SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS – PROCESSING, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes Shape Memory Alloys – Processing, Characterization and Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2576 Edited by Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes Contributors F.M. Braz Fernandes, K.K. Mahesh, Andersan dos Santos Paula, Radim Kocich, Ivo Szurman, Miroslav Kursa, Tomasz Goryczka, T. Sakon, H. Nagashio, K. Sasaki, S. Susuga, D. Numakura, M. Abe, K. Endo, S. Yamashita, H. Nojiri, T. Kanomata, Fabiana Cristina Nascimento Borges, V. P. Panoskaltsis, Dezso L. Beke, Lajos Daróczi, Tarek Y. Elrasasi, R.J. Martínez-Fuentes, F.M. Sánchez-Arévalo, F.N. García-Castillo, G.A. Lara-Rodríguez, J. Cortés-Pérez, A. Reyes-Solís, Lei Li, Qingbin Li, Fan Zhang, Marjan Bahraminasab, Barkawi Bin Sahari Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sandra Bakic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published March, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Shape Memory Alloys – Processing, Characterization and Applications, Edited by Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1084-2 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Processing 1 Chapter 1 Thermomechanical Treatments for Ni-Ti Alloys 3 F.M. Braz Fernandes, K.K. Mahesh and Andersan dos Santos Paula Chapter 2 The Methods of Preparation of Ti-Ni-X Alloys and Their Forming 27 Radim Kocich, Ivo Szurman and Miroslav Kursa Chapter 3 Ni 25 Ti 50 Cu 25 Shape Memory Alloy Produced by Nonconventional Techniques 53 Tomasz Goryczka Section 2 Characterization 77 Chapter 4 Thermal Strain and Magnetization Studies of the Ferromagnetic Heusler Shape Memory Alloys Ni 2 MnGa and the Effect of Selective Substitution in 3d Elements on the Structural and Magnetic Phase 79 T. Sakon, H. Nagashio, K. Sasaki, S. Susuga, D. Numakura, M. Abe, K. Endo, S. Yamashita, H. Nojiri and T. Kanomata Chapter 5 Iron Based Shape Memory Alloys: Mechanical and Structural Properties 115 Fabiana Cristina Nascimento Borges Section 3 Mechanical Behavior 129 Chapter 6 Mechanics of Shape Memory Alloy Materials – Constitutive Modeling and Numerical Implications 131 V. P. Panoskaltsis VI Contents Chapter 7 Determination of Elastic and Dissipative Energy Contributions to Martensitic Phase Transformation in Shape Memory Alloys 167 Dezso L. Beke, Lajos Daróczi and Tarek Y. Elrasasi Chapter 8 Micromechanical Behavior of CuAlBe Shape Memory Alloy Undergoing 3-Point Bending Analyzed by Digital Image Correlation 197 R.J. Martínez-Fuentes, F.M. Sánchez-Arévalo, F.N. García-Castillo, G.A. Lara-Rodríguez, J. Cortés-Pérez, A. Reyes-Solís Section 4 Applications 213 Chapter 9 Applications of SMA Bundles in Practical Concrete Structures 215 Lei Li, Qingbin Li and Fan Zhang Chapter 10 NiTi Shape Memory Alloys, Promising Materials in Orthopedic Applications 261 Marjan Bahraminasab and Barkawi Bin Sahari Preface Shape memory alloys have become in the past decades a well established research subject. However, the complex relations between properties and structure have created a continuously growing interest for a deeper insight all this time. The complexity of relationships between structure and properties is mostly related to the fact that strong “multidimensional” interactions are taking place: from the early studies focusing on the thermal and/or mechanical induced phase transformations to the more recent findings on the magnetically induced structural changes. On the other hand, these singular behavioral characteristics have driven a great industrial interest due to the innovative aspects that the applications of shape memory alloys may provide. This makes this subject a highly attractive source of continuous studies, ranging from basics crystallography and thermodynamics to mechanical analysis and electrical and magnetic properties characterization. In this book, a group of recent studies is compiled focusing on a wide range of topics from processing to the relationship between the structure and properties, as well as new applications. In the processing section, results are presented for special issues concerning the thermomechanical treatments of binary alloys and ternary alloys, namely using innovative techniques. The first paper details the changes of the transformation characteristics of binary alloys resulting from different variants of thermomechanical treatments, including severe plastic deformation. The second paper is focused on the interest of going from binary to ternary alloys and the problems raised by innovative processing techniques. In particular, the Ni-Ti-Cu alloys have attracted a great interest and the possibilities open by advanced technologies such as powder metallurgy and melt spinning are extensively reviewed in the third and last paper of this section. The relatively more recent interest on the Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys opens new challenges in terms the characterization techniques combining thermal analysis and magnetic methods. This is the topic for the first paper of the section of characterization, where some alloys from the system based on Ni-Mn-Ga are studied. Next, a structural characterization of the stress-induced martensite in Fe-based alloys is presented. X Preface The singular properties of the shape memory alloys are strongly related to the thermomechanical behavior. A clear understanding of this type of situation requires the use of models, such as the one that is proposed on the first paper of the section on mechanical behavior. The second paper presents a model for hysteretic loops providing the basis for a finer analysis of thermal / mechanical cycling. Eventually, the third paper provides useful information on the experimental approach to get a deeper insight on the link between micro and macromechanical behavior and its relation with the structural details. Iron based SMA are becoming very attractive engineering materials and their structural characterization is presented on the second paper. Last, a section on applications presents two interesting papers focusing on two major engineering areas: civil and biomedical. Based on a constitutive model and thermal and mechanical characterization, a practical application of SMA on a smart concrete bridge structure is presented. Next, the combination of the superelastic and shape memory effect characteristics with the good biocompatility of Ni-Ti alloys is exploited in the field of biomedical engineering, namely for implants. The second paper presents a model for hysteretic loops providing the basis for a finer analysis of thermal / mechanical cycling. The third paper provides useful information on the experimental approach to get a deeper insight on the link between micro and macromechanical behavior and its relation to the structural details. Prof. Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal . SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS – PROCESSING, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes Shape Memory Alloys – Processing, Characterization and Applications. remarks Shape Memory Alloys – Processing, Characterization and Applications 4 2. Cold working Cold working can induce dislocations and vacancies in the Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) alloys. It. be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Shape Memory Alloys – Processing, Characterization and Applications, Edited by Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1084-2