ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Edited by Varaprasad Bobbarala Antimicrobial Agents Edited by Varaprasad Bobbarala Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Vedran Greblo Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published August, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Antimicrobial Agents, Edited by Varaprasad Bobbarala p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0723-1 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Antibacterial Activity of Naturally Occurring Compounds from Selected Plants 3 Olgica Stefanović, Ivana Radojević, Sava Vasić and Ljiljana Čomić Chapter 2 Future Antibiotic Agents: Turning to Nature for Inspiration 25 Nataša Radić and Tomaž Bratkovič Chapter 3 Natural Antimicrobial Peptides from Eukaryotic Organisms 51 Renaud Condé, Martha Argüello, Javier Izquierdo, Raúl Noguez, Miguel Moreno and Humberto Lanz Chapter 4 The Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae to Naturally Derived Selected Classes of Flavonoids 73 Johannes Bodenstein and Karen Du Toit Chapter 5 Antibacterial Activity of Novel Sulfonylureas, Ureas and Thioureas of 15-Membered Azalides 85 Mirjana Bukvić Krajačić and Miljenko Dumić Chapter 6 Antimicrobial Activity of Condiments 109 André Silvério and Maria Lopes Chapter 7 An Alternative Approaches for the Control of Sorghum Pathogens Using Selected Medicinal Plants Extracts 129 Varaprasad Bobbarala and Chandrasekhar K. Naidu Chapter 8 Antimicrobial Activity of Lectins from Plants 145 Aphichart Karnchanatat VI Contents Chapter 9 The Natural Antimicrobial Chromogranins/Secretogranins- Derived Peptides – Production, Lytic Activity and Processing by Bacterial Proteases 179 Ménonvè Atindehou, Rizwan Aslam, Jean-François Chich, Youssef Haïkel, Francis Schneider and Marie-Hélène Metz-Boutigue Chapter 10 Mechanisms Determining Bacterial Biofilm Resistance to Antimicrobial Factors 213 Kamila Myszka and Katarzyna Czaczyk Chapter 11 Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytes from Brazilian Medicinal Plants 239 Chirlei Glienke, Fabiana Tonial, Josiane Gomes-Figueiredo, Daiani Savi, Vania Aparecida Vicente, Beatriz H. L. N. Sales Maia and Yvelise Maria Possiede Chapter 12 Quinolones: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity 255 Pintilie Lucia Chapter 13 Superbugs: Current Trends and Emerging Therapies 273 Amy L. Stockert and Tarek M. Mahfouz Chapter 14 The Prophylactic Use of Acidifiers as Antibacterial Agents in Swine 295 V. G. Papatsiros and C. Billinis Chapter 15 From Synthesis to Antibacterial Activity of Some New Palladium(II) and Platinum(IV) Complexes 311 Ivana D. Radojević, Verica V. Glođović, Gordana P. Radić, Jelena M. Vujić, Olgica D. Stefanović, Ljiljana R. Čomić and Srećko R. Trifunović Chapter 16 Antibacterial Agents in Dental Treatments 333 Saeed Rahimi, Amin Salem Milani, Negin Ghasemi and Shahriar Shahi Chapter 17 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall. ex Ness: A Potent Antibacterial Plant 345 Qamar Uddin Ahmed, Othman Abd. Samah and Abubakar Sule Chapter 18 Antibacterial Agents from Lignicolous Macrofungi 361 Maja Karaman, Milan Matavulj and Ljiljana Janjic Chapter 19 Antibacterial Agents in Textile Industry 387 Sheila Shahidi and Jakub Wiener Chapter 20 Silver Nanoparticles: Real Antibacterial Bullets 407 G. Thirumurugan and M. D. Dhanaraju Preface This book contains precisely referenced chapters, emphasizing antibacterial agents with clinical practicality and alternatives to synthetic antibacterial agents through detailed reviews of diseases and their control using alternative approaches. The book aims at explaining bacterial diseases and their control via synthetic drugs replaced by chemicals obtained from different natural resources which present a future direction in the pharmaceutical industry. The book attempts to present emerging low cost and environmentally friendly drugs that are free from side effects studied in the overlapping disciplines of medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology and pharmacology. Varaprasad Bobbarala Chief Scientist at Krisani Biosciences India [...]... sterile 0,85% saline to achieve 106 CFU/ml 2.1.4 Microdilution method Antibacterial activity was tested by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using microdilution plate method with resazurin (Sarker et al., 2007) Briefly, the 96-well 8 Antimicrobial Agents microplate was prepared by dispensing 100 μL of Mueller-Hinton broth (Torlak, Belgrade) into each well A 100 μL from the stock... Alkaloids found in the Family of Fabaceae Academic Dissertation, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineer Sciences, University of M’sila, Algeria, Africa 20 Antimicrobial Agents Cowan, M.M (1999) Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Vol 12, No 4, (October 1999), pp 564-582, ISSN 0893-8512 Cos, P., Vlietinck, A.J., Berghe, D.V & Maes, L (2006) Anti-infective... from pure cultures by activity-guided fractionation (Waksman & Woodruff, 1940) The same route led to the earlier serendipitous discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1929 (Fleming, 1929) It took almost 15 years to scale up penicillin production and demonstrate its efficacy and safety By that time numerous other antibiotic types were emerging (Fig 1) The major source of antimicrobials turned... Solving this problem and search for new sources of antimicrobial agents is a worldwide challenge and the aim of many researches of scientific and research teams in science, academy institutions, pharmaceutical companies One of the approaches in solving this issue is testing the biologically active compounds of plant origin 1.1 Plants as potential antibacterial agents Healing potential of plants has been known... >20 mg/ml, and ethyl acetate extract from 1.25 mg/ml to 20 mg/ml Ethanol extract did not act on three species of Gram-negative bacteria Antimicrobial activity of different Melissa officinalis extracts was also tested by other scientists who showed different level of antimicrobial activity with their research (Uzun et al., 2004; Ertürk, 2006; Iauk et al., 2003) The tested bacteria showed sensitivity... antibacterial 14 Antimicrobial Agents Fig 6 Antibacterial activity of Torilis anthriscus extracts expressed as MIC values (mg/ml) Fig 7 Antibacterial activity of Aegopodium podagraria extracts expressed as MIC values (mg/ml) Antibacterial Activity of Naturally Occurring Compounds from Selected Plants 15 activity Only the ethanol extract activity stands out in relation to water extract, which was confirmed by statistis... Dosso, M (2002) Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of medicinal plants from the Ivory Coast Phytotherapy Research, Vol 16, No 5, (August 2002), pp 497–502, ISSN 0951-418X Andrews, J.M (2001) Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Vol 48, Suppl 1, pp 5-16, ISSN 0305-7453 Akroum, S., Satta, D & Lalaoui, K (2009) Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic... of antibacterial action of terpenes is not fully understood but is speculated to involve membrane disruption by the lipophilic compounds Accordingly, Mendoza et al., 1997 found that increasing the hydrophilicity of kaurene diterpenoids by addition of a methyl group drastically reduced their antimicrobial activity (Mendoza et al., 1997, as cited in Cowan, 1999) Alkaloids, one of the earliest isolated... antifungals Mycopathologia, Vol 160, No 1, (August 2005), pp 85-92, ISSN 0301-486X Ncube, N.S., Afolayan, A.J & Okoh, A.I (2008) Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future 22 Antimicrobial Agents trends African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol 7, No 12, (June 2008), pp 1797-1806, ISSN 1684-5315 Nikaido, H (2003) Molecular Basis of Bacterial... Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol 100, No 1-2, (August 2005), pp 80-84, ISSN 0378-8741 Ríos, J.L., Recio, M.C & Villar, A (1987) Antimicrobial activity of selected plants employed in the Spanish Mediterranean area Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol 21, No 2, (November 1987), pp 139–152, ISSN 0378-8741 Recio, M.C., Ríos, J.L & Villar, A (1989) Antimicrobial activity . ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Edited by Varaprasad Bobbarala Antimicrobial Agents Edited by Varaprasad Bobbarala Published by InTech Janeza Trdine. www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Antimicrobial Agents, Edited by Varaprasad Bobbarala p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0723-1 Contents Preface. Extracts 129 Varaprasad Bobbarala and Chandrasekhar K. Naidu Chapter 8 Antimicrobial Activity of Lectins from Plants 145 Aphichart Karnchanatat VI Contents Chapter 9 The Natural Antimicrobial