Báo cáo khoa học: Một số chỉ tố lịch sử trong hành động ngỏ lời giúp đỡ bằng tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt pptx

SO 4 (186)-2011 NGON NGU* & OOl SONG 31 NGOAI NGOVOI BAN NGO MOT SO CHI TO UCH SUT TRONG HANH DONG NGO LOI GIUP DOT BANG TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET 1. Dat van de 1. Mac dau ngd loi giup do la hanh dong thudng gap trong giao tiep hang ngay, cho den nay hanh ddng loi noi nay van chua duoc nhieu cong trinh quan tam nghien cuu. 2. Mot sd cong trinh nghien cuu ve hdnh ddng ngd ldi giiip do van cdn nhieu han che. Cdng trinh nghien cuu cua Rabinowitz J. F. [12], Hoang Thi Thu Lan [8] chu yeu nghien cuu ve dang thuc ngon ngu. Nhung cdng trinh nghien cuu nay khdng dua tren co sd khai niem ve the dien - mot yeu td cd the bi chi phoi bdi van hoa - de li giai cho viec su dung cac chi to lich su trong hanh dong loi ndi nay. Tuy nhien, thuc te cho thay nhung yeu td nay ludn co mdi quan he khang khi't trong moi ngdn ngu nham bieu dat tinh lich su trong cac hanh dong loi ndi ke ca hdnh ddng ngd ldi giiip do. Do vay, trong bai viet nay chung toi: 1. Md ta nhung chi to lich su duoc su dung trong hdnh ddng ngd ldi giiip do cua ngudi Uc va nguoi Viet ban ngu. 2. So sanh nhung chi to lich su nay xet theo chieu hudng true tiep/gian tiep trong nhung ngu canh tinh huong khac nhau. 3. Giai thich nguyen nhan sau xa tao nen nhung tuong dong va/hoac khac biet trong viec su dung nhung chi td lich su trong hdnh ddng ngd ldi giup do cua nguoi Uc va ngudi Viet ban ngu. 2. Hanh dong ldi noi va ljch sy Hanh ddng ldi noi da duoc nghien cuu va dinh nghTa bdi nhieu li thuyet gia khac nhau nhu: Austin J. [1], Searle J. R.[13], Levinson HO TH| KIEU OANH (TS, DHNN, Dai hoc Da Ning) S. C. [10] v. v Hp cung quan diem cho rang moi hanh ddng ldi ndi la mot don vi giao tiep thuc hien mot chuc nang nao do, chang han nhu khen, xin ldi, ngd ldi giiip do v. v Theo Austin J. [1], thuat ngu "hanh ddng loi noi" thudng dung de noi den hanh dpng ngdn trung (illocutionary act). Theo ong nhung hanh ddng ldi ndi khac nhau cua mpt ngdn ngu co the duoc phan loai dua vao su phan loai ddng tu bieu thi nhung hanh ddng ldi ndi nay. Khac vdi Austin J., Searle J. R. [14, 15] dua vao hanh dpng ngdn trung de phan loai cac kieu hanh ddng ldi noi nhu: bieu thi (representatives), khuyen lenh (directives), cam ket (commissives), bieu cam (expressives) va tuyen bo (declaratives). Theo Searle J. R. [16], nguoi noi co the phat ngon mdt cau va ndi true tiep dieu minh mudn noi va cung cd the mudn de cap den mpt hanh ddng ngdn trung khac. Chang han, phat ngon "May I help you? " co the khong phai la cdu de hdi ma la phat ngdn bieu thi hdnh ddng ngd loi giiip do mot ai do. Nhung phat ngdn thupc loai nay duoc Searle J. R. [16] gpi la "Nhung hanh ddng loi noi gian tiep" hay nhdng trudng hop " mpt hanh ddng ngdn trung duoc thuc hien bdi mpt hanh dpng ngdn trung khac" nham bieu dat y dinh cua ngudi ndi mdt each gian tiep de tranh xung dot trong xa giao. Nhieu nha nghien cuu phuong Tay nhu (Searle J. R. [15], Brown P. and Levinson S. [2], Leech 32 NGON NG& & 06l SONG SO 4 (186)-2011 G. N. [9]) da khang dinh rang gian tiep lien quan den nhung muc do lich su khac nhau. 3. Khai niem ve ljch sy Trong tieng Viet, tu sat nghTa nhat voi tu tieng Anh "politeness" la lich su. Theo Hoang Phe cung mot so nha nghien cuu khac, lich su nghTa la " co each cu xu lich thiep va biet tuan theo le loi chuan muc xa hoi trong giao tiep" [20]. Tuy nhien, theo quan diem truyen thong, lich su con bao gom khai niem le (tu Han-Viet co nguon goc tu chu // "nghTa la le, le nghi"). Le la mot bo nhung phep tac chi phoi each cu xu cho phai le trong moi quan he da chieu chu yeu mang tinh ton ti thu bac trong do ke dudi phai biet kinh trong nguoi be tren va nguoi be tren co bon phan phai quan tam do dan ke dudi. Khai niem ve lich su nay cung cho thay net dac trung cua van hoa Viet Nam d phuang Dong trong dd tinh cong dong va ton ti thu bac duoc de cao nhu mot udc le xa hoi trong each xu the cua ngudi Viet. Tuy nhien, nhieu nha nghien cuu phuang Tay nhu Lakoff R. [5 - 7], Leech G. N. [9], Brown P. and Levinson S. [3] cho rang "lich su mang tinh duy li (volition-oriented)" va hp da khong dat nang vai trd cua udc le xa hpi (social norm) trong viec quy dinh each cu xu theo dung phep tac cua cac thanh vien trong cpng dong nham the hien phep lich su. Trong so nhung nha nghien cuu nay, Brown P. va Levinson S. [2, 3] da dua ra mpt li thuyet ve lich su bao quat va chi tiet va hp cho rang li thuyet nay mang tinh phi quat [2]. Trong li thuyet nay, Brown P. va Levinson S. dua ra nhung nguyen tdc ve lich su, va tu do due ket nam loai chiln luac tuy thupc vao muc dp nguy co de doa the dien. Nguy co de doa the dien cang cao, ngudi noi can chpn chien luac cang lich su. Muc dp nguy co de doa the dien cua mpt hanh dpng de doa the dien dugc tinh bdi gia tri tong (W) cua ba bien so phu thupc la: 1) khoang each xa hpi (D) (social distance) giua ngudi noi va ngudi nghe, 2) quyln luc tuang doi (P) (relative power); va 3 pham vi ap dp tuyet dli (R) (imposition rank) trong mot nen van hda nao dd. Npi dung chu yeu trong li thuy It cua Brown P. va Levinson S. la khai niem vl thi dien (face), gdm the dien dm tinh: nhan manh y muln dpc lap, khong bi ap dat va thi dien duang tinh: nhan manh y muln hda ding cua cac ddi tugng tham gia giao tilp. Brown P. va Levinson S. khang dinh rdng vl ca ban lich su dua tren nhung nguyen tdc duy li (rational principles) lien quan mpt each co he thong vdi y dinh cua con ngudi trong mpi ngdn ngu va mpi nen van hda. Tuy nhien, theo chung toi thuat ngu lich sir nen bao gom ca lich su mang tinh uac le xd hdi (conventional politeness) va lich su mang tinh duy li (volitional politeness). Lich su mang tinh udc le xa hpi trang bi mpt bp nhirng phep tac quy dinh each van dung hanh dpng ldi noi mpt each sang tao va mang tinh chien luge cua ngudi ndi nham giup hp dat dugc muc dich giao tiep cua minh. 4. Khai niem hanh dong ngo ldi Theo Rabinowitz J. F. [12, tr. 203] nhu sau: Ngd ldi giup do la hanh dpng ldi noi ma ngudi ngd ldi hoae tu nguyen dua ra (ngo ldi tu phat) hoae bi bupc phai dua ra (ngo' ldi khong tu phat), de mang lai cai gi hoae mang lai su giup da phuc vu cho ngudi nghe ma ngudi ngd ldi cho la cd lgi cho ngudi nghe va cam ket se thuc hien. Hdnh ddng ngd ldi thudng bat ngudn tu su hieu biet chung ve tinh hudng cua nhung ngudi tham gia giao tiep va thudng dira theo udc mudn cung nhu nhu cau cua ngudi nghe ma ngudi ngd ldi giup do cd the cam nhan va cho thiy tinh sdn long va kha nang cd thi thuc hien. Theo khai niem tren cua Rabinowitz J. F. , hdnh ddng ngd ldi giup do cd thi la hanh dpng de doa till dien hoae nang cao till dien trong van hda Viet va Uc. Tuy nhien, trong da sd ngu canh tinh huong da dugc chung tdi phan tich, gia tri trung binh cua muc dp a p dat R trong hdnh ddng ngd lai giiip dd- theo danh SO4(186)-2011 NGON NG&& P6l SONG 33 gia cua nguai Uc la cao han so vai nguai Viet. Do vay, hdnh dong ngd ldi giup do thuang la hanh dong co nguy co de doa the dien doi voi ngudi Uc han la ddi vdi ngudi Viet. Chinh nhdng thien hudng khac nhau nay trong nhan thuc ve the dien cd the tao nen nhung tuong ddng hay khac biet trong each dung nhung chi td lich su trong hdnh ddng ngd ldi giup do bang tieng Anh va tieng Viet. 5. Co" sd dir lieu va phirong phap nghien cuu Hai phuang phap nghien cuu chinh duoc su dung la mo ta va so sanh dua tren nhieu nguon du lieu khac nhau. Ngudn du lieu chu yeu la ban cau hdi, phieu hoan thanh tinh huong ve hdnh ddng ngd ldi cua 120 nghiem the ngudi Uc, Viet va tu lieu duac quan sat ghi nhan trong thuc te. Nguon du lieu thu yeu lay tu phim truyen, kich, truyen ngan, sach giao khoa tieng Anh, tieng Viet va tu nhung cong trinh nghien cuu trudc day ve cac chi to bieu thi moi quan he xa hoi va tieu tu tinh thai (TTTT) trong tieng Viet cua Nguyen Anh Que [21], Nguyen Due Hoat [4], Nguyen Thi Luong [19], Nguyen Van Chinh [18] v. v 6. Nhung chi to ljch sy trong hanh dong ngo loi bang tieng Anh va tieng Viet 6.1. Loai chien luqc 6.1.1. Loai chien luqc true ngdn (TN) [direct strategy category] Bang 1 cho thay TN la loai chien luac duac ngudi Viet (n = 21/60) va ngudi Uc (n = 37/60) dung pho bien hang thu hai bat chap cac gia tri ve quyen luc tuong ddi va khoang each xa hoi. Trong do chien luqc de nghi true tiep (DN) (direct suggestive strategy: n = 27 # 45 %) duoc chuong nhat trong ngu canh tinh huong mot hoc vien cung tudi ngo ldi giup cd giao da quen than khac phuc tinh trang may vi-de-6 bi hong trong gid hoc. (1) "Co gido de em xem cho a!" ("You let me have a look!") Trong ngu canh nay, TTTT thudng co chuc nang lam tang luc ngon trung cho hdnh ddng ngd loi giup do (n= 49 # 81.67%). Trong sd do, TTTT cho, a d cudi cau duoc dung vdi tan sd cao nhat (n= 26 # 43.33%). Ngoai ra, co den 56.67 % cap tu than toe (TTT) phi d6i xung cd gido - em duoc ngudi Viet dung xung hd nham rut ngan khoang each xa hoi giua ngudi ngo ldi giup do va ngudi nghe. Co sd de li giai cho viec su dung TN kha pho bien trong hdnh ddng ngd ldi giup do doi vdi ngudi Viet cd the la do van hoa Viet Nam mang tinh cdng dong (collectivism - oriented culture). Ngd ldi giiip do la hanh dong ldi ndi dugc danh gia cao nham to su quan tam lan nhau giua nhung thanh vien trong xa hoi va do vay ngd ldi la hdnh ddng ndng cao the dien cho ca ngudi ngo ldi lan ngudi nghe. Ngudi ngd ldi vi the thudng co the dung TN nham duy tri mdi giao hao vdi nhung thanh vien khac trong van hoa Viet. Tuy nhien, khdng ngudi Uc nao su dung TN trong cung ngu canh nhu d vi du tren (n = 0 # 00.00 %) cd le de tranh ap dat doi vdi ngudi nghe trong nen van hoa Uc co thien hudng ca nhan (individualism-oriented culture). Bang 1. CAC CHIEN LUQC NGO LOI CUA NGUOI UC VA NGUOI VIET Loai chien luge Anh Viet TN ' 37/60 21/60 GNUL 617/60 436/60 GNPUL 1 6/60 | 3/60 Ghi chu: GNLL = gian ngon udc le; GNPUL = gian ngdn phi udc le 6.1.2. Loai chien luqc gian ngdn udc le (conventionally indirect strategy category) Bang 1 cung cho thay GNUL la loai chien luge phd bien nhat doi vdi ngudi Uc (n = 617/60) va ngudi Viet (n = 436/60) trong hau het ngu canh tinh huong ngo ldi bat chap gia tri quyen lire tuong doi va khoang each xa hoi. The nhung, loai chien luge nay lai dugc hp su dung mpt each khac 34 NGON NGU" & OOl SONG SO 4 (186)-2011 nhau. Ngudi Uc thich dung GNUL vdi yeu td dieu bien luc ngon trung d ben trong hanh dong ngd ldi trung tam hay dieu bien td ndi vi. Chung tdi xin trich dan mot tinh huong nghien cuu ma ngudi Uc dung dieu bien td ndi vi phd bien nhat (n = 60 # 100 %). (2) Hpc vien mdi nhap hpc ngo ldi cho hpc vien khac mdi quen, cung ldp va dong lua muon vd ghi bai vi thay nguoi nay rat lo lang khi bi mat bai ghi lan trudc: (2) "You can photo mine if you'd like". Trong tinh huong nay, pho bien nhat la chien luqc de nghi (conventionally indirect suggestive strategy: n = 10 # 16.67 %) dung menh de dieu kien thuong di kem vdi qua khu gia dinh cua tro dpng tu tinh thai (if you'd ) lam dieu bien to npi vi va chien luqc do hdi udc mudn cua ngudi nghe (conventionally indirect wish strategy) dung dang cau nghi van vdi qua khu gia dinh cua tro dpng tu tinh thai lam dieu bien to npi vi (n = 16 # 26.70 %). Nhung chien luac nay cd tac dung lam giam luc ngon trung cua hanh ddng ngd ldi giup dd ng5 hau tranh su ap dat doi vdi ngudi nghe khi ngudi ngo ldi khong biet chac hanh dpng ngo ldi cua minh co duac su dong tinh tu phia ngudi nghe. Do vay, vdi cung ngu canh tinh huong nhu d vi du (2), ngudi Uc cung thudng dung: (3) "Would you like to photocopy my notes from the last lecture? " Trong khi dd, ngudi Viet lai co khuynh hudng dung GNUL vdi dieu bien to ngoai vi (n = 29 # 48.33 %) d ben ngoai hdnh ddng ngd ldi giup do trung tdm dac trung bdi mpt chuoi cau vdi nhieu cau true ngu nghia, cu phap khac nhau dien dat thdnh phdn rao trudc (preparators), ddn sau (grounders), vira rao trudc vua ddn sou (disarmers) de the hien su dua day (hedging) trong giao tiep nham duy tri moi quan he vdi nhung thanh vien khac trong cpng ddng. Trong do, pho bien nhat la GNUL dung yeu to rao trudc (n = 21 #35 %) vdi dieu bien td tdng luc ve tir vung (intensifiers), chang han tu qud nham lam tang luc ngon trung cua hdnh ddng ngd ldi giup dir. (4) Hpc vien hon co giao 5 tudi ngd ldi giup cd giao mdi khac phuc tinh trang may vi-de-6 bi hong trong gid hpc. (4) "Cd sido vdt vd qud. Tdi cd the siup si duoc khdm? " Thanh phan rao trudc Hanh dpng ngo ldi (giup do) trung tam Trong khi do chi cd 11.70 % (n = 7) ngudi Uc su dung chien luac nay thudng vdi dieu bien to gidm luc ve cii phdp a dang qua khu gia dinh cua tro dpng tu tinh thai (chang han might a thanh phan rao trudc va would a ngay ca hdnh ddng ngd ldi trung tdm) hoae dieu bien td gidm luc ve tir vung (chang han to try d hanh dpng ngd ldi trung tam) nhu duoc minh hoa d vi du sau trong cung ngu canh vdi vi du (4) nham lam giam nhe tinh ap dat cua hdnh ddng ngd ldi neu co: (5) "I might know how to get it working. Would you like me to try?" 6.1.3. Loai chien luqc gidn ngdn phi udc le (non-conventionally indirect strategy category) Tu bang 1 co the thay rang GNPUL it dugc ca ngudi Uc (n = 6/60) va ngudi Viet (n = 3/60) dung nhat. Tuy vay, cd sd li giai cho su tuong ddng nay lai khac nhau. Dieu nay co the do su khac nhau trong quan diem vl thi dien va lich su bi chi phoi bdi nhirng dac diem van hoa khac nhau cua hai cpng dong Uc, Viet. Ngudi Uc danh gia cao chu nghia ca nhan va ton trpng quyen tir do hanh dpng cua ca nhan. Loai chien luge ngo ldi giup do GNPUL hay bong gio co nguy co lam trim trpng hon muc dp ap dat doi vdi ngudi nghe bdi le ngudi nghe bi bupc phai suy doan dl nhan bilt luc ngon trung cua hdnh ddng ngd ldi nham nam bat y dinh cua ngudi ngd ldi. Theo each nay, hdnh ddng ngd ldi bdng gid rat co the de doa the dien am tinh cua ngudi nghe. Do vay, ngudi Uc rat it dung loai chiln luge nay. Trong khi do, ngudi Viet danh gia cao chu nghia tap the do SO 4 (186)-2011 NGON NGlJ & DPI SONG 3E anh huong ciia dao Khdng (bat nguon tir Trung Quoc) voi nguyen If chii dao la "tinh trong tinh va moi quan he nay co tinh ho tuong nhau" (Huu Ngoc [11, tr. 264]). Nguyen li nay khuyen khich su quan tam lan nhau giua nhung thanh vien trong cong dong. Vi the, ngo loi giiip nguoi khac trong con hoan nan kho khan la hanh dong ndng cao the dien cho ca ngudi ngd loi giup do va ngudi nghe. Do vay, trong van hoa Viet Nam, hdnh ddng ngd ldi giup do thudng khong phai dien dat qua chien luge qua gian ngon (bong gio) thay vao dd cd the dung TN hoae GNUL. Chung ta hay xet tinh hudng trong dd ca ngudi Uc lan nguoi Viet dung GNUL d tan so thap nhu nhau: Hoc vien ldn hon co giao 5 tuoi ngo loi giup co giao mdi sua chua thiet bi vi-de-d bi hong trong gid hoc: (6) "Are you alright there?" (Dich y: Co chuyen gi khong co?) (7) "Toi biet sua loai may ndy My!" (I know how .to fix this video!" Tuy nhien, loai chien luge nay dugc ngudi Uc va ngudi Viet dien dat bang nhung cau true khac nhau. Ngudi Uc chuong dung dang thuc nghi vdn nhu d vi du (6) nham dd hoi y muon cua nguoi nghe trudc khi dua ra hanh ddng ngo loi trung tam nham tranh su ap dat doi vdi ngudi nghe de thi hien phep lich su dm tinh phu hop vdi van hoa thien ve chu nghTa ca nhan cua ngudi Uc noi rieng va cua ngudi phuong Tay noi chung. Trong khi do, nguoi Viet thich dung cdu ke thudng vdi TTTT nhan manh (chang han ddy d vi du 7) de xac nhan kha nang se co the thuc hien hdnh ddng ngd ldi giiip do theo sau nham the hien lich su duong tinh va phat huy tinh cong dong phu hop vdi van hda lang nude cua ngudi Viet (Huu Ngoc, [11]). Den day chung ta cd the thay ngucri Uc va nguoi Viet da su dung nhung chien luge ngo ldi khac nhau ma nguyen nhan gay nen su khac biet nay khong the khdng tinh den anh hudng cua cac dieu bien to doi vdi hdnh ddng ngd ldi giiip do trung tdm. 6.2. Dieu bien td Ket qua cho thay da so dieu bien td dung trong hdnh ddng ngd ldi giup do cua ngudi Uc la dieu bien td gidm luc ve cu phdp hay dieu bien to giam lire noi chung nham lam giam anh hudng cua hanh ddng ldi ndi nay, thudng dugc the hien qua nhung muc do gian ngon cau true dung phuong tien thi, the, thiec de tranh nguy co ap dat doi vdi ngudi nghe dac trung cho lich su am tinh. Ngugc lai, Tinh thdi tic chu yeu la nhung chi to (bieu thi quan he) xa hoi va TTTT thudng cd the dung lam dieu bien td tang luc dac trung cho lich sir duong tinh trong hdnh ddng ngd ldi cua ngudi Viet. That vay phuong tien ngdn ngu chu yeu dien dat tinh lich su trong tieng Viet la cac chi td xa hdi nhu TTT (Kin Terms: nv = 456/60 ^ nE = 20/60), kinh ngu (KN) (formal semantic items: nv = 102/60 # nE = 21/60), va TTTT the hien su kinh trong a (honorific pragmatic particles: nv = 42/60) khong nhung dugc dung trong cau ndng cot (the hien hdnh ddng ngd ldi trung tdm) ma cdn d ben ngoai no. Nhung chi to nay tao nen mot he thing Chi to lich su khep kin va each dung chung mang tinh vo doan ve phuong dien ngu dung (bang 2). Bang 2. CAC CHI TO BIEU THI QUAN HE XA HQI TRONG HANH DONG NGO LOI GIUP DO' CUA NGUOI UC VA VIET Chitlxahoi I Anh I Viet TTT 20/60 ~ 456/60 KN 21/60 102/60 a | 0/60 j 42/60 • Ghi chu: nV: tan sd su dung trong tieng Viet; khac vdi; nE: tan sd su dung trong tieng Anh Nhung TTTT khac nhu nhe?, nhi?, chic? co the lam gidm luc ngdn trung GL (softening pragmatic particles: n = 81/60) nhung da sd cac TTTT khac thuong tdng luc ngon trung TL (strengthening pragmatic 36 NGON NGUT&odl SONG SO 4 (186)-2011 particles: n = 658/60) ciia hdnh ddng ngd ldi giup dd trong tieng Viet. Bang 3.TIEU TU' TINH THAI TRONG HANH Tieu tu* tinh thai Viet TL 658/60 GL 81/60 Su khac biet trong each dung dieu bien to cua ngudi Uc va Viet co the do su khac nhau loai hinh ngon ngu va van hoa. Ve phuong dien loai hinh ngon ngu, tieng Viet la ngon ngu don lap, don am tiet va khong bien hinh (Xtankevich N.V. [22. tr. 125]). Vi vay; thai do lich su cua ngudi ngo ldi doi vdi ngudi nghe duoc thi hien qua nhung tinh thai tu nhu nhung chi td bieu thi quan he xa hoi glm nhung tu xmig hd, dac biet la TTT, KN va TTTT the hien su kinh trong g cung nhung TTTT khac lam chuc nang dieu bien t6 trong hdnh ddng ngd ldi giup da.^ Trai lai do tieng Anh la ngon ngu bien hinh (Xtankevich N.V. [22, tr. 125]), nhirng phuang tien cu phap (hon la tinh thai tu) nhu thi, thi vd thuc la phuang tien chinh yeu de thi hien tinh lich su trong hanh ddng ngd ldi giup da bang tieng Anh. Ve phuong dien van hoa, ngudi Viet thuoc nin van hoa mang tinh cong dong lang nude va ton ti thu bac, trong do su quan tam din nhung ngudi khac trong cong dong du d bac tren, dudi hay ngang hang deu duoc danh gia cao. Vi vay, ngo lai giiip do la hdnh dong ndng cao the dien. Do nguyen nhan nay ma viec dung nhung TTT doi vdi ngudi ngoai toe, KN hay TTTT the hien sir kinh trong a theo phep tac xa hoi nham the hien su tuan thu tinh thu bac trong xa hoi Viet Nam cung vdi viec dung phan ldn nhung TTTT tang luc ngon trung trong hdnh ddng ngd ldi cua ngudi Viet thudng co the tang luc cho hdnh dong ngd ldi giup do de phat huy tmh doan ket trong cong dong. The nhung viec dung nhung Tinh thai tu mang tinh cong ding nay khong duac soi roi trong li thuylt lich sir mang tinh chien luge hay duy li cua Brown va Levinson cung nhieu nha nghien cuu phuang Tay khac ve hien tuong lich su trong hanh dong ldi noi. Ngugc lai, ngudi Uc thuoc nen van hoa mang tinh ca nhan va binh quyln trong do su ton trong quyln tu do ca nhan, khdng can thiep vao ddi tu cua ngudi khac va su binh ding dugc danh gia cao. Do vay, ngd ldi giup do thudng la hdnh dong de doa the dien dli vdi ngudi nghe vi co nguy ca ap dat ngudi nghe hon thudng dugc ngudi Uc the hien bing GNUL cu phap mang tinh giam nhe luc ngon trung nham td thai do tdn trong quyln tu do cua ngudi khac de to phep lich su am tinh. Tuy nhien, chiln luge gian ngon cu phap nay cung da khong duoc de cap den nhilu trong li thuylt vl lich su mang tinh hudng chuin (discernment) cua nhieu nha nghien cuu phuang Ddng. Do vay, chi tl lich su ngon ngu trong hanh dong ldi ndi ke ca hdnh ddng ngd ldi giup dd nen bao glm hai phuang tien ngon ngu lien quan nhau de co the mang tinh pho quat: (1) Chiln luge gian ngon cu phap va (2) chi td bilu thi quan he xa hdi the hien qua nhung tu xung ho (dac biet la TTT), KN va TTTT thi hien su kinh trong a cung nhung TTTT khac co chuc nang dieu bien to cho hanh dong ngd ldi giiip dd. Ngudi noi nhimg thu tieng khac nhau thuoc nhung loai hinh ngon ngu khac nhau co the dung mot trong hai phuang tien tren d nhung muc do khac nhau nham the hien phep lich su trong hanh dong ldi noi ke ca hdnh ddng ngd ldi giiip ffi. 7. Ket luan Trong bai bao nay, chung toi da mo ta va so sanh mot sd chi to lich su trong hanh dong ngd lai giiip do bang tieng Anh va tieng Viet. Ket qua phan tich cho thiy lich su ngdn ngit bao gom cd lich su mang tinh udc le xd hdi vd lich su mang dnh duy Ii. Tuy nhien do muc do khac nhau trong thien hudng doi vdi moi hinh thuc lich sir tren ma ngudi Uc va ngudi Viet ban ngu thuoc hai SO 4 (186)-2011 NGON NGU & 06l SONG nen van hoa khac nhau dung nhung chi to lich su khac nhau trong hanh dong ngo loi giup do de the hien phep lich su trong giao tiep loi noi. Hi vong rang nhung kit qua tren se gop phan giup viec day hoc tiing Viet cho nguoi noi tieng Anh ban ngu hoae viec day hoc tieng Anh cho ngudi Viet ban ngu tot hon bdi le qua dd ngudi day cd the tien doan nhung ldi ngu dung kha dT cua ngudi hoc de cd phuong phap giang day thich hop hon. Ngoai ra, bai viet con cho thay anh hudng cua nhung gia tri van hoa xa hoi ddi vdi each thuc giao tiep cua mot cong ddng. Thuc vay, tinh ljch su trong giao tiep ldi ndi da tham nhap vao ddi sdng xa hoi va chju anh hudng sau sac bdi nhung udc dinh xa hoi den ndi hau nhu khong the nghien cuu lich su ldi noi ma khong phan tich nhung le thdi xa hdi dang sau nd (Yuling P., [17, tr.51]). Tai lieu tham khao TIENG ANH 1. Austin J. (1962), How to do things with words, Havard University Presses, Cambridge. 2. Brown P., Levinson S. (1978), "Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena", in E.N. Goody (Eds.), pp. 56 - 310. 3. Brown P., Levinson S. (1987), Politeness: some universals in language usage, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 4. Nguyen Due Hoat (1995), Politeness markers in Vietnamese requests, Ph. D. Thesis, Monash University, Melbourne. 5.Lakoff R. (1973), "The Logic of Politeness, or Minding Your p's and q's", Chicago Linguistics Society 9, pp. 292- 305. 6. Lakoff R. (1975), Language and woman's place, Harper and Row, New York. 7. Lakoff R. (1989), "The limits of politeness: therapeutic and courtroom discourse", Multilingua 8- 2/3, pp. 101-129. 8. Hoang Thj Thu Lan (2000), Offering in English and in Vietnamese, Hanoi National University, Hanoi. 9. Leech G. N. (1983), Principles of pragmatics, Longman, London. 10. Levinson, S. C. (1983), Pragmatics, Cambridge, University Press, London. 11. Huu Ngoc (1998), Sketches for a portrait of Vietnamese culture, The Gioi Publishers, Hanoi. 12. Rabinowitz J. F. (1993), A descriptive study of the offer as a speech behavior in American English, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Michigan. 13. Searle J. R. (1969), Speech acts, Cambridge University Press, England. 14. Searle J. R. (1971), "A classification of illocutionary acts", Language and Society 23 (1), pp. 1-23. 15. Searle J. R. (1975), "Indirect speech acts", in P. Cole, J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Speech Acts (Syntax and Semantics 3), pp. 59- 82. 16. Searle J. R. (1979), Expression and meaning: studies in the theory of speech acts, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 17. Yuling P. (2000), Politeness in Chinise face - to - face interaction, Ablex Publishing Corporation, Stamford. TIENG VIET 18. Nguyen Van Chinh (2000), Vai trd cua hu tir tieng Viet trong viec hinh thdnh thdng bdo - phdt ngdn, Luan an Tien sT Ngu van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, Ha Ndi. 19. Nguyen Thj Luong (1996), Tieu tu tinh thdi dut cdu dung de hdi vdi viec bieu thi cdc hdnh vi ngdn ngir trong tieng Viet, Luan an Pho Tien sTNgu van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, Ha Noi. 20. Hoang Phe (chu bien) (1998), Tie dien tieng Viet, Trung tam Tu dien ngon ngu, Ha Noi. 21. Nguyen Anh Qui (1988), Hu tir trong tieng Viet hien dqi, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi. 22. Xtankevich N. V. (1982), Loai hinh cdc ngon ngu, Nha xuat ban Dai hoc va Trung hoc chuyen nghiep, Ha Noi. (Ban Bien tap nhan bai ngay 04-03-2010) . UCH SUT TRONG HANH DONG NGO LOI GIUP DOT BANG TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET 1. Dat van de 1. Mac dau ngd loi giup do la hanh dong thudng gap trong giao tiep hang ngay, cho den nay hanh ddng. nhung thanh vien khac trong van hoa Viet. Tuy nhien, khdng ngudi Uc nao su dung TN trong cung ngu canh nhu d vi du tren (n = 0 # 00.00 %) cd le de tranh ap dat doi vdi ngudi nghe trong. (TTTT) trong tieng Viet cua Nguyen Anh Que [21], Nguyen Due Hoat [4], Nguyen Thi Luong [19], Nguyen Van Chinh [18] v. v 6. Nhung chi to ljch sy trong hanh dong ngo loi bang tieng Anh va