Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing Practice, Ninth Edition docx

Contents SECTION Introduction to Drug Therapy 1 Introduction to Pharmacology A Message to Students Overview Sources of Drugs Drug Classifications and Prototypes Drug Names Drug Marketing Pharmacoeconomics Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs Drug Approval Processes Sources of Drug Information Strategies for Studying Pharmacology Basic Concepts and Processes Overview Cellular Physiology Drug Transport Through Cell Membranes 10 Pharmacokinetics 10 Pharmacodynamics 15 Variables That Affect Drug Actions 17 Tolerance and Cross-Tolerance 20 Adverse Effects of Drugs 20 Administering Medications 29 Overview 29 General Principles of Accurate Drug Administration Legal Responsibilities 30 Medication Errors 30 Medication Systems 31 Medication Orders 31 Drug Preparations and Dosage Forms 32 Calculating Drug Dosages 34 Routes of Administration 35 29 Nursing Process in Drug Therapy 47 Overview 47 Nursing Process in Drug Therapy 48 Integrating Nursing Process, Critical Paths and Drug Therapy General Principles of Drug Therapy 59 51 xvii xviii CONTENTS SECTION Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System Physiology of the Central Nervous System 72 Characteristics and Functions of the Central Nervous System Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System 77 72 Opioid Analgesics and Opioid Antagonists 79 Overview 79 Pain 79 Endogenous Analgesia System Opioid Analgesics 80 Individual Drugs 82 Principles of Therapy 89 71 80 Analgesic–Antipyretic–Anti-inflammatory and Related Drugs 99 Overview 99 Pain, Fever, and Inflammation 100 Mechanism of Action 100 Indications for Use 102 Contraindications to Use 103 Subgroups and Individual Drugs 104 Principles of Therapy 114 Antianxiety and Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs 124 Overview 124 Anxiety 125 Sleep and Insomnia 125 Drugs Used to Treat Anxiety and Insomnia Principles of Therapy 134 126 Antipsychotic Drugs 144 Psychosis 144 Schizophrenia 145 Antipsychotic Drugs 145 Principles of Therapy 152 10 Drugs for Mood Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers 163 Mood Disorders 163 Antidepressant Drugs 165 Types of Antidepressants and Individual Drugs Principles of Therapy 171 11 166 Antiseizure Drugs 182 Seizure Disorders 182 Antiseizure Drugs 183 Individual Antiseizure Drugs Principles of Therapy 193 184 CONTENTS 12 Antiparkinson Drugs 202 Parkinson’s Disease 202 Antiparkinson Drugs 202 Individual Antiparkinson Drugs Principles of Therapy 207 13 203 Skeletal Muscle Relaxants 213 Skeletal Muscle Relaxants 213 Individual Drugs 214 Principles of Therapy 217 14 Anesthetics 220 General Anesthesia 220 Regional Anesthesia 221 Adjuncts to Anesthesia 221 Individual Anesthetic Agents 222 Principles of Therapy 222 15 Substance Abuse Disorders 236 Substance Abuse 236 Dependence 236 Central Nervous System Depressants 237 Central Nervous System Stimulants 243 Principles of Therapy 249 16 Central Nervous System Stimulants 251 Uses 251 Types of Stimulants 252 Individual Central Nervous System Stimulants Principles of Therapy 255 252 SECTION Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System 17 Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System 261 Autonomic Nervous System 261 Characteristics of Autonomic Drugs 18 260 266 Adrenergic Drugs 268 Description 268 Individual Adrenergic Drugs 272 Principles of Therapy 275 19 Antiadrenergic Drugs 283 Description 283 Individual Antiadrenergic Drugs Principles of Therapy 290 285 xix xx CONTENTS 20 Cholinergic Drugs 298 Description 298 Individual Cholinergic Drugs Principles of Therapy 303 21 299 Anticholinergic Drugs 308 Description 308 Individual Anticholinergic Drugs Principles of Therapy 314 310 SECTION Drugs Affecting the Endocrine System 22 320 Physiology of the Endocrine System 321 Overview 321 Endocrine System–Nervous System Interactions 321 General Characteristics of Hormones 322 General Characteristics of Hormonal Drugs 324 23 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones 325 Overview 325 Therapeutic Limitations 327 Individual Hormonal Agents 328 Principles of Therapy 331 24 Corticosteroids 334 Overview 334 Endogenous Corticosteroids 334 Exogenous Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoid Drugs) Principles of Therapy 343 25 337 Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs 353 Overview 353 Thyroid Disorders 354 Individual Drugs 356 Principles of Therapy 360 26 Hormones That Regulate Calcium and Bone Metabolism 366 Overview 366 Drugs Used for Calcium and Bone Disorders Principles of Therapy 375 27 368 Antidiabetic Drugs 382 Overview 382 Endogenous Insulin 382 Diabetes Mellitus 384 Hypoglycemic Drugs 385 Principles of Therapy 394 CONTENTS 28 Estrogens, Progestins, and Hormonal Contraceptives 409 Overview 409 Estrogens 410 Progesterone 410 Estrogens and Progestins Used as Drugs 411 Individual Estrogens, Progestins, and Combination Products Principles of Therapy 418 29 413 Androgens and Anabolic Steroids 425 Overview 425 Testosterone 425 Anabolic Steroids 426 Abuse of Androgenic and Anabolic Steroid Drugs 426 Androgens and Anabolic Steroids Used As Drugs 427 Principles of Therapy 429 SECTION Nutrients, Fluids, and Electrolytes 433 30 Nutritional Support Products and Drugs for Obesity 434 Overview 434 Nutritional Deficiency States Nutritional Products 435 Pancreatic Enzymes 435 Obesity 436 Principles of Therapy 442 31 434 Vitamins 453 Overview 453 Description and Uses 454 Vitamin Supplements 454 Principles of Therapy 460 32 Minerals and Electrolytes 469 Overview 469 Minerals as Nutrients 470 Individual Agents Used In Mineral–Electrolyte Imbalances Principles of Therapy 483 470 SECTION Drugs Used to Treat Infections 33 493 General Characteristics of Antimicrobial Drugs 494 Overview 494 Microorganisms and Infections 494 Host Defense Mechanisms 499 Characteristics of Anti-Infective Drugs Principles of Therapy 502 500 xxi xxii CONTENTS 34 Beta-Lactam Antibacterials: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and Others 510 Overview 510 Penicillins 511 Cephalosporins 517 Carbapenems 518 Monobactam 519 Principles of Therapy 519 35 Aminoglycosides and Fluoroquinolones 527 Overview 527 Aminoglycosides 527 Fluoroquinolones 530 Principles of Therapy 531 36 Tetracyclines, Sulfonamides, and Urinary Agents 537 Overview 537 Principles of Therapy 37 543 Macrolides and Miscellaneous Antibacterials 548 Overview 548 Macrolides 548 Miscellaneous Antibacterial Drugs Principles of Therapy 552 38 550 Drugs for Tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) Disease 559 Overview 559 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis 560 Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis 561 Preventing the Development and Spread of Tuberculosis Antitubercular Drugs 561 Treatment of Active Tuberculosis 567 Mycobacterium avium Complex Disease 567 Principles of Therapy 568 39 Antiviral Drugs 576 Overview 576 Principles of Therapy 40 561 585 Antifungal Drugs 595 Overview 595 Fungal Infections 596 Principles of Therapy 606 41 Antiparasitics 614 Overview 614 Protozoal Infections 614 Helminthiasis 616 Scabies and Pediculosis 616 Antiparasitic Drugs 617 Principles of Therapy 623 CONTENTS SECTION Drugs Affecting Hematopoiesis and the Immune System 627 42 Physiology of the Hematopoietic and Immune Systems 628 Overview 628 Hematopoietic Cytokines 628 Overview of Body Defense Mechanisms 630 Immunity 631 Immune Cells 632 Patient-Related Factors That Influence Immune Function 637 Immune Disorders 638 Drugs That Alter Hematopoietic and Immune Responses 638 43 Immunizing Agents 640 Overview 640 Immunization 641 Agents for Active Immunity 641 Agents for Passive Immunity 641 Individual Immunizing Agents 642 Principles of Therapy 648 44 Hematopoietic and Immunostimulant Drugs 657 Overview 657 General Characteristics of Hematopoietic and Immunostimulant Drugs Principles of Therapy 663 45 657 Immunosuppressants 671 Overview 671 Autoimmune Disorders 672 Tissue and Organ Transplantation Immunosuppressant Drugs 675 Principles of Therapy 682 674 SECTION Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System 46 Physiology of the Respiratory System 694 Overview 694 Summary 696 Disorders of the Respiratory System Drug Therapy 696 47 693 696 Drugs for Asthma and Other Bronchoconstrictive Disorders 697 Overview 697 Drug Therapy 700 Principles of Therapy 706 xxiii xxiv CONTENTS 48 Antihistamines and Allergic Disorders 715 Overview 715 Histamine and Its Receptors 715 Hypersensitivity (Allergic) Reactions Antihistamines 718 Principles of Therapy 723 49 716 Nasal Decongestants, Antitussives, and Cold Remedies 728 Overview 728 The Common Cold 728 Sinusitis 729 Common Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Disorders Drugs for Respiratory Disorders 729 Individual Drugs 730 Principles of Therapy 733 729 SECTION Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular System 50 Physiology of the Cardiovascular System 739 Overview 739 Heart 739 Blood Vessels 740 Blood 741 Cardiovascular Disorders 742 Drug Therapy in Cardiovascular Disorders 51 750 Antidysrhythmic Drugs 758 Overview 758 Cardiac Electrophysiology 758 Cardiac Dysrhythmias 759 Antidysrhythmic Drugs 760 Classifications and Individual Drugs Principles of Therapy 767 53 742 Drug Therapy of Heart Failure 743 Overview 743 Drug Therapy 744 Principles of Therapy 52 738 760 Antianginal Drugs 774 Overview 774 Antianginal Drugs 777 Principles of Therapy 782 54 Drugs Used in Hypotension and Shock 788 Overview 788 Antishock Drugs 789 Individual Drugs 789 Principles of Therapy 792 CONTENTS 55 Antihypertensive Drugs 797 Overview 797 Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure Hypertension 798 Antihypertensive Drugs 801 Individual Drugs 803 Principles of Therapy 804 56 Diuretics 818 Overview 818 Renal Physiology 818 Alterations in Renal Function Diuretic Drugs 821 Principles of Therapy 824 57 797 821 Drugs That Affect Blood Coagulation 832 Overview 832 Hemostasis 833 Clot Lysis 833 Thrombotic and Thromboembolic Disorders 833 Drugs Used in Thrombotic and Thromboembolic Disorders Principles of Therapy 843 58 835 Drugs for Dyslipidemia 851 Overview 851 Atherosclerosis 851 Blood Lipids 852 Dyslipidemia 853 Initial Management of Dyslipidemia 853 Drug Therapy of Dyslipidemia 854 Principles of Therapy 857 SECTION 10 Drugs Affecting the Digestive System 863 59 Physiology of the Digestive System 864 Overview 864 Organs of the Digestive System 864 Secretions of the Digestive System 866 Effects of Drugs on the Digestive System 866 60 Drugs Used for Peptic Ulcer and Acid Reflux Disorders 867 Overview 867 Peptic Ulcer Disease 867 Types of Drugs 869 Principles of Therapy 875 xxv xxvi CONTENTS 61 Laxatives and Cathartics 883 Overview 883 Defecation 883 Laxatives and Cathartics 884 Principles of Therapy 887 62 Antidiarrheals 892 Overview 892 Antidiarrheal Drugs 893 Principles of Therapy 897 63 Antiemetics 902 Overview 902 Antiemetic Drugs 903 Principles of Therapy 907 SECTION 11 Drugs Used in Special Conditions 912 64 Drugs Used in Oncologic Disorders 913 Overview 913 Normal and Malignant Cells Cancer 914 Antineoplastic Drugs 916 Individual Drugs 919 Cytoprotectant Drugs 919 Principles of Therapy 920 65 913 Drugs Used in Ophthalmic Conditions 935 Overview 935 Disorders of the Eye 936 Types of Ophthalmic Drugs 937 Ophthalmic Drug Therapy 937 Individual Drugs 937 Principles of Therapy 938 66 Drugs Used in Dermatologic Conditions 949 Overview 949 Disorders of the Skin 950 Types of Dermatologic Drugs Individual Drugs 953 Principles of Therapy 957 952 980 SECTION 11 DRUGS USED IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS Nursing Notes: Apply Your Knowledge Answer: Many drugs given to the mother are excreted into breast milk An increasing number of studies are being conducted to try to quantify drug effects during lactation, so use current resources to get the most up-to-date information To determine possible effects on her son, the mother should consult her pediatrician regarding any medications she is taking At times, it is best for the mother to pump her breast and discard the milk until she is no longer taking medication Antihistamines, which often are found in cold remedies, may dry up milk production and cause drowsiness in the infant Review and Application Exercises Why should drugs be avoided during pregnancy and lactation when possible? How does insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus differ during pregnancy? What is the rationale for using methyldopa and hydralazine to treat hypertension during pregnancy? How are asthma and seizure disorders managed during pregnancy? In a client receiving a tocolytic to inhibit uterine contractions, how and when would you assess the client for adverse drug effects? In a client receiving an oxytocin infusion to induce or augment labor, what interventions are needed to increase safety and decrease adverse drug effects? Which immunizations are safe to be administered during pregnancy? Which are contraindicated? A pregnant client asks you about using herbal supplements What would you tell her? Why? SELECTED REFERENCES Briggs, G., Freeman, R., & Yaffee, S (1998) Drugs in pregnancy and lactation, 5th ed Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Creinin, M (1999) Medical termination of pregnancy In J Sciarra (Ed.), Obstetrics and gynecology Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Drug facts and comparisons (Updated monthly) St Louis: Facts and Comparisons Harding, J (1999) The use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy and lactation In J Sciarra (Ed.), Obstetrics and gynecology Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Kain, J., et al (1999) A comparison of two dosing regimens of intravaginal misoprostol for second trimester pregnancy termination Obstetrics and Gynecology, 93, 571–575 Niebyl, J (1999) Drugs and related areas in pregnancy In J Sciarra (Ed.), Obstetrics and gynecology Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Olds, S., London, M., & Ladewig, P (2000) Maternal-newborn nursing, 6th ed Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Pangle, B L (2000) Drugs in pregnancy and lactation In E T Herfindal & D R Gourley (Eds.), Textbook of therapeutics: Drug and disease management, 7th ed., pp 2037–2050 Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pigarelli, D L & Kraus, C K (2002) Pregnancy and lactation: Therapeutic considerations In J T DiPiro, R L Talbert, G C Yee, G R Matzke, B G Wells, & L M Posey (Eds.), Pharmacotherapy: A pathophysiologic approach, 5th ed., pp 1413–1429 New York: McGraw-Hill Porth, C M (2002) Pathophysiology: Concepts of altered health states, 6th ed Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Reisner, L A (2000) Pain management In E T Herfindal & D R Gourley (Eds.), Textbook of therapeutics: Drug and disease management, 7th ed., pp 1157–1183 Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Ressel, G (2002) Practice Guidelines: AAP updates statement for transfer of drugs and other chemicals into breast milk American Family Physician, 65(5), 979–980 Schroeder, B M (2002) Practice Guidelines: ACOG Practice bulletin on diagnosing and managing preeclampsia and eclampsia American Family Physician, 66(2), 330–331 Watts, D H (2002) Management of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnancy New England Journal of Medicine, 346(24), 1879–1891 appendix A Recently Approved and Miscellaneous Drugs Generic/Trade Name Clinical Use Characteristics Routes and Dosage Ranges Adofovir dipivoxil (Hepsera) Hepatitis B PO 10 mg once daily Alosetron (Lotronex) Severe, diarrhea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Erectile dysfunction Inhibits reproduction of the hepatitis B virus May cause severe adverse effects Restrictions on prescribing A form of prostaglandin E Induces erection within 5–20 Alprostadil (Caverject, Muse) Antithrombin III, Human (Thrombate III) Aripiprazole (Abilify) Antithrombin III deficiency in patients with thrombotic disorders Schizophrenia Schizoaffective disorder Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Ulcerative colitis Replaces a substance normally found in plasma An atypical antipsychotic agent similar to risperidone in efficacy Nonstimulant; not a controlled drug; low risk of abuse Anti-inflammatory effects Diphtheria & Tetanus Toxoids & Acellular Pertussis (DtaP), Hepatitis B (recombinant), & Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (Pediarix) Dutasteride (Avodart) Eplerenone (Inspra) Epoprostenol (Flolan) Primary vaccination of children against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, and hepatitis B virus infection Reduces injections for comparable protection from to Benign prostatic hypertrophy Hypertension Pulmonary hypertension Escitalopram (Lexapro) Major depression Ezetimibe (Zetia) Hypercholesterolemia Mesalamine (Asacol, Pentasa, Rowasa) Ulcerative colitis Proctitis Antiandrogen effects An aldosterone receptor antagonist Adverse effects include hypotension, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flu-like symptoms Similar to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Stops absorption of cholesterol in intestines Has anti-inflammatory effects Metformin/glipizide (Metaglip) Type diabetes mellitus Midodrine (ProAmatine) Olsalazine (Dipentum) Omalizumab (Xolair) Pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron) Rasburicase (Elitek) Orthostatic hypotension Ulcerative colitis Asthma Bladder pain associated with interstitial cystitis Prevent elevated serum uric acid levels in children with malignancies Atomoxetine (Strattera) Balsalazide (Colazal) Each tablet contains metformin 250 or 500 mg and glipizide 2.5 or mg For severe symptoms only Anti-inflammatory activity Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody May prevent mucosal irritation May cause anaphylaxis See manufacturer’s literature Caverject, injection into penis Muse, insertion into urethra Dosage, lowest effective dose Dosage individualized PO 10–15 mg once daily PO 40–100 mg daily, in or doses PO 2250 mg times daily for 8–12 wk Injection of infants at approximately 2, 4, and months of age PO 0.5 mg daily PO 50 mg once daily IV infusion via central venous catheter; see manufacturer’s instructions re: dosage PO 10 mg once daily, with or without food Tablets, PO 800 mg times daily for wk Capsules, PO g times daily for up to wk Rectally suppository (500 mg) twice daily or enema 60 mL once daily PO 2.5/250 mg once daily, increased if necessary PO 10 mg times daily PO 500 mg twice daily IV 0.5 mg/kg intermittently PO 100 mg times daily IV infusion 0.15–0.2 mg/kg once daily for d, 4–24 h before chemotherapy (continued ) 981 982 APPENDIX A RECENTLY APPROVED AND MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS Generic/Trade Name Clinical Use Characteristics Routes and Dosage Ranges Riluzole (Rilutek) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) PO 50 mg q12h Rosiglitazone/metformin (Avandamet) Type diabetes mellitus Sevelamer (Renagel) Hyperphosphatemia Sildenafil (Viagra) Erectile dysfunction Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) Ulcerative colitis Rheumatoid arthritis Constipation-dominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) May cause nausea and increased liver enzymes Available in tablets with 1, 2, or mg of rosiglitazone and 500 mg of metformin Reduces serum phosphorus levels Associated with myocardial infarction Anti-inflammatory effects May cause diarrhea and abdominal pain PO mg twice daily for 4–6 wk Tegaserod (Zelnorm) PO variable dose; maximum daily dose mg rosiglitazone and 1000 mg metformin PO 2–4 capsules times daily PO 50 mg h before sexual activity PO 2–4 g daily in divided doses appendix B The International System of Units The International System of Units (Système International d’Unités or SI units), which is based on the metric system, has been adopted by many countries in an attempt to standardize reports of clinical laboratory data among nations and disciplines A major reason for using SI units is that biologic substances react in the human body on a molar basis The international system, like the conventional system, uses the kilogram for measurement of mass or weight and the meter for measurement of length The major difference is that the international system uses the mole for measurement of amounts per volume of a substance A mole is the amount of a chemical compound of which its weight in grams equals its molecular weight Thus, the concentration of solutions is expressed in moles, millimoles, or micromoles per liter (mol/L, mmol/L, µmol/L) rather than the conventional measurement of mass per volume, such as grams or milligrams per 100 mL or dL A few laboratory values are the same in conventional and SI units, but many differ dramatically Moreover, “normal values” in both systems often vary, depending on laboratory methodologies and reference sources Thus, laboratory data should be interpreted in light of the client’s clinical status and with knowledge of the “normal values” of the laboratory performing the test In addition to other laboratory tests, measuring the amount of a drug in blood plasma or serum is often useful in the clinical management of various disorders For example, serum drug levels may be used to guide drug dosage (eg, aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin), to evaluate an inadequate therapeutic response, and to diagnose drug toxicity 983 appendix chapter 1C Therapeutic Serum Drug Concentrations for Selected Drugs Listed below are generally accepted therapeutic serum drug concentrations, in conventional and SI units, for several commonly used drugs In addition, toxic concentrations are listed for selected drugs SI units have not been established for some drugs Drug Conventional Units SI Units Acetaminophen 0.2–0.6 mg/dL Toxic >5 mg/dL (peak) 16–32 mcg/mL (trough) ≤8 mcg/mL 110–250 ng/mL 4–12 mcg/mL 125–300 ng/mL 0.5–2.2 ng/mL 2–8 mcg/mL 40–110 mcg/mL (peak) 4–8 mcg/mL (trough) ≤2 mcg/mL 200–350 ng/mL 1.5–6 mcg/mL 0.5–1.5 mEq/L 50–200 ng/mL (peak) 6–10 mcg/mL (trough) ≤2 mcg/mL 50–150 ng/mL 15–50 mcg/mL 10–20 mcg/mL 5–12 mcg/mL 4–8 mcg/mL 50–200 ng/mL 100–300 ng/mL 2–6 mcg/mL 100–200 mg/L Toxic >200 mg/L 10–20 mcg/mL (peak) 4–8 mcg/mL (trough) ≤2 mcg/mL 50–100 mcg/mL (peak) 30–40 mg/mL (trough) 5–10 mg/mL 13–40 µmol/L >300 µmol/L 20–30 mg/L Amikacin Amitriptyline Carbamazepine Desipramine Digoxin Disopyramide Ethosuximide Gentamicin Imipramine Lidocaine Lithium Maprotiline Netilmicin Nortriptyline Phenobarbital Phenytoin Primidone Procainamide Propranolol Protriptyline Quinidine Salicylate Theophylline Tobramycin Valproic acid Vancomycin mcg, microgram; ng, nanogram; µmol, micromole 984 375–900 nmol/L 17–50 µmol/L 470–825 nmol/L 1–2.6 nmol/L 6–18 µmol/L 280–780 µmol/L 5–10 mg/L 530–950 nmol/L 6–21 µmol/L 0.5–1.5 mmol/L 180–270 nmol/L 5–10 mg/L 190–570 nmol/L 65–170 µmol/L 40–80 µmol/L 25–45 µmol/L 17–40 µmol/L 190–770 nmol/L 380–1140 nmol/L 4.6–9.2 µmol/L 724–1448 µmol/L >1450 µmol/L 55–110 µmol/L 5–10 mg/L 350–700 µmol/L (peak) 20–40 mg/L (trough) 5–10 mg/L appendix D Canadian Drug Laws and Standards Two national laws, with their amendments, regulate drugrelated standards and practices The Health Protection Branch of the Department of National Health and Welfare is responsible for administering and enforcing the laws, which are described below The Food and Drugs Act, initially passed in 1953 and amended periodically since then, regulates the manufacture, distribution, advertising, labeling, and use of drugs Specific provisions: • Empower the government to control the marketing of drugs according to proof of safety and effectiveness • Require that drugs comply with the standards under which the drugs are approved for sale or the standards listed in “specific pharmacopeiae” • Direct the government to supervise the manufacturing processes of some drugs • Classify drugs (eg, antihypertensives, antimicrobials, hormones) that require a prescription and specify that refills must be designated on the original prescription and obtained within months (Schedule F) • Specify symbols to be placed on containers of the different classifications of drugs • Require proof of appropriate drug release from oral dosage formulations • Prohibit advertising of prescription and controlled drugs to the public • Prohibit the sale of contaminated, adulterated, or unsafe drugs • Establish requirements for labeling • Prohibit false, misleading, or deceptive labeling of drug products The Narcotic Control Act, originally passed in 1961 and amended periodically since then, restricts the sale, posses- sion, and use of opiates, cocaine, marijuana, and methadone Additional provisions: • Restrict possession of the above drugs to authorized people • Require people possessing the drugs to keep them in a secure place, maintain strict dispensing records, and promptly report any thefts or other losses • Require prescriptions for dispensing narcotics • Require that containers with prescribed narcotics be labeled with the symbol N • Specify four levels of controlled drugs The first level, narcotics, includes single drugs and preparations containing cocaine, codeine, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, and pentazocine The second level, controlled drugs or Schedule G, includes non-narcotic prescription drugs, the use of which is restricted to treatment of certain disorders (eg, amphetamines, methylphenidate, pentobarbital, and secobarbital) The third level restricts anabolic steroids, amobarbital, phenobarbital, diethylpropion, and nalbuphine The fourth level (Schedule H) includes substances with no recognized medicinal uses (eg, hallucinogens such as LSD) Nurses in Canada are governed by these national laws; there also may be local and provincial laws Legal possession of a narcotic by a nurse is restricted to the following circumstances: • When administering to a client according to a physician’s order • When performing custodial care of narcotics as an agent of a health care facility • When receiving a prescribed narcotic for medical treatment 985 appendix chapter 1E Canadian Drug Names M any drugs are distributed by international pharmaceutical companies, and most names (generic and trade) are the same in the United States and Canada To assist the Canadian reader in identifying the drugs discussed in this book, generic names, relevant chapter number(s), and Canadian trade names are listed below Generic names used in Canada but not in the United States are designated by an asterisk Canadian trade names that include Alti, Apo, Novo, or Nu are drugs manufactured by Altimed, Apotex, Novo-Pharm, and Nu-Pharm companies, respectively Some trade names consist of a company prefix and a generic name (eg, AltiIbuprofen, Apo-Cimetidine, Novo-Acebutolol, Nu-Clonidine) Because these names are easy to identify, they are not included in the accompanying list However, some trade names consisting of a company prefix and a shortened version of the generic name (eg, Apo-Alpraz for alprazolam) are included Generic/Canadian Trade Names Abacavir (39) Ziagen Abciximab (57) ReoPro Acarbose (27) Prandase Acebutolol (19) Monitan, Rhotral, Sectral Acetaminophen (7), Paracetamol* APAP, Abenol, Atasol, Tempra, Tylenol Acetazolamide (65) Diamox Acetylcysteine (49) Mucomyst, Parvolex Acyclovir (39, 66) Avirax, Zovirax Adenosine (52) Adenocard Albuterol (18, 47), Salbutamol* Airomir, Asmavent, Novo-Salmol, Ventolin Alendronate (26) Fosamax Allopurinol (7) Zyloprim Almotriptan (7) Axert Alprazolam (8) Apo-Alpraz, Novo-Alprazol, Nu-Alpraz, Xanax Alteplase (57) Activase rt-PA Aluminum hydroxide (60) Amphojel Aluminum hydroxide gel/magnesium hydroxide (60) Diovol, Mylanta Amantadine (12, 39) Endantadine, Symmetrel Amcinonide (66) Cyclocort Amifostine (64) Ethyol 986 Amikacin (35) Amikin Amiloride (56) Midamor Aminocaproic acid (57) Amicar Aminophylline (16, 47) Phyllocontin Amiodarone (52) Cordarone Amitriptyline (10) Elavil Amlodipine (53) Norvasc Amoxicillin (34) Amoxil, Apo-Amoxi, Novamoxin, Nu-Amoxi Amoxicillin/clavulanate (34) Clavulin Amphotericin B (40) Abelcet, Fungizone Ampicillin (34) Apo-Ampi, Nu-Ampi Anagrelide (57) Agrylin Asparaginase, (64) Colaspase* Kidrolase Atenolol (19, 53, 55) Apo-Atenol, Novo-Atenol, Nu-Atenol, Tenormin Atorvastatin (58) Lipitor Atropine sulfate (21, 65) Atropisol, Isopto Atropine Azatadine (48) Optimine Azathioprine (45) Imuran Azelastine (48) Astelin Azithromycin (37) Zithromax APPENDIX E CANADIAN DRUG NAMES Bacitracin (65, 66) Baciguent Baclofen (13) Lioresal, Liotec, Nu-Baclo Beclomethasone (24, 47) Beconase, Vancenase, Vanceril Benzoyl peroxide (66) Acetoxyl, Benoxyl, Benzac, Benzagel, Desquam-X, Panoxyl, Solugel Benztropine (12, 21) Cogentin Betamethasone (24, 66) Betaderm, Betnesol, Betnovate, Celestoderm, Tara-Sone Betaxolol (19, 65) Betoptic S Bethanechol (20) Duvoid, Myotonachol, Urecholine Biperiden (12, 21) Akineton Bisacodyl (61) Dulcolax Bitolterol (47) Tornalate Bleomycin (64) Blenoxane Brimonidine (65) Alphagan Budesonide (47) Pulmicort, Rhinocort Bumetanide (56) Burinex Bupropion (10, 15) Wellbutrin, Zyban Buspirone (8) Buspar, Buspirex, Bustab Calcitonin-salmon (26), Salcatonin* Calcimar, Caltine, Miacalcin NS Calcitriol (26) Rocaltrol Calcium carbonate (26) Apo-Cal, Caltrate, Os-Cal Candesartan (55) Atacand Capecitabine (64) Xeloda Captopril (55) Apo-Capto, Capoten, Novo-Captopril, Nu-Capto Carbachol (65) Carbastat, Isopto Carbachol, Miostat Carbamazepine (11) Novo-Carbamaz, Tegretol Carboplatin (64) Paraplatin-AQ Carisoprodol (13), Isomeprobamate* Soma Carmustine (64) BiCNU Cefaclor (34) Ceclor Cefadroxil (34) Duricef Cefazolin (34) Ancef, Kefzol Cefepime (34) Maxipime Cefixime (34) Suprax Cefoperazone (34) Cefobid Cefotaxime (34) Claforan Cefotetan (34) Cefotan Cefoxitin (34) Mefoxin Cefprozil (34) Cefzil Ceftazidime (34) Ceptaz, Fortaz, Tazidime Ceftizoxime (34) Cefizox Ceftriaxone (34) Rocephin Cefuroxime (34) Ceftin, Kefurox, Zinacef Celecoxib (7) Celebrex Cephalexin (34) Apo-Cephalex, Novo-Lexin, Nu-Cephalex Cephalothin (34) Ceporacin Cetirizine (48) Reactin Chlorambucil (64) Leukeran Chloramphenicol (37, 65) Chloromycetin, Diochloram, Pentamycetin Chlorpheniramine (48) Chlor-Tripolon Chloroquine (41) Aralen Chlorpromazine (9, 63) Chlorpromanyl, Largactil Chlorthalidone (56) Hygroton Cholestyramine (58) Novo-Cholamine, Questran Ciclopirox (66) Loprox Cilazapril (55) Inhibace Cimetidine (60) Novo-Cimetine, Nu-Cimet, Tagamet Ciprofloxacin (35, 65) Ciloxan, Cipro Cisplatin, cis-platinum (64) Platinol AQ Citalopram (10) Celexa Clarithromycin (37) Biaxin Clindamycin (37) Dalacin C Clomipramine (8) Anafranil, Novo-Clopamine Clonazepam (8) Clonapam, Rivotril Clonidine (55) Catapres, Dixarit Clopidogrel (57) Plavix Clorazepate (8) Novo-Clopate, Tranxene Clotrimazole (40) Canesten, Clotrimaderm Cloxacillin (34) Apo-Cloxi, Novo-Cloxin, Nu-Cloxi Clozapine (9) Clozaril Colestipol (58) Colestid 987 988 APPENDIX E CANADIAN DRUG NAMES Cromolyn (47), Sodium cromoglycate* Intal, Nalcrom, Opticrom Cyclobenzaprine (13) Flexeril, Novo-Cycloprine Cyclopentolate (65) Cyclogyl, Diopentolate Cyclophosphamide (64) Cytoxan, Procytox Cyclosporine (45) Neoral, Sandimmune Cyproheptadine (48) Periactin Cytarabine, cytosine arabinoside (64) Cytosar Dacarbazine (64) DTIC Dactinomycin (Actinomycin D) (64) Cosmegen Dalteparin (57) Fragmin Danaparoid (57) Orgaran Danazol (29) Cyclomen Dantrolene (13) Dantrium Daunorubicin (daunomycin) (64) Cerubidine Deferoxamine (32) Desferal Demeclocycline (36) Declomycin Desipramine (10) Norpramin Desloratadine (48) Clarinex Desonide (66) Desocort Desoximetasone (66) Topicort Dexamethasone (24, 65, 66) Decadron, Hexadrol, Maxidex Dexchlorpheniramine (48) Polaramine Dextroamphetamine (16), Dexamphetamine* Dexedrine Dextromethorphan (49) Balminil DM, Benylin DM, Delsym, Koffex DM Diazepam (8) Diastat, Diazemuls, Valium, Vivol Diclofenac (7) Apo-Diclo, Diclotec, Novo-Difenac, Nu-Diclo, Voltaren Dicyclomine (21) Bentylol Didanosine (39) Videx Diflunisal (7) Dolobid Digoxin (51) Lanoxin Digoxin immune Fab (51), Digoxin-specific antibody fragments* Digibind Dihydrotachysterol (26) Hytakerol Diltiazem (52, 53, 55) Apo-Diltiaz, Cardizem, Novo-Diltazem, Nu-Diltiaz, Tiazac Dimenhydrinate (48, 63) Gravol Dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2) (67) Cervidil, Prepidil, Prostin E2 Diphenhydramine (12, 48, 63) Allerdryl, Allernix, Benadryl, Nytol Diphenoxylate (62) Lomotil Dipivefrin (65) Propine Dipyridamole (57) Novo-Dipiradol, Persantine Disopyramide (52) Rythmodan Dobutamine (18, 54) Dobutrex Docetaxel (64) Taxotere Docusate (61) Colace Donepezil (20) Aricept Dopamine (18, 54) Intropin Doxazosin (19, 55) Cardura Doxepin (9) Sinequan, Zonalon Doxorubicin (64) Adriamycin, Caelyx Doxycycline (36) Apo-Doxy, Doxycin, Doxytec, Novo-Doxylin, Vibra-Tabs Econazole (40) Ecostatin Edrophonium (20) Enlon Efavirenz (39) Sustiva Enalapril (55) Vasotec Enoxaparin (57) Lovenox Epinephrine (18, 47, 54), Adrenaline EpiPen, Vaponefrin Epoetin alfa (44) Eprex Eprosartan (55) Teveten Ergocalciferol (26) Drisdol, Ostoforte Ergotamine (7) Ergomar Erythromycin (37, 65) Apo-Erythro, Diomycin, Erybid, Eryc, Erythromid, Novo-Rythro Esmolol (52) Brevibloc Estradiol (28) Climara, Delestrogen, Estraderm, Estrace Estrogens, conjugated (28) Congest, Premarin Estropipate (28), Piperazine estrone sulfate* Ogen Ethambutol (38) Etibi, Myambutol Ethinyl estradiol/ethynodiol (28) Demulen Ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel (28) Alesse, Min-Ovral, Triphasil, Triquilar Ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone (28) Brevicon, Loestrin, Minestrin, Ortho, Synphasic APPENDIX E CANADIAN DRUG NAMES Ethinyl estradicol/norgestrel (28) Ovral Ethosuximide (11) Zarontin Etidronate (26) Didronel Etodolac (7) Ultradol Etoposide (64) Vepesid Famciclovir (39) Famvir Famotidine (60) Pepcid, Ulcidine Felodipine (53) Plendil, Renedil Fenofibrate (58) Lipidil Fenoprofen (7) Nalfon Fentanyl (6) Duragesic Ferrous sulfate (32) Fer-In-Sol, Ferodan Fexofenadine (48) Allegra Filgrastim (44) Neupogen Flavoxate (21) Urispas Flecainide (52) Tambocor Fluconazole (40) Diflucan Fludarabine (64) Fludara Fludrocortisone (24) Florinef Flumazenil (8) Anexate Flunisolide (24, 47) Rhinalar Fluocinolone (66) Lidemol, Lidex, Synalar, Tiamol, Topsyn Fluorometholone (65) Flarex, FML Fluorouracil, 5-FU (64) Adrucil, Efudex Fluoxetine (10) Prozac Fluoxymesterone (29) Halostestin Fluphenazine (9) Moditen Flurazepam (8) Dalmane, Somnol Flurbiprofen (7, 65) Ansaid, Froben, Ocufen Flutamide (64) Euflex Fluticasone (24) Flonase, Flovent Fluvastatin (58) Lescol Fluvoxamine (10) Luvox Fosfomycin (36) Monurol 989 Fosinopril (55) Monopril Fosphenytoin (11) Cerebyx Furosemide (26, 56), Frusemide* Lasix Gabapentin (11) Neurontin Ganciclovir (39) Cytovene Gatifloxacin (35) Tequin Gemcitabine (64) Gemzar Gemfibrozil (58) Lopid Gentamicin (35, 65) Alcomicin, Diogent, Garamycin Glimepiride (27) Amaryl Glyburide (27), Glibenclamide* DiaBeta, Euglucon, Gen-Glybe Goserelin (64) Zoladex Granisetron (63) Kytril Guaifenesin (49), Glyceryl guaiacolate* Balminil Expectorant, Benylin-E, Robitussin Griseofulvin (40) Fulvicin Halcinonide (66) Halog Haloperidol (9) Haldol, Peridol Hydralazine (55) Apresoline, Novo-Hylazin, Nu-Hydral Hydrochlorothiazide (56) Apo-Hydro, HydroDiuril Hydrocodone (6, 49) Hycodan, Robidone Hydrocortisone (24, 47, 66) Aquacort, Cortate, Cortef, Cortenema Hydromorphone (6, 49) Dilaudid, Hydromorph Contin Hydroxyurea (64) Hydrea Hydroxyzine (8, 48, 63) Atarax Ibuprofen (7) Advil, Motrin, Novo-Profen Idarubicin (64) Idamycin Ifosfamide (64) Ifex Imipenem/cilastatin (34) Primaxin Imipramine (10) Tofranil Indomethacin (7) Indocid, Indotec, Novo-Methacin, Nu-Indo Insulins (27) Humalog, Humulin, IIetin, Lantus, Novolin Interferons (44) Alfa-2a (Roferon A); alfa-2b (Intron A); beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif); beta1b (Betaseron) Ipratropium (47) Atrovent 990 APPENDIX E CANADIAN DRUG NAMES Irbesartan (55) Avapro Irinotecan (64) Camptosar Isoproterenol (18, 47), Isoprenaline* Isuprel Isosorbide dinitrate (53), Sorbide nitrate* Apo-ISDN, Cedocard-SR, Isordil Isosorbide mononitrate (53) Imdur, Ismo Isotretinoin, (66) Accutane, Isotrex Ketoconazole (40) Nizoral Ketoprofen (7) Apo-Keto, Novo-Keto, Orafen, Orudis, Oruvail, Rhodis Ketorolac (7) Acular, Toradol Labetalol (19, 55) Trandate Lamivudine (39) Epivir Lamotrigine (11) Lamictal Lansoprazole (60) Prevacid Leuprolide (64) Lupron Levetiracetam (11) Keppra Levobunolol (19, 65) Betagan Levofloxacin (35) Levaquin Levothyroxine (25) Eltroxin, Synthroid Lidocaine (14, 52), Lignocaine* Xylocaine, Xylocard Linezolid (37) Zyvox Lisinopril (55) Prinivil, Zestril Lithium (10) Carbolith, Duralith, Lithane Loperamide (62) Imodium Loratadine (48) Claritin Lorazepam (8) Ativan, Novo-Lorazem, Nu-Loraz Losartan (55) Cozaar Lovastatin (58) Mevacor Mannitol (56, 65) Osmitrol Mebendazole (41) Vermox Meclizine (48, 63), Histamethizine* Bonamine Medroxyprogesterone (28) Depo-Provera, Novo-Medrone, Provera Megestrol (28) Megace Meloxicam (7) Mobic Melphalan (64) Alkeran Meperidine (6), Pethidine* Demerol Mercaptopurine (64) Purinethol Meropenem (34) Merrem Mestranol/norethindrone (28) Ortho-Novum Metaproterenol (18, 47), Orciprenaline* Alupent Metformin (27) Glucophage, Glycon Methenamine (36) Urasal Methimazole (25), Thiamazole* Tapazole Methocarbamol (13) Robaxin Methotrexate (45, 64), Amethopterin* Rheumatrex Methyldopa (55) Aldomet, Novo-Medopa, Nu-Medopa Methylphenidate (16) Ritalin Methylprednisolone (24, 47, 66) Depo-Medrol, Medrol, Solu-Medrol Metoclopramide (63) Apo-Metoclop, Reglan Metolazone (56) Zaroxolyn Metoprolol (19, 55) Betaloc, Lopressor, Novo-Metoprol, Nu-Metop Metronidazole (37, 41, 66) Flagyl, Metrogel, Novo-Nidazol, Noritate Miconazole (40, 66) Micatin, Monistat, Micozole Midazolam (8) Versed Miglitol (27) Glyset Milrinone (51) Primacor Minocycline (36) Minocin Minoxidil (55) Apo-Gain, Loniten, Rogaine Misoprostol (7, 60) Cytotec Moexpril (55) Univasc Mometasone (48) Nasonex Montelukast (47) Singulair Morphine (6) Morphitec, MOS, MS Contin, MSIR, Oramorph, Statex Moxifloxacin (35) Avelox Muromonab-CD3 (45) Orthoclone OKT Mycophenolate (45) CellCept Nabumetone (7) Relafen Nadolol (19, 53, 55) Apo-Nadol, Corgard Nalbuphine (6) Nubain APPENDIX E CANADIAN DRUG NAMES Naloxone (6) Narcan Naphazoline (18, 49) Naphcon, Vasocon Naproxen (7) Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naxen, Synflex Naratriptan (7) Amerge Nateglinide (27) Starlix Nedocromil (47) Alocril, Tilade Nefazodone (10) Serzone Nelfinavir (39) Viracept Neostigmine (20) Prostigmin Netilmicin (35) Netromycin Nevirapine (39) Viramune Nicardipine (53) Cardene Nifedipine (53) Adalat PA, Apo-Nifed, Novo-Nifedin, Nu-Nifed Nilutamide (64) Anandron Nitrofurantoin (36) Macrodantin Nitroprusside (55) Nitropress Nitroglycerin (53), Glyceryl trinitrate* Minitran, Nitro-Dur, Nitrol, Nitrong, Nitrostat, Transderm-Nitro Nizatidine (60) Axid Norepinephrine (18, 54), Noradrenaline* Levophed Norethindrone (28) Norlutate Norfloxacin (35, 65) Apo-Norflox, Noroxin Nortriptyline (10) Aventyl, Norventyl Nystatin (40, 66) Candistatin, Mycostatin, Nilstat, Nyaderm Ofloxacin (35, 65) Apo-Oflox, Floxin, Ocuflox Olanzapine (9) Zyprexa Olmesartan (55) Benicar Omeprazole (60) Losec Ondansetron (63) Zofran Orphenadrine (12, 13) Disipal Oseltamivir (39) Tamiflu Oxaprozin (7) Daypro Oxazepam (8) Serax Oxycodone (6) OxyContin, Supeudol Paclitaxel (64) Taxol Pamidronate (26) Aredia Pantoprazole (60) Panto IV, Pantoloc Paroxetine (10) Paxil Penicillin V (34), Phenoxymethyl penicillin* Apo-Pen VK, Nadopen-V, Novo-Pen-VK, Nu-Pen-VK Pentamidine (41) Pentacarinat Perphenazine (9) Trilafon Phenelzine (10) Nardil Phenobarbital (8, 11), Phenobarbitone* Phenylephrine (18, 49) Dionephrine, Mydfrin, Neo-Synephrine Phenytoin (11) Dilantin Pindolol (19, 55) Apo-Pindol, Novo-Pindol, Nu-Pindol, Visken Pioglitazone (27) Actos Piperacillin (34) Pipracil Piperacillin/tazobactam (34) Tazocin Piroxicam (7) Feldene, Fexicam, Novo-Pirocam, Nu-Pirox Potassium chloride (32) Apo-K, Kaochlor, K-Dur, Micro-K, Roychlor, Slow-K Pramipexole (12) Mirapex Pravastatin (58) Pravachol Prazosin (55) Apo-Prazo, Minipress, Novo-Prazin, Nu-Prazo Prednisolone (24), Deltahydrocortisone* Diopred, Inflamase, Ophtho-Tate, Pediapred Prednisone (24), Deltacortisone* Winpred Procainamide (52) Procan-SR, Pronestyl Prochlorperazine (9) Stemetil Procyclidine (12) Kemadrin, Procyclid Promethazine (9, 48, 63) Phenergan Propafenone (52) Rythmol Propantheline (21) Pro-Banthine Propofol (14) Diprivan Propranolol (19, 52, 53, 55) Inderal Propylthiouracil (25) Propyl-Thyracil Protriptyline (10) Triptil Pseudoephedrine (49) Eltor, Sudafed Pyridostigmine (20) Mestinon Quetiapine (9) Seroquel 991 992 APPENDIX E CANADIAN DRUG NAMES Quinapril (55) Accupril Quinidine (52) Biquin, Cardioquin, Quinidex Quinupristin/dalfopristin (37) Synercid Rabeprazeole (60) Aciphex Raloxifene (26) Evista Ramipril (55) Altace Ranitidine (60) Novo-Ranidine, Nu-Ranit, Zantac Repaglinide (27) GlucoNorm Ribavirin (39) Virazole Rifampin (38) Rifadin, Rofact Risedronate (26) Actonel Risperidone (9) Risperdal Ritonavir (39) Norvir Rituximab (64) Rituxan Rizatriptan (7) Maxalt Rofecoxib (7) Vioxx Ropinirole (12) ReQuip Rosiglitazone (27) Avandia Salmeterol (47) Serevent Saquinavir (39) Invirase Scopolamine (21, 63) Transderm-V Selegiline (12) Eldepryl Sertraline (10) Zoloft Simvastatin (58) Zocor Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (32) Kayexalate Sotalol (19, 52) Sotacor Spironolactone (56) Aldactone, Novo-Spiroton Stavudine (39) Zerit Streptokinase (57) Kabikinase, Streptase Succinylcholine (14) Quelicin Sucralfate (60) Sulcrate Sulfacetamide (65) Cetamide, Diosulf, Sodium Sulamyd Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (36) Apo-Sulfatrim, Novo-Trimel, Nu-Cotrimox, Septra Sulindac (7) Apo-Sulin, Novo-Sundac Sumatriptan (7) Imitrex Tamoxifen (64) Apo-Tamox, Nolvadex, Tamofen Telmesartan (55) Micardis Temazepam (8) Restoril Teniposide (64) Vumon Tenofovir (39) Viread Terazosin (19, 55) Hytrin Terbutaline (18, 47) Bricanyl Terconazole (40) Terazol Testosterone (29) Androderm, Delatestryl Tetracycline (36, 65) Apo-Tetra, Novo-Tetra, Nu-Tetra Theophylline (16, 47) Theochron, Theo-Dur, Theolair, Uniphyl Thiabendazole (41) Mintezol Thiothixene (9) Navane Tiagabine (11) Gabitril Ticarcillin/clavulanate (34) Timentin Timolol (19, 55, 65) Apo-Timol, Apo-Timop, Novo-Timol, Timoptic Tioconazole (40) Gynecure, Trosyd Tirofiban (57) Aggrastat Tobramycin (35, 65) Nebcin, Tobrex Tocainide (52) Tonocard Tolcapone (12) Tasmar Tolmetin (7) Tolectin Tolnaftate (40, 66) Pitrex Topiramate (11) Topamax Topotecan (64) Hycamtin Torsemide (56) Demadex Trandolapril (55) Mavik Tranexamic acid (57) Cyklokapron Trastuzumab (64) Herceptin Tretinoin (retinoic acid) (66) Rejuva-A, Renova, Retin-A Triamcinolone (24, 47, 66) Aristocort, Azmacort, Kenalog, Nasacort, Triaderm Triamterene (56) Dyrenium APPENDIX E CANADIAN DRUG NAMES Triazolam (8) Apo-Triazo, Halcion Trifluridine (39, 65) Viroptic Trihexyphenidyl (12), Benzhexol* Apo-Trihex Trimethoprim (36) Proloprim Trimipramine (10) Apo-Trimip, Novo-Tripramine, Surmontil Tropicamide (65) Diotrope, Mydriacyl Valdecoxib (7) Bextra Valproic acid (11) Depakene, Epiject Valsartan (55) Diovan Vancomycin (37) Vancocin Venlafaxine (10) Effexor Verapamil (52, 53, 55) Apo-Verap, Chronovera, Isoptin, Novo-Veramil, Verelan Vinblastine (64) Vincristine (64) Warfarin (57) Coumadin Xylometazoline (18, 49) Decongest Zafirlukast (47) Accolate Zalcitabine (39) Hivid Zaleplon (8) Sonata, Starnoc Zanimivir (39) Relenza Zidovudine (39) Azidothymidine, AZT Novo-AZT, Retrovir Ziprasidone (9) Geodon Zoledronic acid (26) Zometa Zolmitriptan (7) Zomig Repchinsky, C (Ed.) (2001) Compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialities, 36th ed Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Pharmacists Association 993 ... inserts for selected drugs Numerous drug handbooks (eg, Lippincott’s Nursing Drug Guide, published annually) and pharmacologic, medical, and nursing journals also contain information about drugs... effects, Observe for adverse effects, and Observe for drug interactions The inclusion of rationales for interventions provides a strong knowledge base and scientific foundation for clinical practice... individual drugs for each drug- related chapter of the text • Suggestions for designing an independent study course for RNs seeking a BSN • Suggestions for including pharmacology content in the nursing