INSIGHTS FROM VETERINARY MEDICINE Edited by Rita Payan-Carreira Insights from Veterinary Medicine http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56196 Edited by Rita Payan-Carreira Contributors Xavier Terrien, Rajiv Singh, Anna Badowska-Kozakiewicz, Charles Lagu, James Nguhiu-Mwangi, Joshua Aleri, Eddy Mogoa, Peter Mbithi, Elisa Bourguignon, Maria Dos Anjos Pires, João Morais, Ana Cláudia Coelho, Helena Vala, João Mesquita, Fernando Esteves, Carla Santos, Rita Cruz, Cristina Mega, Carmen Nóbrega, Maria De Lurdes Pinto, Manuela Matos, Ana Matos, Yolanda Millan, Rita Payan Carreira Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dejan Grgur Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published February, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Insights from Veterinary Medicine, Edited by Rita Payan-Carreira p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1005-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Section 1 Current Topics in Mammal Diseases and Welfare 1 Chapter 1 Dermatology in Dogs and Cats 3 Elisa Bourguignon, Luciana Diegues Guimarães, Tássia Sell Ferreira and Evandro Silva Favarato Chapter 2 Immunohistochemical Analysis of Progesterone Receptor and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in Canine Inflammatory Mammary Carcinoma 35 Anna M. Badowska-Kozakiewicz Chapter 3 Indicators of Poor Welfare in Dairy Cows Within Smallholder Zero-Grazing Units in the Peri-Urban Areas of Nairobi, Kenya 49 James Nguhiu-Mwangi, Joshua W. Aleri, Eddy G. M. Mogoa and Peter M. F. Mbithi Section 2 Current Topics in Infectious Diseases 89 Chapter 4 Mycobacterium avium Complex in Domestic and Wild Animals 91 Ana Cláudia Coelho, Maria de Lurdes Pinto, Ana Matos, Manuela Matos and Maria dos Anjos Pires Chapter 5 Psittacosis 129 João Morais, Ana Cláudia Coelho and Maria dos Anjos Pires Section 3 Current Topics on Hormones and Hormone-Related Diseases 163 Chapter 6 The Endocrine Glands in the Dog: From the Cell to Hormone 165 Helena Vala, João Rodrigo Mesquita, Fernando Esteves, Carla Santos, Rita Cruz, Cristina Mega and Carmen Nóbrega Chapter 7 Sex Steroid Hormones and Tumors in Domestic Animals 191 Yolanda Millán, Silvia Guil-Luna, Carlos Reymundo, Raquel Sánchez- Céspedes and Juana Martín de las Mulas Chapter 8 Feline Mammary Fibroepithelial Hyperplasia: A Clinical Approach 215 Rita Payan-Carreira Chapter 9 Diseases of Thyroid in Animals and Their Management 233 R. Singh and S. A. Beigh Chapter 10 Crossregulation of the Thyroid Hormone and Corticosteroids in Amphibians and Fish: The Effects of Endocrine Disruption 241 Xavier Terrien and Patrick Prunet Section 4 Highlights for Homeopathic Therapeuthicals 255 Chapter 11 Acute Toxicity Profiles of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Capsicum annum Seeds from South Western Uganda 257 Charles Lagu and Frederick I. B. Kayanja Chapter 12 The in vitro Antihelminthic Efficacy of Erythrina Abyssinica Extracts on Ascaridia galli 269 Charles Lagu and FIB Kayanja ContentsVI Preface It is my pleasure to present a new book that integrates a continuing series on Veterinary Medicine. Titled “Insights from Veterinary Medicine”, this book presents original research results and reviews flashing several distinctive aspects of the Veterinary Medicine Sciences, in which the knowledge has continuously increased over the past decades. Veterinary and Human Medicine have been developed in close association, in part as a re‐ flection of the intertwined relationship found between animals and humans since the estab‐ lishment of first civilizations. Human and animals share common mechanisms of disease, thus serving as spontaneous models for the study of particular disorders, such as tumors and cardiac diseases. Furthermore, concerns regarding the deleterious side-effects of con‐ taminants, in particular over the endocrine axis regulating different body functions and fer‐ tility, are on the table, as humans share the same environment with animals and are subject to the same influences, but also because humans can be exposed through the food chain. Some of these subjects are presented within the book chapters. The Veterinary Sciences are often at the vanguard of research in human diseases and behind improvements in human health. Several and distinctive reasons may be found for that asso‐ ciation, such as the epidemiological, since many human pathogens have their origins in ani‐ mal hosts, or the physiological, once animals used as models of disease allowed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of many diseases. In addition, animals are a major contribution to human welfare: the quality of the animal life with regards to both health and welfare also contributes to the quality of human life, and food-animal health and safety are safeguards against the disruption of the food chain. These topics are also brought to you in some of the chapters of this book. Advances in tests and procedures made possible through research changed the animal world and both pets and farm animals enjoy a better quality of life today. Accompanying its tremendous development, the Veterinary Medicine also broadened its scope of action and nowadays it encompasses much more than the veterinary medical practice. Similarly, a wide field of knowledge has been covered in this book. Even so, it was our goal to provide you with current advanced resources in different veterinary science disciplines. Veterinary research is also essential to the health and increased longevity of service and companion animals and thereby reduces stress in both animals and owners. This book includes different chapters on new developments covering a wide range of sub‐ jects from animal medicine and welfare to public health concerns and environmental endo‐ crine disruptors. The chapters are organized into four parts or sections, according to main subjects. The initial section presents both educational and research chapters in major areas of bovine and pet internal medicine, ending with a paper highlighting important issues on dairy cattle welfare in the tropics. The second section presents information pertaining to the field of public health and discusses important zoonosis evolving on domestic and wild ani‐ mals worldwide. The third section highlights major aspects of hormones and hormone relat‐ ed diseases in mammals and aquatic organisms, including aspects associated to environmental endocrine disruptors. Other materials related to the pharmacological and toxicological effects of natural explants used as natural therapeutics in particular areas of the globe are included in the final section. I wish to thank all the authors for their contribution and efforts in improving the quality of the book content, as well as the support by the members of InTech editorial and produc‐ tion team, for providing a stimulating and pleasant atmosphere during the book production. To the reader, I hope you find this to be an interesting book well worth reading by any prac‐ titioner, graduating student or researcher searching for either highlights or an overview on current topics in the Veterinary Science field. Rita Payan-Carreira CECAV [Veterinary and Animal Research Centre] University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Dept. Zootechnics, Vila Real, Portugal PrefaceVIII Section 1 Current Topics in Mammal Diseases and Welfare [...]... canis and Malassezia pachy‐ dermatis Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7(3)119-32 [58] Mueller, RS, Bensignor E, Ferrer L, Holm B, Lemarie S, Paradis M, Shipstone MA Treatment of Demodicosis in Dogs: 2011 Clinical Practice Guidelines Veterinary Der‐ matology 2012; 23(2): 86-96, e20-1 27 28 Insights from Veterinary Medicine [59] Arther RG Mites and Lice: Biology and Control Veterinary Clinics of North Ameri‐... of the external ear canal varies according to the age, breed and size of the animal and it is separated from the middle ear by the tympanum, a thin semitranspar‐ 21 22 Insights from Veterinary Medicine ent membrane with an elliptic shape [148] External ear diseases are particularly important in veterinary dermatology, since the outer ear is formed in the embryo life through a skin invagination, being... Journal 1986; 142 (2) 116-23 [2] Favarato ES, Conceição LG Hair Cycle in Dogs with Different Hair Types in a Tropi‐ cal Region of Brazil Veterinary Dermatology 2008; 19(1) 15-20 23 24 Insights from Veterinary Medicine [3] Beale K Dermatologic Diagnostic Techniques In: Florida Veterinary Medical Associ‐ ation: proceedings of FVMA’s 82nd Annual Conference, April 29-May 1, 2011, Orlan‐ do, EUA [4] Mueller RS... benefit from a combination of prednisolone and chlorambucil (0.1-0.2 mg/kg every 24 hours or every other day) [94] Topical glucocorticoids can be used as a sin‐ gle therapy, in localized forms of pemphigus or used for persistent lesions, as adjunctive therapy to the systemic treatment [98] The occurrence of deaths in cases of pemphigus folia‐ 15 16 Insights from Veterinary Medicine ceus are mainly from. .. remission of follicle dysplasia, however, oral administra‐ tion of 3 mg melatonin twice daily may help hair regrowth [124] 17 18 Insights from Veterinary Medicine Figure 5 Canine pattern baldness A Doberman pinscher with alopecia of the chest, which is characteristic of pattern alopecia (Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Viçosa) 10.3 Post clipping alopecia Post clipping alopecia or post clipping... were reported [54, 55], Demodex sp cornei and Demodex injai [55] Feline demodicosis may be caused by two different kinds of mites, Demodex cati and Demodex gatoi [53] 9 10 Insights from Veterinary Medicine The mites are transferred from the mother to the offspring in the early life [56] D canis is considered a commensal in canine skin It is believed that this disease is a consequence of a specific immunosuppression,... (Figure 2) Deep pyoderma does not occur spontaneously, often starting as superficial pyoderma [6] Other organisms such as Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp and E coli may be involved [12-14] 5 6 Insights from Veterinary Medicine The bacterial infection affects the deepest portion of the hair follicle (deep folliculitis), that may lead to follicular wall rupture and to bacterial product release in the dermis... Samples can be obtained by skin scrapings, swabs, direct imprint or by tape preps Fungal culture is not recommended as a diagnostic procedure because it is not a quantitative assessment [36] 7 8 Insights from Veterinary Medicine Identification and correction of the predisposing diseases are essential for the successful treatment of Malassezia dermatitis [23] Mild cases can be treated with miconazole, chlorhexi‐... tion of the follicles [137] Mild cases can be treated with anti-seborrheic shampoo; however, severe cases require association with systemic antimicrobial therapy or systemic corticoids 19 20 Insights from Veterinary Medicine [136] Mupirocin 2% ointment is efficient when applied on lesions twice daily [138] Topical tretinoin 0.01 to 0.025% (lotion or ointment) improves the clinical signs in chronic cases... Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 Insights from Veterinary Medicine Dermis, the layer under the epidermis, is composed by a conjunctive matrix where reticular, elastic and collagen fibers are found Dermis cellular structure is composed by fibroblasts, . INSIGHTS FROM VETERINARY MEDICINE Edited by Rita Payan-Carreira Insights from Veterinary Medicine http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56196 Edited by. series on Veterinary Medicine. Titled Insights from Veterinary Medicine , this book presents original research results and reviews flashing several distinctive aspects of the Veterinary Medicine. available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Insights from Veterinary Medicine, Edited by Rita Payan-Carreira p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1005-7 free