Characteristics of biodiesel from waste cooking oil

http //www iaeme com/IJMET/index asp 94 editor@iaeme com International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 09, September 2019, pp 94 99, Article ID IJMET 10 09 00[.]

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 10, Issue 09, September 2019, pp 94-99, Article ID: IJMET_10_09_009 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=9 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL FROM WASTE COOKING OIL I Ketut Gede Wirawan, Ainul Guhrri, Ketut Astawa and Wayan Nata Septiadi Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University Bali, Indonesia ABSTRACT Waste cooking oil is applied as a raw material of biodiesel because it has the characteristics of diesel fuel This research was carried out based on American Standard Testing and Material Methods Results showed that Density at 15oC was 878.4 kg/m3 (ASTM D 4052-15), Kinematic Viscosity at 50oC was 3.608 cSt (ASTM D 445-14), Sulfur Content 0.015% wt (ASTM D 4294-16), Pour Point + 6oC (ASTM D.97-16), Flash Point 40.50C (ASTM D 93-16a), Condradson Carbon Residue 0.02% wt (ASTM D 4530-15), Calorific Value Gross 16592 BTU/lb (ASTM D 240-14), Water Content 1000 mg/kg (ASTM D 6304-16) and Total Acid Number 0.08 Mg KOH/g (ASTMD 664-11a) Key words: Characteristics of biodiesel, Waste cooking oil Cite this Article: I Ketut Gede Wirawan, Ainul Guhrri, Ketut Astawa and Wayan Nata Septiadi, Characteristics of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 10(9), 2019, pp 94-99 http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=9 INTRODUCTION Bali as a world tourism destination needed accommodation and transportation [1], [2] The bus is one of the mass transportations A Bus used diesel fuel, which depleted over the years [3] Existence of this fuel is not environmentally friendly so that gives an opportunity to search for another fuel source, especially from cooking oil Waste cooking oil is one type of cooking oil produced from the rest of the frying process on the hotel or restaurant kitchen Biodiesel is an alternative fuel in order to replace diesel fuel It had environmental protection because it was biodegradable [4], renewable [5], non-toxic [6], produced a little particle emissions [7] and decreased of NOx gas [8] when blended with diesel oil [9] and reduction of greenhouse effect [10] Biodiesel can be produced from edible and non-edible vegetable oil, animal fat, waste cooking oil [11] and algae [12] Vegetable oil can be used as biodiesel through esterification and transesterification reactions Up until now, corn oil has not been considered as suitable biodiesel because of its high edibility and relatively high price, however it had the potential to be filtered after extraction of Corn Distillers Oil (CDO) Production of biodiesel from corn oil, cooking oil waste and CDO should be analyzed carefully Further observation was carried out in order to develop simpler, more effective and energy efficiency technologies, for the production of http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 94 editor@iaeme.com Characteristics of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil biodiesel, especially from CDO Furthermore, the nature of the fuel and the emissions of biodiesel exhaust gas according to corn and biodiesel-diesel fuel will be explained, by considering biodiesel standard of quality [13] The increased price of fuel caused researchers and experts to find another solution, for example biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oil Non-edible oil comes from the jatropha tree (jatropha curcas), jojoba (simmondsia chinensis), mahua (madhuca indica), and moringa (moringa oleifera) From many studies, the use of non-edible oil can be guaranteed as sustainable raw material for biodiesel Those plants mostly were planted on degraded land, so they did not compete with another food crops for limited land, relatively cheap, available, and offered the same or even higher yield of edible biodiesel [14] Animal fats have great potential in order to produce biodiesel because these raw materials not compete with the food industry and lead to global waste reduction The quality of biodiesel is strongly influenced by the type of raw material and the presence of dirt The concentration of glycerol and glyceride that is too high in biodiesel affects the quality of the fuel and in general can reduce the durability of the engine, so that the raw material of biodiesel needs to be purified One alternative method of purifying biodiesel is extraction with eutectic solvents Biodiesel synthesis from animal fats through chemical transesterification catalyzed by alkaline catalysts The liquid-liquid extraction purification method was chosen using choline-chloride/ethylene-glycol solvent at molar ratio 1:2.5 This method was very efficient in producing biodiesel at high temperature [15] Algae get the biggest concern for the use of biofuel Different type of algae has different production capabilities Algae have 20-80% oil, which converted into various type of fuels such as kerosene and biodiesel Algae as biodiesel have good potential for production because it is very economical and its availability is abundant Genetic technology is used to increase the production of biodiesel oil and maintain the stability of algae By increasing genetic expression, we can find a way to achieve the amount of biofuel that needed with ease and continuously, in order to overcome fuel deficiency [16] Some waste cooking oil was tested to produce biodiesel Sunflower cooking oil is one of the examples This oil produces biodiesel through the transesterification process The biodiesel-diesel blend was prepared at 10 v/v, 20 v/v and 30% v/v Physical and chemical characterization of biodiesel observed in order to approach diesel fuel Performance of diesel engine and exhaust emissions were studied experimentally [17] Vegetable oil produced from the process of frying food is called cooking oil This oil is the raw material for biodiesel It can be obtained at the campus cafeteria [18], [19], [20], restaurants, and hotels In order to use as the fuel of diesel engine, the characteristics of biodiesel from waste cooking oil must be similar to diesel fuel Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of biodiesel from waste cooking oil MATERIALS & METHOD This study used waste cooking oil (WCO) [21] that obtained from Lengis Hijau Foundation, Denpasar Bali Next, WCO was tested on P.T Superintending Company of Indonesia (SUCOFINDO) The test method was carried out using ASTM (American Standard Testing of Materials) in order to get the characteristics of biodiesel included: density, kinematic viscosity, sulfur content, pour point, flash point, carbon residue, the heat value, water content, and acid number http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 95 editor@iaeme.com I Ketut Gede Wirawan, Ainul Guhrri, Ketut Astawa and Wayan Nata Septiadi RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Result Test result of Biodiesel shown as Table Table Result of the Characteristics of WCO as Biodiesel Results Methods kg/m 878.4 ASTM D 4052-15 Viscosity Kinematic at 50 oC cSt 3.608 ASTM D 445-14 Sulfur Content %w Parameters o Density at 15 C Units 0.015 ASTM D 4294-16 Pour Point o +6 ASTM D 97-16 Flash Point PMcc o C 40.5 ASTM D 93-16a % wt 0.02 ASTM D 4530-15 Calorific Value Gross BTU/lb 16952 ASTM D 240-14 Water Content mg/kg 1000 ASTM D 6304-16 mg KOH/g 0.08 ASTM D 664-11a Contadson Carbon Residu Total Acid Number C 3.2 Discussions 3.2.1 Density Density defined as the mass of an object divided by its volume The ASTM D 4052-15 test method was used to measure the biodiesel density of cooking oil at a temperature of 150oC The test result of biodiesel obtained density of 878.4 kg/m3 at temperature 15oC This density was compatible with the requirement of Indonesian National Standard (SNI), because of the range between 860 - 890 kg/m3 [22] When compared with diesel fuel at 849 kg/m3 [23], biodiesel density reduced again by the pyrolysis process [24] 3.2.2 Kinematic Viscosity Kinematic viscosity affected the performance of diesel engine injector The higher kinematic viscosity, the greater the resistance to flow This characteristic is very important because it affected the atomization process, injection pressure and the size of the injector hole The test result of biodiesel with ASTM D 445-14 obtained viscosity kinematic 3.608 cSt at 50oC The requirement of SNI was between 2.3 to 6.0 cSt Biodiesel can be mixed with diesel fuel in order to reduce its kinematic viscosity [25] 3.2.3 Sulfur Content Excessive sulfur content in biodiesel can cause worn out on parts of the engine This mechanism occurs because of the presence of solid particles formed during combustion The sulfur content of biodiesel from waste cooking oil was obtained 0.015% of weight or 15 mg/kg using the ASTM D4294-16 method The size of this sulfur content met the maximum of SNI requirement at 100 mg/kg Biodiesel can be used safely as fuel because the exhaust gas emissions SO2 does not the harm human body The content of sulfur, sulfuric acid, water bonds and hydrocarbons at low pressure would condense to form soot when gas cooled which was contributed to the problem of particles on the air [26] 3.2.4 Pour point Biodiesel from waste cooking oil is still possible to flow at the lowest temperature called the biodiesel pour point If the biodiesel is below the pour point, it cannot flow due to the formation of a crystal that clogged the flow of fuel Determination of pour point carried out http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 96 editor@iaeme.com Characteristics of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil substantially improve performance of cold flow methyl ester (FAME) from waste cooking oil [27] The pouring point of waste cooking oil biodiesel was + 60C using ASTM D97-16 This amount has met the requirement of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) between -15 to + 13oC 3.2.5 Flash Point Based on the test that carried out with ASTM D 93-16a method, the flash point of pure biodiesel (B100) was 40.5oC In accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), flash point is at least 100oC, so that pure biodiesel did not meet SNI To increase flash point, blending it with diesel oil is needed [28] 3.2.6 Carbon Residue Carbon fuel residue was used in order to estimate the tendency of materials in order to form the type of carbon deposits under degradation In test result of biodiesel, the content of residual carbon was obtained 0.02% weight using ASTM D4530-15 Carbon residue recommended by SNI is 0.05 to 0.3% The blend of diesel fuel and biodiesel significantly increased volatility and decreased carbon deposits [29] 3.2.7 Heating Value Based on a test result that carried out using the ASTM D 240-14 method, the heating value of pure biodiesel (B100) was obtained at 16952 Btu/lb or 39.43 MJ/kg This biodiesel from waste cooking oil has a higher heating value when compared to biodiesel from jatropha at 39.23 MJ/kg [30] 3.2.8 Water Content Water content in the fuel can interfere with the process of combustion Besides, the presence of water can cause corrosion and the growth of microorganisms can clog the flow of fuel, so the engine would be damaged The water content of biodiesel from waste cooking oil was 1000 mg/kg using ASTM D 6304-16 method The presence of water has a negative effect on biodiesel However, the presence of water has a positive effect on the formation of methyl esters [31] 3.2.9 Acid Number Biodiesel was produced by the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil and methanol with acid number 0.08 That means its acid number met the standard of quality of SNI (max 0.6) A total acid number from biodiesel was produced due to the free fatty acid level in low cooking oil The esterification process was effective in order to reduce the total acid content in biodiesel [32] CONCLUSIONS Almost all characteristics of biodiesel from waste cooking oil met the standards as fuel, except flash point Blend diesel-biodiesel fuel is needed in order to solve the flashpoint problem ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research supported by The Directorate General of Research and Development (RISTEKDIKTI) with Contract Number: 171.44/UN14.4.A /LT/2018 via Institute for Research and Community Services, Udayana University Bali Indonesia The gratitude is also presented to Gio, Warisma and Ardi who have helped a lot in the field activities http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 97 editor@iaeme.com I Ketut Gede Wirawan, Ainul Guhrri, Ketut Astawa and Wayan Nata Septiadi REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] Jamnongchob, A., Duangphakdee O and Hanpattanakit P CO2 Emission of Tourist Transportation in Suan Phueng Mountain, Thailand Energy Procedia, 136, 2017, pp 438443 Blanco, H and Moudon, A V Havana's Transportation System: Future Scenarios Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 2017, pp 4679-4691 Whiting, K., Carmona, L G and Sousa T A review of the use of exergy to evaluate the sustainability of fossil fuels and 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2004, pp 289-295 Xie, W.Q., Gong, Y.X and Yu, K.X A rapid method for the quantitative analysis of total acid number in biodiesel based on headspace GC technique Fuel, 210, 2017, pp 236-240 http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 99 editor@iaeme.com ... characteristics of biodiesel from waste cooking oil must be similar to diesel fuel Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of biodiesel from waste cooking oil MATERIALS.. .Characteristics of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil biodiesel, especially from CDO Furthermore, the nature of the fuel and the emissions of biodiesel exhaust gas according to corn and biodiesel- diesel... performance of cold flow methyl ester (FAME) from waste cooking oil [27] The pouring point of waste cooking oil biodiesel was + 60C using ASTM D97-16 This amount has met the requirement of the Indonesian