NATIONAL CURRICULUM STATEMENT GRADES 10-12 (GENERAL) MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY National Curriculum Statement Grades 10 – 12 (General) MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY Department of Education Sol Plaatje House 123 Schoeman Street Private Bag X895 Pretoria 0001 South Africa Tel: +27 12 312-5911 Fax: +27 12 321-6770 120 Plein Street Private Bag X9023 Cape Town 8000 South Africa Tel: +27 21 465-1701 Fax: +27 21 461-8110 http://education.pwv.gov.za © 2003 Department of Education ISBN 1-919975-69-1 Design and Layout by: Seriti Printing (Pty) Ltd Printed for the Government Printer Pretoria by Shumani Printers Mechanical Technology HOW TO USE THIS BOOK This document is a policy document divided into four chapters It is important for the reader to read and integrate information from the different sections in the document The content of each chapter is described below ■ Chapter - Introducing the National Curriculum Statement This chapter describes the principles and the design features of the National Curriculum Statement Grades 10 – 12 (General) It provides an introduction to the curriculum for the reader ■ Chapter - Introducing the Subject This chapter describes the definition, purpose, scope, career links and Learning Outcomes of the subject It provides an orientation to the Subject Statement ■ Chapter - Learning Outcomes, Assessment Standards, Content and Contexts This chapter contains the Assessment Standards for each Learning Outcome, as well as content and contexts for the subject The Assessment Standards are arranged to assist the reader to see the intended progression from Grade 10 to Grade12 The Assessment Standards are consequently laid out in doublepage spreads At the end of the chapter is the proposed content and contexts to teach, learn and attain Assessment Standards ■ Chapter – Assessment This chapter deals with the generic approach to assessment being suggested by the National Curriculum Statement At the end of the chapter is a table of subject-specific competence descriptions Codes, scales and competence descriptions are provided for each grade The competence descriptions are arranged to demonstrate progression from Grade 10 to Grade 12 ■ Symbols The following symbols are used to identify Learning Outcomes, Assessment Standards, grades, codes, scales, competence description, and content and contexts = Learning Outcome S = Scale = Assessment Standard = Competence Description = Grade c Cd C = Content and Contexts = Code iii Mechanical Technology CONTENTS HOW TO USE THIS BOOK iii ACRONYMS ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCING THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM STATEMENT PRINCIPLES Social transformation Outcomes-based education High knowledge and high skills Integration and applied competence Progression Articulation and portability Human rights, inclusivity, environmental and social justice Valuing indigenous knowledge systems Credibility, quality and efficiency THE KIND OF LEARNER THAT IS ENVISAGED THE KIND OF TEACHER THAT IS ENVISAGED STRUCTURE AND DESIGN FEATURES Structure of the National Curriculum Statement Contents of Subject Statements LEARNING PROGRAMME GUIDELINES v Mechanical Technology CHAPTER 2: MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY DEFINITION PURPOSE SCOPE 10 EDUCATIONAL AND CAREER LINKS 10 LEARNING OUTCOMES 11 Learning Outcome 1: Interrelationship between Mechanical Technology, Society and the Environment 11 Learning Outcome 2: Knowledge and Understanding 12 Learning Outcome 3: Processes and Skills 12 CHAPTER 3: LEARNING OUTCOMES, ASSESSMENT STANDARDS, CONTENT AND CONTEXTS ASSESSMENT STANDARDS 14 14 Learning Outcome 1: Interrelationship between Mechanical Technology, Society and the Environment Learning Outcome 2: Knowledge and Understanding 18 Learning Outcome 3: Processes and Skills vi 14 22 Mechanical Technology CONTENT AND CONTEXTS FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF ASSESSMENT STANDARDS CHAPTER 4: ASSESSMENT 26 39 INTRODUCTION 39 WHY ASSESS 39 TYPES OF ASSESSMENT 40 Baseline assessment 40 Diagnostic assessment 40 Formative assessment 40 Summative assessment 40 WHAT SHOULD ASSESSMENT BE AND DO? 41 HOW TO ASSESS 41 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT 42 Self-assessment 42 Peer assessment 42 Group assessment 42 METHODS OF COLLECTING ASSESSMENT EVIDENCE 42 Observation-based assessment 42 Test-based assessment 42 Task-based assessment 43 RECORDING AND REPORTING 43 Methods of recording 43 Reporting performance and achievement 44 SUBJECT COMPETENCE DESCRIPTIONS 45 vii Mechanical Technology PROMOTION 46 WHAT REPORT CARDS SHOULD LOOK LIKE 46 ASSESSMENT OF LEARNERS WHO EXPERIENCE BARRIERS TO LEARNING 46 COMPETENCE DESCRIPTIONS FOR MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY 48 GLOSSARY viii 61 Mechanical Technology ACRONYMS AIDS CASS FET DO GET HIV IKS NCS NOSA NQF OBE OHS RPL SAQA STD Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Continuous Assessment Further Education and Training Developmental Outcome General Education and Training Human Immunodeficiency Virus Indigenous Knowledge Systems National Curriculum Statement National Occupational Safety Association National Qualifications Framework Outcomes-Based Education Occupational Health and Safety Recognition of Prior Learning South African Qualifications Authority Sexually Transmitted Disease ix Mechanical Technology Grade 11 Grade 12 Cd Cd Competence Descriptions Competence Descriptions By the end of Grade 11 the learner with satisfactory achievement can: By the end of Grade 12 the learner with satisfactory achievement can: ■ demonstrate a clear understanding of concepts, terminologies, functions, principles and theories by applying the correct scientific and technological knowledge, techniques and skills regarding: • first aid, safety, STDs, human rights inclusivity and environmental issues; • properties and uses of materials and joints; • functions of components, mechanical systems, lubricants and coolants; • marking and measuring instruments; • workshop tools and equipment; • communication ■ demonstrate a clear understanding of concepts, terminologies, functions, principles and theories by applying the correct scientific and technological knowledge, techniques and skills regarding: • first aid, safety, STDs, human rights inclusivity and environmental issues; • properties and uses of materials and joints; • functions of components, mechanical systems, lubricants and coolants; • marking and measuring instruments; • workshop tools and equipment; • communication 53 Mechanical Technology Grade 10 c Code S Scale 40%-49% Adequate Cd Competence Descriptions By the end of Grade 10 the learner with adequate achievement can: ■ with minimal guidance demonstrate an understanding and apply basic scientific and technological, techniques and skills regarding: • first aid, safety, STDs, human rights inclusivity and environmental issues; • properties and uses of materials and joints; • functions of components, mechanical systems, lubricants and coolants; • marking and measuring instruments; • workshop tools and equipment; • communication 54 Mechanical Technology Grade 11 Grade 12 Cd Cd Competence Descriptions Competence Descriptions By the end of Grade 11 the learner with adequate achievement can: By the end of Grade 12 the learner with adequate achievement can: ■ with minimal guidance demonstrate an understanding and apply basic scientific and technological knowledge, techniques and skills regarding: • first aid, safety, STDs, human rights inclusivity and environmental issues; • properties and uses of materials and joints; • functions of components, mechanical systems, lubricants and coolants; • marking and measuring instruments; • workshop tools and equipment; • communication ■ with minimal guidance demonstrate an understanding and apply basic scientific and technological techniques and skills regarding: • first aid, safety, STDs, human rights inclusivity and environmental issues; • properties and uses of materials and joints; • functions of components, mechanical systems, lubricants and coolants; • marking and measuring instruments; • workshop tools and equipment; • communication 55 Mechanical Technology Grade 10 c Code S Scale 30%-39% Partial Cd Competence Descriptions By the end of Grade 10 the learner with partial achievement can: ■ demonstrate and apply with difficulty basic scientific and technological, techniques and skills regarding: • first aid, safety, STDs, human rights inclusivity or environmental issues; • properties and uses of materials and joints; • functions of components, mechanical systems, lubricants and coolants; • marking and measuring instruments; • workshop tools and equipment; • communication 56 Mechanical Technology Grade 11 Grade 12 Cd Cd Competence Descriptions Competence Descriptions By the end of Grade 11 the learner with partial achievement can: By the end of Grade 12 the learner with partial achievement can: ■ demonstrate and apply with difficulty basic scientific and technological, techniques and skills regarding: • first aid, safety, STDs, human rights inclusivity and environmental issues; • properties and uses of materials and joints; • functions of components, mechanical systems, lubricants and coolants; • marking and measuring instruments; • workshop tools and equipment; • communication ■ demonstrate and apply with difficulty basic scientific and technological techniques and skills regarding: • first aid, safety, STDs, human rights inclusivity and environmental issues; • properties and uses of materials and joints; • functions of components, mechanical systems, lubricants and coolants; • marking and measuring instruments; • workshop tools and equipment; • communication 57 Mechanical Technology Grade 10 c Code S Scale 0%-29% Inadequate Cd Competence Descriptions By the end of Grade 10 the learner with inadequate achievement can: ■ seldom describe, identify or apply scientific and technological knowledge, techniques and skills regarding: • first aid, safety, STDs, human rights inclusivity and environmental issues; • properties and uses of materials and joints; • functions of components, mechanical systems, lubricants and coolants; • marking and measuring instruments; • workshop tools and equipment; • communication 58 Mechanical Technology Grade 11 Grade 12 Cd Cd Competence Descriptions Competence Descriptions By the end of Grade 11 the learner with inadequate achievement can: By the end of Grade 12 the learner with inadequate achievement can: ■ seldom describe, identify or apply scientific and technological knowledge, techniques and skills regarding: • first aid, safety, STDs, human rights inclusivity and environmental issues; • properties and uses of materials and joints; • functions of components, mechanical systems, lubricants and coolants; • marking and measuring instruments; • workshop tools and equipment; • communication ■ seldom describe and identify or apply scientific and technological knowledge, techniques and skills regarding: • first aid, safety, STDs, human rights inclusivity and environmental issues; • properties and uses of materials and joints; • functions of components, mechanical systems, lubricants and coolants; • marking and measuring instruments; • workshop tools and equipment; • communication 59 Mechanical Technology 60 Mechanical Technology GLOSSARY aesthetics – the characteristics of a product or system that makes it look beautiful and attractive annealing – the process of softening metals by using heat treatment applied – put to practical use as opposed to being theoretical apply – employ, administer, devote oneself to apply measures – take suitable action to achieve some end; use some standard or rule apply precautions – take an action beforehand to avoid risk or to ensure a good result apply principles – use a code of conduct or a general law in Physics or a law of nature apply solutions – use a core set of skills that are mostly vocational-specific, that can be developed through projects, simulations and real-life applications, and that are needs-driven and sensitive to environmental impact apply strategies – implement a plan of action or policy artefact – a product of human art and workmanship; a manufactured object automation – the use of automatic equipment to save mental and manual labour bias – a predisposition or prejudice; unfairness; systematic distortion of a statistical result component – part of a set of objects used together for one specific function composite – a non-metallic compound made of different materials to form a synthetic material (e.g nylon, teflon) compression – a reduction in volume causing an increase in pressure of a fuel or gas; a pressing force that causes matter (gases, liquids, solids) to be placed under pressure constraint – a limitation on motion or action control – direct activities; check or verify; the means by which systems are regulated; an adjustment of the process which makes the actual result conform more closely to the desired result; switch or other device by which a machine or vehicle is regulated control system – a set of components functioning together 61 Mechanical Technology coolant/cutting fluid – a special liquid used to cool down tool and drill bits during metal cutting processes criteria – statements of a particular standard or requirement that a solution must satisfy cutting tool – a hardened chisel type of device used to carry out the mechanical functions of a machine called a lathe data – quantities, facts and figures (e.g population statistics, rainfall figures, temperature readings); may be processed into information design – includes the study of a variety of processes and a knowledge of the properties of materials that are used in the solving of technological challenges design – to use knowledge and skills, the unique characteristics and properties of materials, and a variety of processes and systems to solve a technological challenge, need or want; to devise a plan, solution or production process deterioration – the wear and tear (going from bad to worse) that components undergo during operation dimension – a measurable extent of any kind (e.g length, breadth, depth, mass, time); size; measurement; scope; a derived physical quantity ductility – being ductile; the capability of metal of being drawn into wire; being pliability but not brittle elasticity – the property of a material that allows it to be stretched or elongated; the ability of a thing to resume its normal shape spontaneously after contraction or distortion; springiness energy – power derived from physical or chemical resources Energy cannot be created, but humans use different forms of fuel to produce energy or change the form of the energy to certain work engine – a mechanical contrivance consisting of several parts working together, especially as a source of power engineering – the application of science to design, build and use machines, constructions, etc entrepreneur – a person who invents or identifies a useful idea, and then sets up a business using that idea entrepreneurial activity – actions by an entrepreneur with the aim of making a profit and being of service to the community environment – the physical surroundings; external conditions in nature affecting plant and animal life; the physical conditions on earth, especially as affected by human activity and pollution environmental engineering – the responsible application of science and the development of conservation principles during building and construction projects; the design and use of machines, chemicals, waste, etc 62 Mechanical Technology ergonomics – the study of the efficiency of persons in their working environment ethically – relating to morals, especially as concerning human conduct; morally correct; honourable ethics – the code of conduct that includes honesty and respect; the standards of right and wrong fastener – a thing that fixes or secures something (e.g bolts, screws) force – an influence that changes or tends to change the state of rest of a body forming – changing a material’s shape without cutting it fusion – melting and combining things like metal; the blending of different things into one gear – a toothed wheel used to transfer movement between shafts in a mechanical system heat – to apply high temperature to; a form of energy arising from the random motion of molecules heat treatment – the use of heat to modify the properties of a metal heat treatment processes – annealing, normalising, case-hardening, stress relief, tempering human rights – a person’s right to humanity, equity, fairness; rights held to be justifiable hydraulic circuits – the path of a liquid; the apparatus through which a liquid passes hydraulics – the study and use of liquid laws and pressure to create mechanical advantage; the science of the conveyance of liquids through pipes industrial housekeeping – a place for everything and everything in its place information – data that has been processed (e.g recorded, classified, calculated, stored); all the actions that are entered into a system of processes Knowledge is gained when different kinds of information are compared and conclusions are drawn input – the action or process of putting in or feeding into interrelationship – relationship of two or more things to each other investigation – the process of a formal examination or study; inquiring intensively into; a careful study joint – a place at which two components are joined or two parts of an artificial structure are connected 63 Mechanical Technology jointing – a process of putting materials together, whether with fasteners, glues, or electrical and heating processes linkages – components that form part of a system to cause movement or control (e.g levers) lubricant – a substance used to reduce friction (e.g grease, oil) lubrication system – a system of components and channels that allow lubricants to reach joints with the purpose of reducing friction during movement machine – an apparatus using or applying mechanical power, having several parts, each with a definite function and together performing certain kinds of work maintain – cause to continue; keep up; preserve a state of affairs or an activity maintenance – precautionary measures, actions and processes that are taken to keep something like a machine or engine in functional order malfunction – the failure of a process or component to perform the required function manufacturing – making or producing something; includes product design, process and production planning, raw materials and quality control manufacturing process – the process of making or fabricating articles, especially in a factory; a branch of industry; mechanical production materials – physical substances (e.g iron, steel, alloys, metals, plastics) used in the technological process mechanical advantage – a concept that describes how much easier mechanisms or machines can make a particular task mechanism – components joined together to provide for the transfer of motion from one point to another and giving mechanical advantage mensuration – the study of measuring (e.g pressure, temperature, viscosity); the measuring of geometric magnitudes (e.g lengths of lines, areas of surfaces, volumes of solids) moment – the turning effect produced by a force acting at a distance on an object; expressed as the product of the force and the distance from its line of action to a point normalising – the final treatment that steel is subjected to during the manufacturing process Steel is heated to 40˚C above the upper transformation temperature for the particular composition of the material; this produces maximum grain refinement 64 Mechanical Technology opportunity – the chance to something about a need or want output – the actual result obtained from a system pneumatics – the science of the mechanical properties of gases, which involves the uses of the properties of air and other gases to work power – the ability to or act; the capacity for exerting mechanical energy force applied or doing work; the rate of energy output pressure – the exertion of continuous force by one body on or against another body pressure vessel – an airtight hollow reinforced receptacle, especially for air and steam under pressure (e.g gas bottle, compressor tank) problem – something that leads to a need or want and that can give rise to an opportunity process – the part of a system that combines resources to produce an output in response to the inputs produce – make manufactured goods from raw materials; bring into existence product – the physical or tangible artefact that results from a process (e.g model, poster, chart) productivity – the effectiveness of productive effort expressed as a percentage protocol – the rules, procedures, formalities and structures of a company or group pulley – a grooved wheel used to guide a cord or belt in order to lift a heavy object; a drum fixed on a shaft or a wheel with a groove on its circumference, used with a rope or a belt to change the direction of a force and especially to increase or decrease speed or power; to transmit movement and cause mechanical advantage recondition – make usable again, refit, renovate, overhaul safety – the way that a person works with tools, materials and equipment that causes no physical harm; precaution simulation of systems – a model made to resemble the real thing; designed to simulate the operations of a complex system, especially in training solution – act or means of solving a problem or difficulty specification – an organised, detailed description of the requirements or criteria that the solution or product must meet (e.g safety, size, material, function, environment) 65 Mechanical Technology strain – intensely or excessively press to extremes; the force exerted in a body subjected to stress stress relief – in metals may be carried out after welding by heating uniformly to remove any internal or residual stress which may be present in the material structure – components joined together and made stiff, stable and strong, or put together in a particular way to safely support loads, to secure something or to provide shelter system – a set of connected components or interlinked parts; a set of devices that function together as a whole to accomplish a specified goal or task systematic – methodical; done or conceived according to a plan; regular; deliberate technical competence – the state of being competent; a skill; adequately qualified or capable to or perform something temper – the hardness and elasticity of metal; to improve the temper of a metal by reheating and then cooling it tension – the result of tensile (pulling) force tensile strength – the ability of materials to withstand a pulling force thermal processes – processes involving temperature to perform a certain function torque – the moment of a system of forces tending to cause rotation; a twisting force trade – a skilled handicraft, especially one requiring an apprenticeship; a skilled craftsman transmission – the transfer of power through a system of mechanisms like gears and pulleys; the mechanism by which power is transmitted from the engine to the axle in a motor vehicle tribology – the study of friction, wear and lubricants; the design of bearings; the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion vernier scale – a small, moveable, graduated scale for obtaining fractional parts of subdivisions on a fixed main scale viscosity – the quality or degree of liquids to give resistance to flow or not flowing freely, therefore being sticky or glutinous; the different thickness grading of lubricants (e.g automatic transmission oil vs grease) 66 NATIONAL CURRICULUM STATEMENT GRADES 10-12 (GENERAL) POLICY MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY HIV/AIDS is everybody’s concern ... the National Curriculum Statement This chapter describes the principles and the design features of the National Curriculum Statement Grades 10 – 12 (General) It provides an introduction to the curriculum. .. specialists STRUCTURE AND DESIGN FEATURES Structure of the National Curriculum Statement The National Curriculum Statement Grades 10 – 12 (General) consists of an Overview Document, the Qualifications... Subject Statements Each Subject Statement consists of four chapters and a glossary: ■ Chapter 1, Introducing the National Curriculum Statement: This generic chapter introduces the National Curriculum