Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety BBA Airline & Airport Management (Annual Pattern) IIIrd Year Paper No 13 School of Distance Education Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641 046 Author: V V Prasad Copyright © 2014, Bharathiar University All Rights Reserved Produced and Printed by EXCEL BOOKS PRIVATE LIMITED A-45, Naraina, Phase-I, New Delhi-110028 for SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Bharathiar University Coimbatore-641046 CONTENTS Page No UNIT I Lesson Travel and Tourism Lesson Scope of the Travel and Tourism 25 UNIT II Lesson World Tourism 47 Lesson IATA 65 UNIT III Lesson Hotel and their Rating Lesson Types of Rooms and Bedding 87 104 UNIT IV Lesson Aviation – A National Security Asset 125 Lesson Conferences on Air Law 141 UNIT V Lesson Hijacking 153 Lesson 10 Terrorism 168 Model Question Paper 187 PRINCIPLES OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM OPERATIONS AND AVIATION SAFETY SYLLABUS UNIT I Travel and Tourism: Principles – Scope and Operations – Perception of Travel worldwide – Perception of Tourism worldwide – India a tourist destination – Indian States, Capitals, Public holidays, Banks – Important Festivals and Tourist attractions – State Tourist Organisations – Important Travel Agents & Tour Operators UNIT II World Tourism: Important Countries/Capitals/Currencies/Exchange – World Tourism Attractions – Indian Tourism – Types – Transportation Commercial Aviation – Air Taxi Operations – Private Operation – Airport Handling Functions of IATA-ICAO – Aims and Objectives – IATA Geography and Global indicators – Travel Agent Management – Travel Partners UNIT III Hotels and Star Ratings: Resorts, Boarding and Lodging houses – Rating Systems and Classifications – Hotel Products, Facilities, Services, Room types, Bedding Types, Meal Plans Cancellations, Currency – Fluctuations and Commission Policies IATA Approved Travel Agency Appointment and Control – Bank guarantee – IATA Billing and Settlement Plan – Credit Period – Customer Service – Service Provider – Training and Development of Travel agent – GDS UNIT IV Aviation – A National security asset: Importance of Air transportation – Airways – Development of the Aviation industry – Deregulation – Consequences of 9/11 to the industry – Emergency Funding – Protecting Public Air transportation – Hijacking – Security Measures – International Prospective – Trend begins – Diplomatic Conference on Air Law – Ministerial Conference on Terrorism – Financing of Terrorism – United Nations – ICAO/ECAC UNIT V Aircraft as Missiles: Early Hijackings – Terrorist Hijackings Spread – Initial Public response – Cockpit Doors – Profile of a Hijacker – Sky Marshal Program/Federal Air Marshal Program – History of Significant Air hijackings since 1972 – Terrorism – Middle East – Rival Claims – Palestinian Liberation Organisation – Abu Nidal – Hamas – Iranian Support of Terrorism – Hezbollah – Afghanistan: Osama Bin Laden – Europe – Japan – Peru – Russia – US – Domestic Terrorism – Nuclear Terrorism Travel and Tourism UNIT UNIT I Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety LESSON TRAVEL AND TOURISM CONTENTS 1.0 Aims and Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principles of Travel and Tourism 1.3 India a Tourist Destination 1.3.1 Tourist Attractions 1.4 Indian States, Capitals, Public Holidays Banks that attract Tourist 1.4.1 Top States 1.4.2 Top Cities 1.4.3 Top Monuments 1.4.4 Top Religious Attractions 1.4.5 Top Wild Attractions 1.4.6 Top Hill Stations 1.4.7 Natural Attractions 1.5 Public Holidays and Banks in India 1.5.1 Public Holidays 1.5.2 Banks in India 1.6 Top Festivals and Tourist Attraction 1.7 Important Travel Agents and Tour Operator 1.7.1 Travel Agents 1.8 Let us Sum up 1.9 Lesson End Activity 1.10 Keywords 1.11 Questions for Discussion 1.12 Suggested Readings 1.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you should be able to: z Discuss the principle of the tour and travel z Describe scope of the tour and travel z Explain India as the tourist destination Travel and Tourism Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety 1.1 INTRODUCTION One of the largest industries in India is the travel and tourism industry It provides cultural, medical, heritage, business and sports tourism The most important goal of this sector is to increase and promote tourism, to give other tourist countries a tough competition, improve and expand present tourism products to make sure that there is a wide scope of the employment for the local people and to grow the economy of India In this lesson, we give valuable information about a variety of tourist spots in India, modes of transportation, accommodation and approved travel agents 1.2 PRINCIPLES OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM The Basic principles of the tourism are as follows: z Collaborate: We can achieve more by working in a group than working alone Working in a group is very important as it not only helps to develop local support, but also tourism requires resources that one organisation cannot provide The success of the industry depends on the contribution of the government business class people tour operator craftsmen artists and many people in order to enhance the tourism in the country Regional groups are also helps to enhance tourism Cooperating in a local arrangement help us to increase pool resources, regional themes, save money and expand our marketing potential These resources incorporate not only money for advertising campaigns, but also facilities or expertise in tourism, maintenance, the arts or another area z Find the Fit: To take care of the needs of the local people and the tourist is significant to make sure that tourism provides benefits to everybody It is necessary to realize the kind and amount of tourism that your society can handle It is very true that the local priorities fluctuate So local capabilities In simple words we can say that, local circumstances decide that what is the need of the area and the tourism Programs that succeed have wide confined recognition and meet local needs They are practical, depends on the talents of particular people in addition to particular attractions, accommodations, and sources of support and interest One of the reasons that why tourism is growing in India is that travellers are looking for experiences that are distinct and not homogenized They want to experience the beauty of the particular place You can form your tourism program on the basis of what is suitable and good for area z Are there certain times of year or certain places they not want to share? Can you accommodate group tours? Do sites accommodate at least forty people at once with amenities such as restrooms, snacks, and a seating area? Can you accommodate visitors with disabilities or special needs? Do the residents of your area want tourism? How will tourism revenues improve life in your area and affect services such as fire and police protection? What is the maximum number of cars or buses your area can handle? On roads? In parking lots? Why they want it? Make Sites and Programs Come Alive: Interpreting sites is very significant, and so as to make the meaning innovative and exciting Find methods to take the attention of the visitor’s five senses as you can, because the more they are involved, the more they will hold On average, visitors will remember: z 10% of that tourist HEAR 30% of that tourist READ 50% of that they SEE 90% of that tourist DO Focus on Quality and Authenticity: Quality is an important element for all tourism, and authenticity is important whenever we talk about the heritage or history The true and the exciting stories place is the worth telling The story of the prior generation’s authentic contribution to the history and culture of the place is the one that will interest tourist, as it distinguishes the place from other places on earth Its authenticity adds real value and appeal By doing the job right and by focusing on the quality and the authenticity you can give your area the competitive edge z Preserve and Protect: A community’s historic, cultural, and natural resources are important and often unique 1.3 INDIA A TOURIST DESTINATION Development in the Tourism industry in India has seen many phases At the level of the Government the development of tourist services was taken up in a designed manner in 1956 coinciding with the Second Five Year Plan The Sixth Plan has started a new era for tourism that has started to be taken as a main instrument for the integration of the social and economic development But the tourist activities have gained momentum in 80’s The Government takes numerous important steps A National Policy on travel and tourism was announced in 1982 Afterwards in 1988, the National Committee on Tourism form a plan to achieve a sustainable growth in tourism In 1992, a National Action Plan was made and in 1996 the National Strategy for Promotion of Tourism was formulated In 1997, a draft new tourism policy along with the economic policies of the Government and the trends in tourism development was published for public discussion But now it is under the process of revision The projected policy recognizes the roles of public sector undertaking, Central and State governments and the private sector in the development of tourism The involvement of Local youth, local bodies, Panchayati Raj institutions, non-governmental organisations in the formation of tourism services has also been recognised The most important development occurred were the formation of the India Tourism Development Corporation in 1966 for the promotion of India as a tourist destination and the Tourism Finance Corporation in 1989 to finance tourism projects 1.3.1 Tourist Attractions India is a country which is famous for its generous management to all tourists that does not matter from where they are coming Its tourist-friendly traditions, diverse life styles and cultural heritage and colourful festivals and fairs attracts for the tourists Many other tourist attractions consist of forest, beautiful beaches, wild life and landscapes for eco-tourism, mountains, snow and river for adventure tourism, heritage trains and hotels for heritage tourism, science museums and technological parks for science tourism; centres of pilgrimage for spiritual tourism Health resorts, Ayurveda, and Indian yoga are the main attractions for the tourists The Indian handicrafts mainly ivory, jewellery, brass work, carpets, leather goods, are the main shopping stuff of foreigners The surveys indicate that nearly 40% of the tourist expenses on shopping is spent on these stuff Travel and Tourism 10 Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety Growth Domestic tourism is the oldest tourism in India According to surveys, domestic tourism has grown mainly during the previous one decade It raised from 64 million in 1990 to 167 million in 1998, thus registering an annual growth of 12.8% The tourism growth since independence is very remarkable It was just 17000 in 1951 From this level it went to 2.36 million in 1998 Tourism receipts on the other hand have grown at a phenomenal rate of 17 per cent to ` 11,540 crore in 1998 from ` 7.7 crore in 1951 Economic Impact Tourism has generated a lot of employment, poverty alleviation and sustainable human development During 1998-99, employment generation through tourism was estimated at 14.79 million Foreign exchange earnings from the tourism sector during 1998-99 were estimated at ` 12,011 crore Tourism has thus become the second largest net foreign exchange earner for the country Tourism also contributed ` 24,241 crore during 1998-99 towards the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Thrust Areas In order to increase the expansion of tourism in the country numerous important areas have been recognized for accomplishment during the Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) The most important is the beach resort, trekking, development of infrastructure, products, trekking, winter sports and wildlife streamlining of facilitation methods at airports, human resource development and facilitating private sector contribution in the infrastructural growth Organisation In India the organisations that are participating in the development of tourism are Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, the Ministry of Tourism with its 21 field offices within the country and 18 abroad, India Tourism Development Corporation, National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology, National Institute of Water Sports and Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering Boosting Tourism Some of the current steps taken by the Government to enhance tourism incorporate grant of export house status to the tourism industry and incentives for enhancing private investment in the form of exemption of the Income Tax, interest subsidy and less import duty The hotel and tourism industry has been announced a high priority sector for foreign investment which entails routine approval of direct investment up to 51% of foreign equity and allowing 100% per cent non-resident Indian investment and simplifying set of laws concerning the sanction of support to tour operators, travel agents, and tourist transport operators Celebrations At the time of the Golden Jubilee celebrations of India as a Republic, the Tourism Ministry has made extraordinary efforts to publicize the tourism potential of India The Tourism Day was celebrated on January 25, 1998 for the first time Buddha Mahotsav was organised from 24th October to 8th November 1998 The Wong La Millennium was held from April 1999 to January 2001 A special calendar of events has been formed for highlighting contributions to Millennium events by various places 174 Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety Palestinian political leaders He told Der Spiegel in a rare interview in 1985: "I am the evil spirit which moves around only at night causing nightmares." Part of the socialist Palestinian rejectionist front, so called because they reject proposals for a peaceful settlement with Israel, the ANO was formed after a split in 1974 between Abu Nidal and Yasser Arafat's Fatah faction within the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Setting himself up as a freelance contractor, Abu Nidal is believed by the United States Department of State to have ordered attacks in 20 countries, killing or injuring over 900 people The group's most notorious attacks were on the El Al ticket counters at Rome and Vienna airports in December 1985, when Arab gunmen opened fire on passengers in simultaneous shootings, killing 18 and wounding 120 Patrick Seale, Abu Nidal's biographer, wrote of the attacks that their "random cruelty marked them as typical Abu Nidal operations" Abu Nidal died of between one and four gunshot wounds in Baghdad in August 2002 Palestinian sources believe he was killed on the orders of Saddam Hussein, but the Iraqi government insisted he had committed suicide The Guardian wrote on the news of his death: "He was the patriot turned psychopath He served only himself, only the warped personal drives that pushed him into hideous crime He was the ultimate mercenary." 10.6 HAMAS Hamas is the Palestinian Sunni Islamic or Islamist organization, with an associated military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, located in the Palestinian territories Since June 2007 Hamas has governed the Gaza Strip, after it won a majority of seats in the Palestinian Parliament in the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections and then defeated the Fatah political organization in a series of violent clashes Israel, the United States, Canada, the European Union, and Japan classify Hamas as a terrorist organization, while Iran, Russia, Turkey, and Arab nations not Based on the principles of Islamic fundamentalism gaining momentum throughout the Arab world in the 1980s, Hamas was founded in 1987 (during the First Intifada) as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Co-founder Sheik Ahmed Yassin stated in 1987, and the Hamas Charter affirmed in 1988, that Hamas was founded to liberate Palestine from Israeli occupation and to establish an Islamic state in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip However, in July 2009, Khaled Meshal, Hamas's political bureau chief, said the organization was willing to cooperate with "a resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict which included a Palestinian state based on 1967 borders", provided that Palestinian refugees hold the right to return to Israel and that East Jerusalem be the new nation's capital The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the Hamas affiliated military wing, has launched attacks on Israel, against both military and civilian targets Attacks on civilian targets have included rocket attacks and, from 1993 to 2006, suicide bombings Military targets included Israeli outposts and border crossings and rival Palestinian militias in the occupied territories In the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections Hamas won a decisive majority in the Palestinian Parliament, defeating the PLO-affiliated Fatah party Following the elections, the Quartet (United States, Russia, United Nations, and European Union) conditioned future foreign assistance to the PA on the future government's commitment to nonviolence, recognition of the state of Israel, and acceptance of previous agreements Hamas resisted such changes, leading to Quartet suspension of its foreign assistance program and Israel imposing economic sanctions against the Hamas-led administration In March 2007 a national unity government, headed by Prime Minister Ismail Haniya of Hamas was briefly formed, but this failed to restart international financial assistance Tensions over control of Palestinian security forces soon erupted into the 2007 Battle of Gaza, after which Hamas retained control of Gaza while its officials were ousted from government positions in the West Bank Israel and Egypt then imposed an economic blockade on Gaza, on the grounds that Fatah forces were no longer providing security there In June 2008, as part of an Egyptian-brokered ceasefire, Hamas ceased rocket attacks on Israel and made some efforts to prevent attacks by other organizations After a four-month calm, the conflict escalated when Israel carried out a military action with the stated aim of preventing an abduction planned by Hamas, using a tunnel that had been dug under the border security fence, and killed seven Hamas operatives In retaliation, Hamas attacked Israel with a barrage of rockets In late December 2008, Israel attacked Gaza, withdrawing its forces from the territory in mid-January 2009 After the Gaza War, Hamas continued to govern the Gaza Strip and Israel maintained its economic blockade On May 4, 2011, Hamas and Fatah announced a reconciliation agreement that provides for "creation of a joint caretaker Palestinian government" prior to national elections scheduled for 2012 According to Israeli news reports quoting Fatah leader Mahmoud Abbas, as a condition of joining the PLO, Khaled Meshaal agreed to discontinue the "armed struggle" against Israel and accept Palestinian statehood within the 1967 borders, alongside Israel 10.7 IRANIAN SUPPORT OF TERRORISM Today, Iran feels itself under increasing pressure from the international community by both diplomatic and economic sanctions From the Stuxnet virus to the assassination of Iranian scientists and the defection of Iranian agents, Iran feels increasingly targeted by Western intelligence services in general and Israel and the United States in particular Hezbollah and Iran each have their own reasons for executing terrorist attacks targeting Israeli or other Western targets—Iran seeks to avenge attacks on its scientists and sanctions targeting its nuclear program, and Hezbollah seeks to avenge Mughniyeh’s death This convergence of interests strengthens their long-standing and intimate relationship, making their combined operational capabilities that much more dangerous Over the past seven months, a spate of terrorist plots targeting U.S and Israeli foreign interests has illustrated Iran’s propensity for sponsoring attacks abroad Some were thwarted, including plots in Thailand, Bulgaria, Singapore, Kenya, Cyprus, and Azerbaijan Others were not, including bombings in India and Georgia Some of these operations were carried out by Iranian agents, others by Iran’s primary proxy, Hezbollah A few were joint operations executed by Hezbollah operatives working with Iranian intelligence or members of the Qods Force, an elite branch of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Consider that a plot in Turkey involving four members of the Qods Force targeting diplomatic missions in Istanbul was reportedly foiled by Turkish security authorities this March Some, like one of the plots in Azerbaijan, leveraged relationships with local criminal networks to execute an attack The most brazen, and bizarre, was the October 2011 plot to assassinate the Saudi ambassador to Washington This Qods Force plot against the Saudi diplomat, Director General of MI5 Jonathan Evans told a crowd in June 2012, “leads straight back to the Iranian leadership.… [A] return to State-sponsored terrorism by Iran or its associates, such as Hezbollah, cannot be ruled out as pressure on the Iranian leadership increases.” Of the more recent attacks in India, Azerbaijan, and elsewhere, he noted, “we also face uncertainty over developments in Iran In parallel with rising concern about Iran’s nuclear intentions, we have seen in recent months a series of attempted terrorist plots against Israeli interests.” Most recently, Israeli officials have linked Hezbollah and Tehran to the suicide bombing that left six Israelis and one Bulgarian dead in Burgas, Bulgaria, last week Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu told reporters, “We have unquestionable, fully substantiated intelligence 175 Terrorism 176 Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety that this was done by Hezbollah backed by Iran.” He highlighted the similarities between the Bulgarian bombing and a plot foiled in Cyprus earlier this month in which Cypriot authorities arrested a Hezbollah operative conducting preoperational surveillance on Israeli flights and tour buses This should not surprise as Iranian agents have traditionally supported the efforts of trusted proxy groups in attacks spanning the globe, especially when Tehran was under serious international or domestic pressure Consider that Iran’s record of supporting terrorist attacks includes the 1983 and 1984 bombings targeting U.S and French forces in Beirut, the 1992 and 1994 attacks against Israeli interests in Argentina, the 1996 bombing against U.S forces in Saudi Arabia, and a host of other attacks targeting American, French, German, British, Kuwaiti, Bahraini, and other interests in plots from Europe to Southeast Asia to the Middle East 10.7.1 Hezbollah Hezbollah is a Shi'a Islamic militant group and political party based in Lebanon Its paramilitary wing is regarded as a resistance movement throughout much of the Arab and Muslim worlds, and is considered more powerful than the Lebanese Army The governments of the U.S., Netherlands, France, Gulf Cooperation Council, U.K., Australia, Canada, the European Union and Israel classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organization, in whole or in part Hezbollah was conceived by Muslim clerics and funded by Iran following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, and was primarily formed to offer resistance to the Israeli occupation Its leaders were followers of Ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of 1,500 Iranian Revolutionary Guards that arrived from Iran with permission from the Syrian government Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its objectives as the expulsion of "the Americans, the French and their allies definitely from Lebanon, putting an end to any colonialist entity on our land", submission of the Phalangists to "just power" and bringing them to justice "for the crimes they have perpetrated against Muslims and Christians", and permitting "all the sons of our people" to choose the form of government they want, while calling on them to "pick the option of Islamic government" Hezbollah, which started with only a small militia, has grown to an organization with seats in the Lebanese government, a radio and a satellite television-station, and programs for social development The organization has been called a state within a state Hezbollah maintains strong support among Lebanon's Shi'a population Hezbollah fought with Israel in 2006 Hezbollah-Israel War After 2006–2008 Lebanese political protests and clashes A national unity government was formed in 2008, giving Hezbollah and its opposition allies control of eleven of thirty cabinets seats; effectively veto power Hezbollah receives military training, weapons, and financial support from Iran, and political support from Syria Following the end of the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon in 2000, its military strength grew significantly Despite a June 2000 certification by the United Nations that Israel had withdrawn from all Lebanese territory, in August, Lebanon's new Cabinet unanimously approved a draft policy statement which secures Hezbollah's existence as an armed organization and guarantees its right to "liberate or recover occupied lands" After the death of Abbas al-Musawi in 1992, the organisation has been headed by Hassan Nasrallah, its Secretary-General Check Your Progress State whether the following statements are true or false: Hezbollah receives military training, weapons, and financial support from Iran, and political support from Syria Hamas is the Palestinian Sunni Islamic or Islamist organization, with an associated military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, located in the Palestinian territories A national unity government was formed in 2008, giving Hezbollah and its opposition allies control of eleven of thirty cabinets seats; effectively veto power 10.8 AFGHANISTAN: OSAMA BIN LADEN Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden was the founder of al-Qaeda, the Sunni militant Islamist organization that claimed responsibility for the September 11 attacks on the United States, along with numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets He was a Saudi Arabian, a member of the wealthy bin Laden family, and an ethnic Yemeni Kindite He was born in the bin Laden family to billionaire Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden in Saudi Arabia He studied there in college until 1979, when he joined the mujahideen forces in Pakistan against the Soviets in Afghanistan He helped to fund the mujahideen by funneling arms, money and fighters from the Arab world into Afghanistan, also gaining popularity from many Arabs In 1988, he formed al-Qaeda He was banished from Saudi Arabia in 1992, and shifted his base to Sudan, until US pressure forced him to leave Sudan in 1996 After establishing a new base in Afghanistan, he declared a war against the United States, initiating a series of bombings and related attacks Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 U.S embassy bombings From 2001 to 2011, bin Laden was a major target of the War on Terror, as the FBI placed a $25 million bounty on him in their search for him On May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed inside a private residential compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by members of the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group and Central Intelligence Agency operatives in a covert operation ordered by U.S President Barack Obama 10.8.1 Osama and the 9/11 After his initial denial, in 2004 Osama bin Laden finally claimed responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States The attacks involved the hijacking of four commercial passenger aircraft and flying them into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, New York and The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, destroying the former, and severely damaging the latter It resulted in the deaths of 2,973 people and the nineteen hijackers In response to the attacks, the United States launched the War on Terror to depose the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and capture al-Qaeda operatives, and several countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation to preclude future attacks The CIA's Special Activities Division was given the lead in tracking down and killing or capturing bin Laden The Federal Bureau of Investigation has stated that classified evidence linking alQaeda and bin Laden to the September 11 attacks is clear and irrefutable The UK Government reached a similar conclusion regarding al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden's culpability for the September 11 attacks, although the government report noted that the evidence presented is not necessarily sufficient to prosecute the case 177 Terrorism 178 Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety Bin Laden initially denied involvement in the attacks On September 16, 2001, bin Laden read a statement later broadcast by Qatar's Al Jazeera satellite channel denying responsibility for the attack In a videotape recovered by U.S forces in November 2001 in Jalalabad, bin Laden was seen discussing the attack with Khaled al-Harbi in a way that indicates foreknowledge The tape was broadcast on various news networks on December 13, 2001 The merits of this translation have been disputed Arabist Dr Abdel El M Husseini stated: "This translation is very problematic At the most important places where it is held to prove the guilt of bin Laden, it is not identical with the Arabic." Figure 10.1: 2001 Picture of Bin Laden In the 2004 Osama bin Laden video, bin Laden abandoned his denials without retracting past statements In it he said he had personally directed the nineteen hijackers In the 18-minute tape, played on Al-Jazeera, four days before the American presidential election, bin Laden accused U.S President George W Bush of negligence in the hijacking of the planes on September 11 According to the tapes, bin Laden claimed he was inspired to destroy the World Trade Center after watching the destruction of towers in Lebanon by Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War Through two other tapes aired by Al Jazeera in 2006, Osama bin Laden announced, "I am the one in charge of the nineteen brothers [ ] I was responsible for entrusting the nineteen brothers [ ] with the raids" (May 23, 2006) In the tapes he was seen with Ramzi bin al-Shibh, as well as two of the 9/11 hijackers, Hamza al-Ghamdi and Wail al-Shehri, as they made preparations for the attacks (videotape broadcast September 7, 2006) Identified motivations of the September 11 attacks include the support of Israel by the United States, presence of the U.S military in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the U.S enforcement of sanctions against Iraq 10.9 EUROPE Terrorism is mostly related to the immigrant population from the Muslim world in Europe, their offspring and a minority of converts In the 1960s and 1970s Europe’s industrialisation attracted many immigrant workers The offshoots of this population, from second and third generations, have many problems related to their integration within European countries In Europe, radical Islam has different origins, mainly related to the colonial background (France, England) or to the immigration of Muslims in the last few decades from the Moslem world (Germany, Spain) Still, each country has its specific history and its culture of “integration” and radicalisation is related as well to the local, regional history as to the global One major factor, besides the discontent of part of the Muslim youth in Europe for social reasons is the crisis of the Muslim countries which is reported in real time by the television and the utopia of a neo-umma carried out by it Two distinct groups appear on the scene The first is made by a new Muslim middle class who is a minority among the immigrants from Muslim countries in Europe This new middle class has everything to lose if radicalisation occurs among the Muslims in Europe and a more negative image of Islam and Muslims is widespread among the people Still, a tiny minority of its members opt for radicalisation and separate from the mainstream Muslim middle class in Europe The main reason is their identification with the neoumma in the world at large and in Europe in particular Seeing their fellow Muslim people downtrodden and stigmatized through racism in Europe and looking on the TV the faith of Muslims in the world at large and the crisis of Muslim societies, they come to the firm belief that Islam is being repressed as much within Europe as without it and in both cases, the oppressors are the “white” Europeans and more generally, the wicked West, mainly America Compassion, in this situation goes to this imaginary neo-umma rather than to their compatriots: their sufferings in connection with terrorist attacks are minimized in comparison to the plights of the Muslims all over the world For the excluded and “disaffected” youth in Europe, the combination of economic deprivation and cultural stigmas makes it much easier for them to become radicalized in the name of Allah In this case, they come to the conclusion that their sufferings and those of the Muslims in other parts of the world, Palestine, Bosnia, Iraq or Chechnia have the same roots: western fight against Islam Their enrolment in terrorist networks is based on a strong feeling of victimization which is rooted in their dramatic situation in Europe: in France in the so-called “banlieues” (poor suburbs), in England in poor districts and in many European countries, their segregation in enclaves or ghettoes (or perceived as such by many of them) and the absence of any prospect for a brighter future, all these factor go hand in hand to make this population a fertile ground for radicalisation and in few cases, terrorism Even though many not get involved in terrorist activities due to the renewed vigilance of the police and the secret services, still their world outlook is that of deep victimisation and a negative perception of the “white” man The two groups, either from the Middle classes or from the excluded categories of people, find a common language through networks and their opposition to the West The military actions in Afghanistan, Iraq and the Palestinian and Chechnian problems are reminders of the West’s involvement in the fight against Muslim countries The predicament of Muslims all over the world is seen through the looking glass of this neo-umma: in countries like Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey and elsewhere, the governments are considered as the “puppets” of the West and should be fought against In the West itself, the struggle should go on in order to punish both, the Western governments and their “lackeys” in Muslim countries The globalized neoumma, unlike the real Muslim communities, does not recognize either frontiers or nations and the ideal is not so much to topple a specific government in a particular country but to set ablaze the entire world in order to promote the neo-califat and bring about the neo-umma within this institution In the same fashion as the leftists of the 1970S were self-proclaimed avant-garde of the proletariat, the new radicalized Muslims believe to be the vanguard of the Muslim umma (community) but this creed is not grounded in reality and is simply a mental and imaginary construction with no support in the real world Therefore the majority of the Muslims who suffer from terrorist acts like Egyptians (terrorism in Charm el Cheikh in August 2005) reject these acts to the utmost but the terrorist groups are a tiny minority who not follow the majority of Muslims Another category of people who become Jihadists in Europe are the converts Most of the converts adopt a spiritualist Islam which has nothing to with terrorism But a tiny minority of them espouses the radical Islam and engages in terrorist activities in order to be part of the neo-umma at war with the perfidious and depraved West To 179 Terrorism 180 Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety these people the West is treacherous and anti-islamic in essence Their new identity as Muslims is offended by the lot of many Muslims all over the world and the partial and antagonistic attitude of the Western countries towards the plight of the Muslims They have to prove to themselves and to the others the sincerity of their faith by opposing their former societies and by declaring war to the very same countries where they were born and raised The chasm between their new faith and the societies into which they were born finds a sacred legitimacy through their identification with the neoumma By fighting an impious West they underline their rupture with it and their ties to a new imaginary Islamic community for which they are ready to sacrifice their life and to put to death their fellow countrymen 10.9.1 Japan Japan has actively contributed to the Bush administration's war on terrorism, going far beyond the financial support it provided during the first Gulf War in 1991 and testing the limits of post-war constitutional prohibitions on the deployment of military forces overseas This has led some observers to suggest that Japan might be positioning itself to become a more active supporter of U.S global strategy, a "Britain of Asia." This study challenges this view and finds that less has changed in Japan's overseas deployments than is often claimed This study identified public opinion, an understudied factor, as the reason for the modest expansion of Japan's overseas deployments since 9/11 and brings to bear a wealth of data to back up this conclusion Applying modified conceptions of defensive and offensive realism to public attitudes regarding the use of force for the first time, this study finds that the Japanese "mass public" has increasingly recognized the need to prepare to meet military threats, but views military power as useful only for homeland defense The public has been consistently skeptical about the utility of offensive military power for promoting democracy or suppressing weapons of mass destruction proliferation or terrorist networks The invasion of Iraq, for reasons viewed with great skepticism, has caused the Japanese public, like publics in many other countries, to become increasingly distrustful of U.S foreign policy This, combined with a growing willingness to provide for its own defense, suggests that Japan may be less willing to support farflung U.S military operations in the future and concentrate more on increasing its defense autonomy 10.9.2 Peru Two major domestic terrorist groups have plagued Peru over the past 20 years, the Sendero Luminoso or "Shining Path" (SL) and the Revolutionary Movement Túpac Amaru (MRTA) On 28 August 2003, the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission reported that an estimated 69,280 persons were killed in the internal conflict in Peru from 1980 to 2000 Most of the victims were farmers (56%), most attacks occurred in rural settings (79%), and the SL was responsible for most of the deaths (54%) Aggressive antiterrorism efforts by police and military during this period, often at the expense of basic human rights, also contributed to this large burden of terrorism on Peru During the 1990s, terrorist attacks in Peru had spread to its urban areas On 17 December 1996, 22 members of MRTA took over the Japanese ambassador's residence in Lima, holding 72 hostages until the grounds were stormed by Peruvian Special Forces on 23 April 1997 Until recently, emergency planning and preparedness for terrorism-related events in Peru were largely underdeveloped In the last five years, Peru has taken two key steps towards developing a mature emergency response system, with the establishment of the country's first emergency medicine residency training program and the construction of the first dedicated trauma center in Lima 10.9.3 Russia Terrorism in Russia has a long history starting from the times of the Russian Empire Terrorism, in the modern sense, means violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear Terrorism tactics, such as hostage-taking, were widely used by the Soviet secret agencies, most notably during the Red Terror and Great Terror campaigns, against the population of their own country, according to Karl Kautsky and other historians of Bolshevism Starting from the end of the 20th century, significant terrorist activity has taken place in Moscow, most notably apartment bombings and the Moscow theatre hostage crisis Many more acts of terrorism have been committed in Chechnya, Dagestan, and other parts of the country Some of them became a matter of significant controversy, since journalists and scholars claimed them to be directed by the Russian secret services, often through their Chechen agent provocateurs 10.10 US: DOMESTIC TERRORISM The statutory definition of domestic terrorism in the United States has changed many times over the years; also, it can be argued that acts of domestic terrorism have been occurring since long before any legal definition was set forth According to a memo produced by the FBI's Terrorist Research and Analytical Center in 1994, domestic terrorism was defined as "the unlawful use of force or violence, committed by a group(s) of two or more individuals, against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives." Under current United States law, set forth in the USA Patriot Act, acts of domestic terrorism are those which: "(A) involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State; (B) appear to be intended— (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and (C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States." 10.10.1 Terrorist Organizations Animal Liberation Front Animal Liberation Front (ALF) is a name used internationally by activists who engage in direct action against persons and/or organizations that the activists perceive are harming animals This includes removing animals from laboratories and fur farms, and sabotaging facilities involved in animal testing and other animal-based industries According to ALF statements, any act that furthers the cause of animal liberation, where all reasonable precautions are taken not to endanger life, may be claimed as an ALF action The group is listed by the U.S Department of Homeland Security as a domestic terrorist organization Alpha 66 and Omega Alpha 66 (still existent) and Omega (now defunct) were two affiliated Cuban exile action groups who have carried out many bombings and acts of sabotage While many of these attacks have historically been directed at Cuba and the Castro government, many of them occurred domestically, especially during the period of Cuba-US diplomacy and negotiations in the 1970s known as "el Diálogo" (the dialogue) when powerful anti-Castro figures in Miami attempted to terrorize those in their community who favoured a more moderate approach Luciano Nieves, for instance, was killed for advocating peaceful coexistence with Cuba WQBA-AM news director Emilio Milian lost his legs in a car bomb after he publicly condemned Cuban exile violence These cases of terrorism were documented extensively in the book Miami by Joan Didion Human Rights Watch released a report in 1992 in which they claimed that the more 181 Terrorism 182 Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety extreme exiles have created a political environment in Miami where "moderation can be a dangerous position." Army of God The Army of God (AOG) is a loose network of individuals and groups connected by ideological affinity and the determination to use force to end abortion in the United States Acts of anti-abortion violence increased in the mid-1990s culminating in a series of bombings by Eric Robert Rudolph, whose targets included two abortion clinics, a gay and lesbian night club, and the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta Letters sent to newspapers claim responsibility for the bombing of the abortion clinics in the name of the Army of God Aryan Nations Aryan Nations (AN) is a white nationalist neo-Nazi organization founded in the 1970s by Richard Girnt Butler as an arm of the Christian Identity group known as the Church of Jesus Christ–Christian As of December 2007 there were two main factions that claimed descent from Butler's group The Aryan Nations has been called a "terrorist threat" by the FBI, and the RAND Corporation has called it the "first truly nationwide terrorist network" in the USA Black Liberation Army A splinter group made up of the more radical members of the Black Panther Party, the Black Liberation Army (BLA) sought to overthrow the US government in the name of racial separatism and Marxist ideals The Fraternal Order of Police blames the BLA for the murders of 13 police officers According to a Justice Department report on BLA activity, the group was suspected of involvement in over 60 incidents of violence between 1970 and 1980 The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSA) was a radical Christian Identity organization formed in 1971 in the small community of Elijah in southern Missouri, United States Earth Liberation Front The Earth Liberation Front has been classified as a top "domestic terror" threat in the United States by the Federal Bureau of Investigation since March 2001 Jewish Defense League The Jewish Defense League (JDL) was founded in 1969 by Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York City FBI statistics show that, from 1980 to 1985, 15 terrorist attacks were attempted in the U.S by JDL members The FBI’s Mary Doran described the JDL in 2004 Congressional testimony as "a proscribed terrorist group" The National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism states that, during the JDL's first two decades of activity, it was an "active terrorist organization." Kahane later founded the far right Israeli political party Kach Ku Klux Klan During reconstruction at the end of the civil war the original KKK used domestic terroristic methods against the Federal Government and freed slaves During the 20th century, leading up to civil rights movement, unrelated Ku Klux Klan (KKK) groups used threats, violence, arson, and murder to further its anti-Catholic, anti-Communist, anti-semitic, and white-supremacist agenda Domestic terrorists with agendas similar to the KKK include neo-Nazis and white power skinheads 10.11 NUCLEAR TERRORISM Nuclear terrorism denotes the explosion of a yield-producing nuclear bomb containing fissile material by terrorists Some meanings of nuclear terrorism comprise the disruption of a nuclear ability and/or the explosion of a radiological scheme, colloquially called a dirty bomb, but agreement is lacking In legal terms, nuclear terrorism is an offense committed if a person unlawfully and intentionally “uses in any way radioactive material … with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury; or with the intent to cause substantial damage to property or to the environment; or with the intent to compel a natural or legal person, an international organization or a State to or refrain from doing an act”, according to the 2005 United Nations International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism The probability of terrorist groups consuming nuclear weapons has been a threat in American rhetoric and culture It is well-thought-out reasonable that terrorists could attain a nuclear weapon In 2011, the British news agency, the Telegraph, received leaked documents regarding the Guantanamo Bay interrogations of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed The documents cited Khalid saying that, if Osama bin Laden is captured or killed by the coalition of the willing, an al-Qaeda sleeper cell will detonate a "weapon of mass destruction" in a "secret location" in Europe, and promised it would be "a nuclear hellstorm" On the other hand in the face of some stated thefts and marketing of small amounts of fissile material, there is no credible indication that any terrorist group has ever prospered in gaining the essential multi-kilogram dangerous mass quantities of weapons grade plutonium, required to make a nuclear weapon 10.11.1 Scope Nuclear terrorism could include: z Acquiring or fabricating a nuclear weapon z Fabricating a dirty bomb z Attacking a nuclear reactor, e.g., by disrupting critical inputs (e.g water supply) z Attacking or taking over a nuclear-armed submarine, plane or base Nuclear terrorism, according to a 2011 report published by the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University, can be executed and distinguished via four pathways: z The use of a nuclear weapon that has been stolen or purchased on the black market z The use of a crude explosive device built by terrorists or by nuclear scientists who the terrorist organization has furtively recruited z The use of an explosive device constructed by terrorists and their accomplices using their own fissile material z The acquisition of fissile material from a nation-state Check Your Progress Fill in the Blanks: denotes the detonation of a yield-producing nuclear bomb containing fissile material by terrorists The is a loose network of individuals and groups connected by ideological affinity and the determination to use force to end abortion in the United States were two affiliated Cuban exile action groups who have carried out many bombings and acts of sabotage 183 Terrorism 184 Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety 10.12 LET US SUM UP This review of patterns and trends in the Middle East substantiates the author’s speculations that the new terrorism is evolving in the direction of netwar, along the following lines: z An increasing number of terrorist groups are adopting networked forms of organization and relying on information technology to support such structures z Newer groups (those established in the 1980s and 1990s) are more networked than traditional groups z A positive correlation is emerging between the degree of activity of a group and the degree to which it adopts a networked structure z The likelihood that young recruits will be familiar with information technology implies that terrorist groups will be increasingly networked and more computerfriendly in the future than they are today This overview of Middle Eastern terrorist groups indicates that modern communications technologies, especially the Internet and associated technical assets, have facilitated the evolution of terrorist groups into multi-organisational networks that use IT for decision making and other functional internal purposes This, in and of itself, has implications for counterterrorism efforts Yet, the possibility that the technical assets and know-how gained by terrorists for organisational support can serve offensive purposes as well—an Internet connection can be used for both coordination and disruption or destruction—has garnered much more public attention While that indeed poses a recognizable and frightening threat, the significance of the evolution of the groups themselves, as made possible by the Internet and illustrated above, must be neither overlooked nor underestimated 10.13 LESSON END ACTIVITY Prepare a project on the various terrorist attacks including the reasons and source of such attacks 10.14 KEYWORDS Hamas: It is the Palestinian Sunni Islamic or Islamist organization, with an associated military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, located in the Palestinian territories Hezbollah: He is a Shi'a Islamic militant group and political party based in Lebanon Animal Liberation Front (ALF): It is a name used internationally by activists who engage in direct action against persons and/or organizations that the activists perceive are harming animals Army of God (AOG): It is a loose network of individuals and groups connected by ideological affinity and the determination to use force to end abortion in the United States Aryan Nations (AN): It is a white nationalist neo-Nazi organization founded in the 1970s by Richard Girnt Butler as an arm of the Christian Identity group known as the Church of Jesus Christ-Christian Nuclear terrorism: It denotes the detonation of a yield-producing nuclear bomb containing fissile material by terrorists 10.15 QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION Describe traditional group and new-generation groups Discuss the use of information technology by Middle Eastern terrorist groups Discuss Iranian support of terrorism Write short notes on Osama and the 9/11 What are the various terrorist organizations in US? What you mean by nuclear terrorism? Discuss its scope Check Your Progress: Model Answers CYP 1 True True True CYP Nuclear terrorism Army of God (AOG) Alpha 66 and Omega 10.16 SUGGESTED READINGS Beaver, Allan (2005), A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism Terminology, CABI Bhatia, Arjun Kumar (2006), International Tourism Management, Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd Archer, Jane & Syratt, Gwenda (2012), Manual of Travel Agency Practice, Routledge Bhatia, A K (2006), The Business of Tourism: Concepts and Strategies, Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd Blanke, Jennifer & Chiesa, Thea (2007), The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007: Furthering the Process of Economic Development, World Economic Forum 185 Terrorism Model Question Paper MODEL QUESTION PAPER BBA (Annual Pattern) Third Year Sub: Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety Time: hours Total Marks: 100 Direction: There are total eight questions, each carrying 20 marks You have to attempt any five questions What you understand by tour and travel? Describe the principles of the tourism Explain in details the scope and operation of the tourism What is the scope of the travel and tourism in India? What is the importance of the travel agent and tour operator? Discuss the use of information technology by Middle Eastern terrorist groups Explain Iranian support of terrorism Write short notes on Osama and the 9/11 187 International Business 188 ... 5 Travel and Tourism UNIT UNIT I Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety LESSON TRAVEL AND TOURISM CONTENTS 1.0 Aims and Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Principles of Travel. .. domestic tour operator Adventure Tour Operator Tourist Transport Operator Organization Ministry of Tourism 10 days 23 Travel and Tourism 24 Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety. .. tourist destination Travel and Tourism Principles of Travel and Tourism Operations and Aviation Safety 1.1 INTRODUCTION One of the largest industries in India is the travel and tourism industry