ M1 ỵ M2 (C:5) 566 where APPENDIX C M1 ¼ Bag replacement cost M2 ¼ Bag house routine maintenance cost Employing the maintenance data provided, M ẳ [(1080)(0:25)(100) ỵ (4)(52)(20)]=70,000 ẳ [$27,000 þ $4160]=70,000 acfm ¼ 0:45 $=acfm Equation (C.4) is employed to obtain the annual O & M cost G¼S (0:7456)(P)(H)(K) þM (6356)(E) ! (0:7456)(6)(6000)(0:05) þ 0:45 ¼ (70,000) (6356)(0:6) ! ¼ $56,138 The total annualized cost can now be calculated from Equation (5) TẳGỵXỵY ẳ 56,138 ỵ (0:18)(153,700) ỵ (0:067)(153,700) ẳ 56,138 ỵ 27,666 ỵ 10,296 ẳ $94,000 INDEX absolute pressure, 31 absolute viscosity, 33 absolute zero, 30 absorbers, 133, 140, 142, 143 absorbing, 128 absorption, 132, 141, 459 acid rain, 24 Acid Rain Program, 26 acidic, 36 activated alumina (alumina oxide), 187, 188 activated carbon, 187, 190, 191, 194, 201 activated, 187 active height, 405 active length, 405 active suface, 406 actual operating line, 133 adsorbate, 185 adsorbent capacity, 194 adsorbents, 185, 186, 187, 188 adsorbers, 188, 185, 193, 196 adsorption equilibrium, 194 adsorption, 7, 185, 186, 187, 190, 194, 197, 199, 201, 249 adsorption isotherm, 195 aerodynamic diameter, 262 aerodynamic sizing, 260 aerosol, 3, 248, 249 afterburners, 74 afterburning, 73 agglomeration, 316 air, 186 air pollution, 12 air pollution accidents, 12 Air Pollution Control Act, 19 air purification, 185 air quality, 19 aluminum oxides, 188 Amagat’s law, 40 API, 33 ash conditioning, 414 aspect ratio, 406, 409 atomic mass units, 31 atomic weight, 31 atomized, 453 attainment, 21 available heat, 81 avalanche multiplication, 401 Avagadro’s number, 32, 36 axial entry cyclones, 362 back corona, 411 BACMs, 21 baffle chamber, 317 baffle plates, 72 baffles, 72 bag failure, 512 baghouses, 4, 7, 503– 507, 510, 512, 514, 551 barometer, 31 basic, 36 batch process, 43 batch, 42 Big Bang, blower, 201 boiling point, 36 bone-dry air, 41 bottom-feed units, 504 Boyle’s, 37 breakeven calculation, 180 breakpoint, 196 breakthrough point, 196 Brownian motion, 252, 401 bubble concept, bubble-cap plates, 131 bubble-cap trays, 139 buildup (scaling), 460 bulk density, 32, 187 buoyant force, 256 burner flame, 74 burners, 69, 85 bus section, 406 business regulatory laws, 16 Air Pollution Control Equipment By Louis Theodore Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 567 568 canister adsorber, 191 capacity, 188 capillary condensation, 190 capture, 320 capture efficiency, 268 carbon black, 410 carbon monoxide, 21 carbon tetrachloride, 25 carbonization, 187 catalysts, 76, 86 catalytic combustion unit, 77 catalytic incineration, 188 catalytic incinerators, 85 catalytic oxidation, 74 catalytic reactors, 76 Celsius, 30 centipoises, 33 centrifugal force, 250, 257, 367, 369 centrifugal, 375 certified independent test data, chamber, 406 chamber volume, 72 Charles’ law, 30, 37, 39 chemical adsorption, 186 chemical conditioning, 414 chemisorption, 186, 187 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 25 Civilian Conservation, 12 Class I chemicals, 25 Class II chemicals, 25 clean air, Clean Air Act, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26 Clean Air Interstate Rule, 26 Clean Water Act, 24 coalescing, 400 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 18, 19 collecting plates, 404, 409 collecting surface area, 406 collection efficiency, 321, 323, 324, 362, 371, 373, 374, 375, 407, 408, 409, 411, 413, 414, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 503, 510 collection electrode, 400, 401, 411, 413 collision scrubber, 461, 462 combustibles, 70 combustion limits, 78 combustion, 69 –79, 81 common law, 16, 17 Common Standard Conditions, 39 INDEX Compensation and Liability Act, 16 compliance, 17, 25 component material balance, 43 Comprehensive Environmental Response, 16 condensation nuclei, condensing scrubbers, 462 conservation law, 42 Conservation of Energy, 43 contact power theory, 457 contact zone, 452 continuous process, 43 continuous systems, 42 control technology, corona, 400, 401, 402, 403, 414, 415 corona current losses, 413 corps, 13 corrosiveness, 507 cotton, 509 Council for Environmental Quality (CEQ), 15 creeping flow, 254 critical diameter, 370 crossflow packed scrubbers, 129 crossflow scrubber, 130 Cunningham correction factor, 456 cut diameter, 370, 371, 372 cycle time, 192 cyclones, 4, 7, 363, 365, 367, 369, 371, 372, 410, 249, 325, 361, 362, 364, 366, 370, 373, 374, 375, 376 cyclonic action, 452 Dalton’s law, 40 deflection, 252 demister, 319 density, 32 Department of Transportation (DOT), 18 desorbed, 185 desorption, 190, 196, 199 destruction efficiencies, 69 Deutsch– Anderson equation, 407, 408 Diesel Rule, 26 diffusing, 127 diffusion charging, 401, 409 diffusion, 128, 453, 504, 505 diffusiophoresis, 252 dimensional stability, 507 direct collision, 409 569 INDEX direct interception, 251 discharge electrodes, 403, 404 dispersion, 263 dispersion effect, 186 Displacement Cycle, 199 distribution plate, 406 drag, 253, 319 drag coefficient, 253, 254 drag force, 253, 254, 259, 369 Drag Model Coefficients, 255 drift velocity, 406 dry bulb, 42 dry injection, 551 dry scrubbers, 549 dry scrubbing, 550 dust, dust cakes, 250 dust explosions, dynamic process, 195 dynawave unit, 461 economic/cost models, 563 eddies, 35 effective cross-sectional area, 406 effective diameter, 248 efficiency, 267 efficiency of separating, 140 electrical sectionalization, 410, 412 electrodynamic venturi, 461 electron charging, 401 electronic air filters, 405 electrostatic, 186, 324 electrostatic attraction, 251, 504, 505 electrostatic charge, 316 electrostatic force, 251, 257 electrostatic precipitation, 324, 400, 412 electrostatic precipitators, 4, 7, 250, 251, 270, 399, 404, 408, 409, 410 electrostatically augmented fabric filtration, 549, 552 elevated flares, 78 elutriator, 318 emission, 23 energy balances, 75 enforcement, 16 English units, 27 enthalpy, 42, 43, 79, 82 enthalpy of reaction, 76 entrainment, 461 entrainment separator, 319 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 episodes, 12 equilibrium, 127 equilibrium capacity, 196, 197 equilibrium curve, 133, 138, 139 Ergun, 198 erosion, 324 Error Function, 269 excess air, 72 exothermic, 187 expansion chamber, 315, 316 extend venturi throats, 462 fabric filters, 250, 506, 511 Fahrenheit, 30 fail-safe design, Federal Register, 18 fiberglass, 509 field, 406 field charging, 401 field charging mechanism, 409 filter element, 504 filter medium, 507 Fine Particle Rules, 26 first-order, 76 flame quenching, 76 flame temperature, 73 flares, 77 flashback, 75, 78 flat-panel beds, 191 flooding, 133, 134, 135 flooding velocity, 133, 134 flow imbalance, 460 flue gas, 73 fluidized-bed adsorption, 193, 194 fluidize, 194 flux, 172 fly ash, 399, 400, 410, 412 fog, Forum shopping, 16 fouling, 324 fractional efficiencies, 373 fractional efficiency, 371, 372 friction factor, 253 froth, 461 Fumifugium, 10 570 G/C ratio, 510 gc, 258 Gamow George, gas absorption, 127, 128, 129, 462 gas conditioning, 451 gas flow distribution, 410 gas maldistribution, 138 gas passage, 406 gaseous, gases, 26 gas-to-cloth ratio, 506, 507, 508 gas-to-liquid ratios, 129 gauge pressure, 31 geometric mean, 266 geometric mean particle diameter, 370 geometric standard deviation, 266 granular, 194 gravity settlers, 4, 7, 315, 323, 316, 319, 323, 324 gravity settling chambers, 317, 325 gravity spray towers, 318, 319, 453 greenhouse, 26 gross heating value, 79 ground-level flares, 78 hairpin cooler, 325 halons, 25 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs), 22 haze, heat capacity, 33, 34, 81, 82 heat contents, 80, 82 heat losses, 83 heat of adsorption, 187 heat rate, 83 heat recovery, 69 heating value, 78 HEEL, 196, 199 Henry’s law, 41, 131, 138 Henry’s law constant, 131 Hesketh’s equation, 457 heterogeneous mixture, 247 heterogeneous reactor, 77 high-voltage rectifiers, 403 hoppers, 316, 361, 363, 365, 366, 367, 375, 400, 403, 404, 408 horizontal flow adsorbers, 193 hot precipitators, 412 Howard settling chamber, 317, 325 human-made, INDEX humid enthalpy, 42 humid heat, 42 humid volume, 42 humidity, 41 hybrid systems, 549 hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, 23 hydrolysis, 507 ideal gas, 37 ideal gas law, 27, 32, 37, 38, 39 ignition, 70 impaction parameter, 372 impaction, 251, 453, 454, 504, 505 incineration system, incineration, 70, 75, 82 incinerators, 71, 72, 73, 84, 85, 249 incomplete combustion, 76, 78 indigo bipolar agglomerator, 268 induction effects, 186 industrialization, 10 Inert Purge Gas Stripping, 199 inertia, 372 inertial collectors, 315 inertial impaction, 250 inertial separator, 317 initial concentration, 196 inside bag collection, 513 Instrumentation– Fitting Blockage, 460 interception, 505 interelectrode, 402 intermittent operation, 504 internal energy, 43 internal pore surface, 77 ionization, 400 ionizing wet scrubbers, 549, 550 isobar, 194 isostere, 194 isotherm, 194 Kelvin, 30 kinematic viscosity, 33 kinetic energies, 30 kinetic energy, 29, 187 kitchens, 325 Kremser–Brown– Souders equation, 138 laminar flow, 35, 321 laminar, 322 Langmuir, 208 571 INDEX Lapple’s, 371, 372, 373 latent heat, 79, 81 Laws, 17, 18 layer or cake filtration, 505 Leith, 371 length-to-diameter ratio, 75, 84, 200 Leith and Licht, 371 liquid aerosols, 400 liquid conditioning, 451 liquid distribution, 128 liquid entrainment, 318, 319 liquid –gas maldistribution, 461 liquid-to-gas ratio, 133, 456, 457, 458, 459 localized corrosion, 460 lognormal, 266, 267 log-probability, 265, 266, 267 longer-term exposure, 21 loss of seal, 461 lower heating values, 79 lower explosive limit (LEL), 78, 79 macropores, 188 macroscopic mixing, 35 MACT, 22, 23, 24 manometer, 31 mass, 32 mass basis, 34 mass transfer zone, 196 mass transfer, 128, 195 Matts –Ohnfeldt equation, 408 maximizing profit, 181 mechanism of combustion, 70 media or fiber filtration, 505 Mercury Rules, 26 mesh, 187, 198, 261 methyl chloroform, 25 Metric Convention, 556 metric system, 555, 556 micropores, 188, 190 migration velocity, 406, 407, 408 mist eliminator, 319 mitial concentration, 196 mobile sources, 23, 26 moisture conditioning, 412 molal units, 32 molar basis, 34 mole balance, 132 molecular mixing, 35 molecular sieves, 187, 188 molecular weights, 31, 32 momentum effect, 315 Montreal Protocol-CFCs, 25 moving-bed adsorbers, 193 multiclone, 366 multi-microventuri, 461 multiple-tray settling chamber, 316 Murphree efficiency, 139 NAAQS, 21, 22 nanoparticles, 26 nanotechnology, 86, 201 NA-NSR, 22 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 15 National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), 24 natural, 2, 248 natural gas, 73 NESHAP, 22 net heat value, 79 neutral, 36 New Deal, 12, 13 New Source Performance Standards, 22, 26 Newton’s law, 254, 255, 258, 259, 320, 322 nitrogen oxides, 23, 24 Nomex, 509 Nonattainment Area New Source Review (NA-NSR), 22 nonattainment, 21 nonpolar adsorbent, 187 nonpolar substances, 186 nonregenerable, 190, 191 nozzle plugging, 460 NSPS, 22 nucleation, 267 Nukiyama– Tanasawa relationship, 456 number of actual trays, 139 number of theoretical stages, 140 open-pit burning, 78 operating line, 132, 133, 138, 139 operating permit, 24, 25 optimal sparking rate, 413 orientation effect, 186 origin, OSHA, 18 572 outside bag collection, 513 oxidation, 69, 70 ozone, 21, 25 Ozone Rules, 26 packed columns, 128, 133 packed towers, 142 packed-bed, 129, 130, 458 packing, 128, 129, 130 paneis, 190 parallel sectionalization, 414 parallel-plate precipitators, 403 partial pressure, 39, 40 partial volume, 39, 40 particle migration velocity, 406 particle size distribution, 260, 263, 265, 319, 321, 410 particulate matter, 21 particulates, 2, 247, 248 particulate-size distribution, permanent dipole, 186 pH, 35 phase equilibria, 27 phase equilibrium, 41 physical adsorption, 186 plate columns, 128, 130, 133 plate electrostatic precipitators, 405 plate tower scrubber, 458 plate, 131, 405 platinum, 77 pleated cell, 190 plenum, 365 poisoning, 77 polar adsorbents, 187 polar substances, 186 polyester, 509 polypropylene, 509 power density, 406 power loss, 457 Preamble language, 18 precipitation, 324 precipitator efficiency, 415 precipitators, 400, 406, 410 pressure, 30, 31 pressure drop, 198 pressure swing, 199 Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD), 22 primary, INDEX process, 195 profit, protection, PSD, 22 pseudo-first-order, 76 psychrometric, 41 puffing, 512 pulse energization, 414 purification, 186 quiescent zones, 403 RACMs, 21 Rankine, 30 Raoults’s law, 41 rappers, 404 Raschig rings, 129, 179 rate coefficient, 128 Reaching ring, 179 reciprocating manifold, 505 redistribution, 129 reentrained, 324 reentrainment, 319, 322, 323, 365, 366, 374, 375, 400, 408, 415, 461 refractory, 85 regenerable, 190, 191, 192 regeneration, 194, 196, 198, 199 regeneration time, 200 regulation, 17 Regulations (CFR), 18, 19 relative velocity, 253 removal efficiencies, 451, 452 Reorganizational Plan, 15 residence, 69, 76 residence chamber, 74 residence time tr, 321 residence time, 71, 72, 75, 78, 84, 318, 322 residual risk, 23 resistivity, 400, 410 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 16 retainers, 190 Reynolds number, 27, 35, 253, 254, 255, 256, 259, 260, 319, 320 Safe Drinking Water Act, 16 saturation capacity, 196 Saybolt universal viscometer, 33 scientific notation, 29 573 INDEX scrubber, 129 scrubbing efficiency, 453 secondary, sectionalization, 403, 415 sensible heat, 79, 82 separation zone, 452 service time, 197 settling, 250, 505 settling velocity, 259 shaft work, 44 short-term exposure, 21 SI, 27 sieve, 261 significant digits, 29 Silent Spring, 13 silica gel, 187, 188 silicon-controlled rectifier, 403 skewed, 265 skimmers, 362 slip, 260 slurry, 552 smoke, Soil Conservation Service, 13 solubility, 127 solvent recovery, 185, 186 sorption, 414 sparkover rate, 402 Sparkover, 402, 413 specific collection area, 409, 406 specific gravity, 32 specific heat, 33, 34 specific volume, 32 spray dryer, 552 spray drying, 551 spray towers, 453 spray-type scrubbers, 457 stack, 78 stage sectionalization, 414 standard barometric pressure, 31 standard conditions, 39 standard deviation, 263 State Implementation Plans, 26 state of matter, steady-state, 42, 43, 44 steam stripping, 199 Stokes’ law, 33, 320, 253, 254, 255, 258, 259, 260 strippers, 140, 141 strong performance guarantee, sublimation, 36 sulfur dioxide, 24 sump swirling, 460 superficial gas velocities, 192 surface polarity, 187 surface-to-volume ratio, 248 suspension velocity, 323 swirl fired burners, 72 synthetic, 2, 248 tangential entry cyclone, 362 tax incentives, 16 tax laws, 16 technology of control, Teflon, 509 Tellerettes, 179 temperature, 29, 30 Tennessee Valley Authority, 13 terminal settling velocity, 258, 316, 321 terminal velocity, 320 The New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), 22 theoretical amount, 72 theoretical plate, 138 thermal incinerator, 86 thermal shock, 461 thermal swing, 199, 461 thermodynamics, 43 thermophoresis, 252 thick-bed canister adsorber, 191 thin-bed adsorbers, 186 threshold, 21 title, 19, 40 top-feed units, 504 tort, 17 total material balance, 43 toxic air pollutants, 23 transfer, 195 transitional pores, 188 tray efficiency, 139 treatment time, 406 treatment velocity, 406 true density, 32 tubular precipitators, 405 tubular, 405 turbulent, 322 Turbulent flow, 35 turning vanes, 362 Tyler and U.S Standard Screen Scales, 261 574 INDEX universal gas constant, 38 unsteady-state, 42, 43 upper explosive limit (UEL), 78, 79 volume, 32 vortex finder, 363 vortex, 370 vacuum, 31 values of R, 38 van der Waals, 185, 186 vapor pressure, 36 variability, 263 vena contracta, 454 venturi scrubbers, 451, 452, 453, 456, 457, 458, 459 venturi throat, 454 vertical flow adsorber, 192 vibration, 324, 461 viscosity, 33, 253 viscosity of air at atmosphere, 34 viscosity of water, 34 volatile organic carbons (VOC), 23 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 78 volatile organic hydrocarbons, 201 waste treatment system, water sprays, 362 water-walled ESPs, 405 wear, 461 weeping, 138 wet collectors, 451, 452 wet electrostatic precipitators, 549, 550 wet scrubbers, 4, 249, 362, 451, 452, 453, 455, 457, 459 wet scrubber system, wet/dry zone buildup, 460 wet-bulb, 42 working capacity, 196 working charge, 196, 197 zeolites, 187 .. .AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT CALCULATIONS AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT CALCULATIONS Louis Theodore An Introduction by Humberto Bravo... sources within any control jurisdiction Control technology is self-defeating if it creates undesirable side effects in meeting (limited) air pollution control objectives Air pollution control should... emission (air pollution codes) Aesthetic considerations (visible steam or water vapor plume, etc.) Contribution of air pollution control system to wastewater and land pollution Contribution of air pollution