fractional distillation (1903)

[...]... STILL-HEAD (continued); "REGULATED" OR "CONSTANT TEMPERATURE" STILL-HEADS 180 CHAPTER CHAPTER ', XII XIII 186 CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION CHAPTER X[V FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION WITH AN IMPROVED STILL-HEAD 191 CHAPTER XV DISTILLATION ON THE MANUFACTURING SCALE 196 CHAPTER XVI FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION ANALYSIS METHOD AS A OF QUANTITATIVE 204 CHAPTER XVH METHODS BY WHICH THE COMPOSITION OF MIXTURES OF CONSTANT... illustrating the distillation of a substance which contains both much more and much less volatile im- 245 purities 70 Curve illustrating the distillation of a substance contains both slightly more and which slightly less volatile impurities 71 Boiling point-molecular composition alcohol and water 72 Fractional distillation of petroleum 245 curve for ethyl 248 the hexanes 257 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION. .. of 25 apparatus Variation of 26 Partial 27 Fractional distillation of mixture of benzene and toluene liquid 82 with molecular percentage of c A (ethyl alcohol and benzene) and amount 103 molecular fractional total pressures against of A (ethylene dichloride and benzene) Total weight of distillate plotted against temperature 28 (a and 30 109 122 Fractional distillation of mixture of methyl, Total weight... approximately and, not seldom, with considerable accuracy from the results of a single distillation, if a very efficient still-head be B is FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION 2 employed It is hoped that this CHAP method may prove of con- siderable value Difficulties Encountered distillation is full of interest The owing subject of fractional to the fact that difficulties so frequently occur, not only in the experimental... the behaviour of a mixture on distillation, ANCIENT APPARATUS is frequently a very tedious process necessarily considerable loss of material by evaporation and by repeated transference from the receivers to the still, but a great amount of both time and material Fractional distillation and there may is be saved by the use of a very efficient still-head and the object of the distillation is to ascertain... is customary to employ a water-bath for the distillation it is doubtful whether this is necessary or even of ether, but advisable except in the case of the ethereal solution of a FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION CHAP one that will not bear heating much above an accident occurs it is almost invariably solid substance or 100 When " because, owing to bumping," or to the distillation being carried on too rapidly,... ordinary boiling point, it if may If a liquid boils at a suffers decomposition at its be necessary to distil it under it FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION 18 CHAP reduced pressure For cases of simple distillation the apparatus shown in Fig 9 may be employed, but if the Fia 9 Simple apparatus for distillation under reduced pressure be collected in separate portions, the removal would necessitate admission of air... with long neck to a which are sealed three nar- row tubes c, Fio 11 Bredt's Hpp.-u.-itus for distillation under reduced pressure a, and b, approximately right angles to 11), and a c 2 it at (Fig fourth FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION 20 tube d, which serves to admit The bulb completed the each of three air when the distillation is of the flask serves as one receiver, narrow tubes connected is and with a The... CHAPTER XIX PURPOSES FOR WHICH FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION IS REQUIRED INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS CHOICE OF STILL-HEAD, NUMBER OF FRACTIONS, ETC 239 GENERAL REMARKS APPENDIX INDEX 269 -27.-) OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST PAGE 3 FIG 1 2 3 4 5 6 employed by the Alexandrian Chemists Water condenser described by Libavius (1611) Still 3 Ordinary modern apparatus for distillation Another ordinary form... from time to time as far as the thermometer bulb and the temperature registered by and, if the distillation is the thermometer will then fluctuate and be too low on the whole, (p 28) The Condenser be distilled will, is If the boiling point of the liquid to higher than about 170, the condensing tube FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION 6 CHAP should not be cooled by running water for fear of fracture long tube should . STILL-HEADS 180 CHAPTER XIII CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION 186 CHAPTER X[V FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION WITH AN IMPROVED STILL-HEAD . . . 191 CHAPTER XV DISTILLATION ON THE MANUFACTURING SCALE 196 CHAPTER XVI FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION. for ethyl alcohol and water 248 72. Fractional distillation of petroleum the hexanes . . . 257 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION CHAPTEE I INTBODUCTION Object Of Distillation. The object of distillation is the separation of. and benzene) 103 26. Partial and total pressures against molecular fractional amount of A (ethylene dichloride and benzene) . . . 109 27. Fractional distillation of mixture of benzene and toluene. Total weight of