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FalloftheMoghulEmpireof Hindustan
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The FalloftheMoghulEmpireof Hindustan
by H. G. Keene
September, 1998 [Etext #1470]
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Etext prepared by Ken West, maghreb@pcisys.net
The FalloftheMoghulEmpireof Hindustan, by H. G. Keene
THE FALLOFTHEMOGHULEMPIREOF HINDUSTAN, A NEW EDITION, WITH CORRECTIONS
AND ADDITIONS.
1887
PREFACE.
Information prepared by the Project Gutenberg legaladvisor 4
Two editions of this book having been absorbed, it has been thought that the time was come for its
reproduction in a form more adapted to the use of students. Opportunity has been taken to introduce
considerable additions and emendations.
The rise and meridian oftheMoghulEmpire have been related in Elphinstone's " History of India: the Hindu
and Mahometan Period; " and a Special Study ofthe subject will Also be found in the " Sketch ofthe History
of Hindustan" published by the present writer in 1885. Neither of those works, however, undertakes to give a
detailed account ofthe great Anarchy that marked the conclusion ofthe eighteenth century, the dark time that
came before the dawn of British power in the land ofthe Moghul. Nor is there is any other complete English
book on the Subject.
The present work is, therefore, to be regarded as a monograph on the condition ofthe capital and
neighbouring territories, from the murder of Alamgir II. in 1759 to the occupation of Dehli by Lake in 1803.
Some introductory chapters are prefixed, with the view of showing how these events were prepared; and an
account ofthe campaign of 1760-1 has been added, because it does not seem to have been hitherto related on
a scale proportioned to its importance. That short but desperate struggle is interesting as the last episode of
medi¾val war, when battles could be decided by the action of mounted men in armour. It is also the sine qua
non of British Empire in India. Had the Mahrattas not been conquered then, it is exceedingly doubtful if the
British power in the Bengal Presidency would ever have extended beyond Benares.
The author would wish to conclude this brief explanation by reproducing the remarks which concluded the
Preface to his second edition.
"There were two dangers," it was there observed; "the first, that of giving too much importance to the period;
the second, that of attempting to illustrate it by stories — such as those of Clive and Hastings — which had
been told by writers with whom competition was out ofthe question. Brevity, therefore, is studied; and what
may seem baldness will be found to be a conciseness, on which much pains have been bestowed."
"The narrative," it was added, "is one of confusion and transition; and chiefly interesting in so far as it throws
light on the circumstances which preceded and caused the accession ofthe East India Company to paramount
power in India." The author has only to add an expression of his hope that, in conjunction with Mr. S. Owen's
book, what he has here written may help to remove doubts as to the benefits derived by the people of India
from the Revolution under consideration.
Finally, mention should be made of Mr. Elphinstone's posthumous work, "The Rise of British Power in the
East." That work does not, indeed, clash with the present book; for it did not enter into the scope of the
distinguished author to give the native side ofthe story, or to study it from the point of view here presented.
For the military and political aims and operations ofthe early British officers in Madras and Bengal, however,
Elphinstone will be found a valuable guide. His narrative bears to our subject a relation similar to that of the
"Roman de Rou" to the history ofthe Carling Empireof Northern France.
OXFORD, 1887.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
PART I. 5
CHAPTER I
Preliminary Observations on Hindustan and the City of Dehli
CHAPTER II.
Greatness ofthe Timurides
Causes of Empire's decline
Character of Aurungzeb
Progress of disruption under his descendants
Muhamadan and Hindu enemies
The stage emptied
CHAPTER III.
Muhamad Shah
CHAPTER IV.
Ahmad Shah
Alamgir II.
CHAPTER V
,
Afghan invasion
CHAPTER VI.
Overthrow of Mahrattas at Panipat
PART II.
CHAPTER I 6
CHAPTER I.
A.D. 1760-67.
1760. Movements of Shahzada Ali Gohar, after escaping from Dehli
Shojaa-ud-Daulal
His Character
Ramnarayan defeated
M. Law
1761. Battle of Gaya
1762. March towards Hindustan
1763. Massacre of Patna
1764. Flight of Kasim and Sumroo
Battle of Buxar
1705. Treaty with British
1767. Establishment at Allahabad
Legal position
CHAPTER II.
A.D. 1764-71.
1764. Najib-ud-Daula at Dehli
Mirza Jawan Bakht Regent
The Jats
The Jats attacked by Najib
Death of Suraj Mal
1765. Jats attack Jaipur .
1766. Return of Mahrattas
1767. Ahmad Abdali defeats Sikhs .
1768. Mahrattas attack Bhartpur
CHAPTER I. 7
1770. Rohillas yield to them
Death of Najib-ud-Daula
State of Rohilkand
Zabita Khan .
1771. Mahrattas invite Emperor to return to Dehli
CHAPTER III.
A.D. 1771-76
Agency of Restoration .
Madhoji Sindhia
Emperor's return to Dehli . . . .
1772. Zabita Khan attacked by Imperial force under Mirza Najaf Khan
Flight of Zabita
Treaty with Rohillas
Zabita regains office
Mahrattas attack Dehli .
1773. Desperation of Mirza Najaf .
Mahrattas attack Rohilkand .
Opposed by British
Advance of Audh troops
Restoration of Mirza
Abdul Ahid Khan .
Suspicious conduct of Rohillas
Tribute withheld by H. Rahmat
1774. Battle of Kattra
1775. Death of Shojaa-ud-Daula
Zabita Khan rejoins Jats
CHAPTER II. 8
Najaf Kuli Khan
Successes of Imperial army
1776. Zabita and the Sikhs
Death of Mir Kasim
CHAPTER IV.
A.D. 1776-85
Vigour ofEmpire under M. Najaf
Zabita rebels again
1777. Emperor takes the field .
And the rebellion is suppressed
Sumroo's Jaigir
1778. Abdul Ahid takes the field against the Sikhs
Unsuccessful campaign
1779. Sikhs plunder Upper Doab
Dehli threatened, but relieved
1780. Mirza Najaf's arrangements
Popham takes Gwalior
Death of Sumroo
1781. Begam becomes a Christian
1782. Death of Mirza
Consequent transactions
Afrasyab Khan becomes Premier
Mirza Shaffi at Dehli
1783. Murder of Shaffi
Action of Warren Hastings
1784. Flight of Shahzadah Jawan Bakht
CHAPTER III. 9
Madhoji Sindhia goes to Agra
Afrasyab murdered
1785. Tribute demanded from British, but refused
Death of Zabita
Sindhia supreme
Chalisa Famine
State of Country
CHAPTER V.
A.D. 1786-88.
1786. Gholam Kadir succeeds his father Zabita
Siege of Raghogarh
1787. British policy
Measures of Sindhia
Rajput confederacy
Battle of Lalsot
Mohammed Beg's death
Defection of his nephew Ismail Beg
Greatness of Sindhia
Gholam Kadir enters Dehli
But checked by Begam Sumroo and Najaf Kuli
Gholam Kadir joins Ismail Beg
1788. Battle of Chaksana
Emperor proceeds towards Rajputana
Shahzada writes to George III.
Najaf Kuli rebels
Death of Shahzada
CHAPTER IV. 10
[...]... about twenty-four miles up the river The position ofthe hostile armies was thus reversed; that ofthe northern invaders being nearer Dehli, with the whole ofHindustan at their backs, while the Southern defenders of their country were in the attitude of men marching down from the north-west with nothing behind them but the dry and war-wasted plains of Sirhind In the afternoon ofthe 26th, Ahmad's advanced... disgrace of encouraging the Hindu powers to prey upon the growing weakness of theEmpire Aided by the Mahrattas under Holkar and by the Jats under Suraj Mal, the Vazir defeated the Rohillas at the fords ofthe Ganges; and pushed them up into the malarious country at the foot ofthe Kumaon mountains, where famine and fever would soon have completed their subjugation, but for the sudden reappearance in the. .. the goal of his ambition But the young Ghazi, secretly instigated by the weak and anxious monarch, renewed against the Persian the same war of Turan and Iran, of Sunni and Shia, which in the last reign had been waged between the uncle ofthe one and the grandfather ofthe other The only difference was that both parties being now fully warned, the mask of friendship that had been maintained during the. .. before the last capture ofthe same city by the avenging force ofthe British Government during the Great Mutiny Having concluded these operations, the invader retired into cantonments at Anupshahar, on the Ganges, and there proceeded to parcel out theEmpire among such ofthe Indian chiefs as he delighted to honour He then appointed Najib to the office of Amir-ul-umra, an office which involved the personal... palmy state in the General Introduction to the History ofHindustan by the present writer Ofthe character ofthe races who people the wide Empireof which Dehli was the metropolis, very varying estimates have been formed, in the most extreme opposites of which there is still some germ of truth It cannot be denied that, in some of what are termed the unprogressive virtues, they exceeded, as their sons... that such was the tenor ofthe Vazir's advice to the Emperor But the latter, perhaps too sensible ofthe difficulties of this course from the known hostility of Safdar Jang, and the great influence of Ghazi-ud-din over theMoghul soldiery, rejected the bold counsel Upon this the Vazir retired to his own residence, which he fortified, and the remaining adherents ofthe Emperor opened the gates and made... soldier of fortune, who had attained the hand ofthe daughter of Dundi Khan, one ofthe chieftains ofthe Rohilkand Pathans Rewarded by this ruler with the charge of a district, now Bijnaur, in the north-west corner of Rohilkand, he had joined the cause of Safdar Jang, when that minister occupied the country; but on the latter's disgrace had borne a part in the campaigns of Ghazi-ud-din When the Vazir... inf 89 ) The dominions of Akbar and Aurangzeb had now indeed fallen into a pitiable state Although the whole of the peninsula still nominally owned the sway of the Moghul, no provinces remained in the occupation of the Government besides part of the upper Doab, and a few districts south ofthe Satlaj Gujarat was overrun by the Mahrattas; Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa were occupied by the successor of Aliverdi... Allahabad by Safdar Jang, the central Doab by the Afghan tribe of Bangash, the province now called Rohilkand by the Rohillas The Panjab had been virtually abandoned; the rest of India had been recovered by the Hindus, with the exception of such portions ofthe Deccan as still formed the arena for the family wars ofthe sons ofthe old Nizam Small encroachments continued to be made by the English traders... point in the plains ofHindustan is probably the plateau on which stands the town of Ajmir, about 230 miles south of Dehli It is situated on the eastern slope ofthe Aravalli Mountains, a range of primitive granite, of which Abu, the chief peak, is estimated to be near 5,000 feet above the level ofthe sea; the plateau of Ajmir itself is some 3,000 feet lower The country at large is, probably, the upheaved . maghreb@pcisys.net The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan, by H. G. Keene THE FALL OF THE MOGHUL EMPIRE OF HINDUSTAN, A NEW EDITION, WITH CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. 1887 PREFACE. Information prepared by the. the conclusion of the eighteenth century, the dark time that came before the dawn of British power in the land of the Moghul. Nor is there is any other complete English book on the Subject. The. remarks APPENDIX. THE FALL OF THE MOGHUL EMPIRE OF HINDUSTAN. PART I. CHAPTER I. Preliminary Observations on Hindustan and the City of Dehli. THE country to which the term Hindustan is strictly