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by Richard Booker and Earl Boysen
Nanotechnololgy
FOR
DUMmIES
‰
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Nanotechnology For Dummies
®
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
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Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2005 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
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ISBN-13: 978-0-7645-8368-1
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About the Authors
Richard Booker is a doctoral student at Rice University working under Dr.
Richard Smalley, discoverer of the buckyball. He was lucky enough to get an
outstanding education, starting with four intense years at Boston University
earning a computer-engineering degree. After college, he joined the Air Force,
where he managed weapon systems and researched battlespace networks
while simultaneously working on his master’s degree in computer engineering.
After four years, Captain Booker left the wild blue yonder to pursue his Ph.D.
in applied physics at Rice and delve into the “new” world of nanotechnology.
Rich’s next ambitious adventure will be developing the armchair quantum
wire (see Chapters 4 and 5 of this book) and helping to bring other nano-
applications to market. His interests include flying, skydiving, scuba diving,
music, art, movies and, in his spare time, working on being humble.
Earl Boysen is an engineer who, after 20 years in the computer-chip industry,
decided to “slow down” and move to a quiet town in Washington. Earl is the
co-author of Electronics For Dummies, and holds degrees in chemistry and
physics. He lives in a house he designed and built himself, and keeps as busy
as ever writing, acting, teaching math and science, dancing, and walking.
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Dedication
For Him who gave us wisdom and heart to help each other.
For my fantastically supportive parents, Richard and Lorraine: Dad, whose
insatiable appetite for knowledge, tenacity, and hard work ethic led me by
example; and Mom, whose great teaching, organizational skills, and love kept
me sane during my writing.
— R.B.
To my wonderful lady, Nancy, who (as well as providing support during the
writing of this book) is the best thing that ever happened to me.
— E.B.
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Authors’ Acknowledgments
We’d like to thank our acquisitions editor, Katie Feltman, for giving us this
opportunity and Richard Smalley for permitting his graduate student (Rich)
to write this book in his “spare time.”
Our project editor Paul Levesque and copy editor Barry Childs-Helton did a
fantastic job at deciphering our nano-lingo and “Dummying” the rest. The
graphic artists at Wiley did a great job at reproducing graphics — and a spe-
cial thanks to those who provided use of photos free of charge; both fulfilled
our vision of visually representing nanotech.
Special thanks to Nancy Stevenson for helping out on several of the chapters.
We’d also like to thank some of our tech reviewers:
Drs. Enrique Barrera, Wade Adams, and Howard Schmidt
Ph.D.s in training Joseph Cole, Aaron Saenz, Erik Haroz, Sungbae Lee, and
Tushar Prasad
To our Web site developer, Jasyn Chen — thanks for all your hard work and
generosity.
And yes, nanoscientists do marry supermodels.
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Publisher’s Acknowledgments
We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our online registration form
located at
www.dummies.com/register/.
Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
Acquisitions, Editorial, and
Media Development
Project Editor: Paul Levesque
Acquisitions Editor: Katie Feltman
Senior Copy Editor: Barry Childs-Helton
Technical Editor: Earl Boysen
Editorial Manager: Leah Cameron
Permissions Editor: Laura Moss
Media Development Manager:
Laura VanWinkle
Media Development Supervisor:
Richard Graves
Editorial Assistant: Amanda Foxworth
Cartoons: Rich Tennant (
www.the5thwave.com)
Composition Services
Project Coordinator: Shannon Schiller
Layout and Graphics: Jonelle Burns,
Karl Brandt, Carl Byers, Andrea Dahl
Lauren Goddard, Stephanie D. Jumper
Lynsey Osborn, Rashell Smith
Proofreaders: Leeann Harney, Jessica Kramer,
Joe Niesen, TECHBOOKS Production
Services
Indexer: TECHBOOKS Production Services
Publishing and Editorial for Technology Dummies
Richard Swadley, Vice President and Executive Group Publisher
Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher
Mary Bednarek, Executive Acquisitions Director
Mary C. Corder, Editorial Director
Publishing for Consumer Dummies
Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher
Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director
Composition Services
Gerry Fahey, Vice President of Production Services
Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction 1
Part I: Getting Small with Nanotechnology 7
Chapter 1: The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Nanotechnology 9
Chapter 2: Nano in Your Life 29
Chapter 3: Gathering the Tools of the Trade 39
Part II: Building a Better World with Nanomaterials 63
Chapter 4: Nanomaterials Galore 65
Chapter 5: Adding Strength with Composites 83
Part III: “Smarter” Computers! Faster Internet!
Cheaper Energy! 115
Chapter 6: Building a Better Digital Brain 117
Chapter 7: Routing Information at the Speed of Light 161
Chapter 8: Nano-fying Electronics 183
Chapter 9: Getting Energy and a Cleaner Environment with Nanotech 201
Part IV: Living Healthier Lives 219
Chapter 10: Diagnosing Personal Health Quickly, Easily, and Pain-Free 221
Chapter 11: The Fantastic Voyage into Medical Applications 249
Part V: Investing in Nanotech 279
Chapter 12: Industries Going Small 281
Chapter 13: Countries Investing In a Nano Future 291
Chapter 14: Nanotechnology Goes to School 305
Part VI: The Part of Tens 317
Chapter 15: Ten (or So) Nanotech Movers and Shakers 319
Chapter 16: Further Reading on the Web and in Your Library 327
Glossary 333
Index 343
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Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Why Buy This Book? 1
Why Nanotechnology? 2
Foolish Assumptions 2
How This Book Is Organized 3
Part I: Getting Small with Nanotechnology 3
Part II: Building a Better World with Nanomaterials 3
Part III: Smarter Computers! Faster Internet! Cheaper Energy! 3
Part IV: Living Healthier Lives 4
Part V: Investing in Nanotech 4
Part VI: The Part of Tens 4
Icons Used in This Book 4
Going Online 5
Part I: Getting Small with Nanotechnology 7
Chapter 1: The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Grasping the Essence of Nanotechnology 9
Finding out what it is 10
Why you want nanotechnology in your life 14
You say you want a revolution? 16
Knowing what to expect (and not expect) 18
Getting a (Small) Piece of Nanotechnology for Yourself 21
The nanotech industry 22
Battle of the bubbles: Nanotech versus Internet 23
Caveat Emptor — Buyer Beware 25
Chapter 2: Nano in Your Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Going from Lab to Factory to Home 29
What’s a Kevlar? 29
Phase One: Research 30
Things heat up 32
To market, to market . . . 32
Jumping Over the Hurdles 33
Looking at Ethics and Society 34
Possible harm from nanomaterials 35
Encountering a Nano Divide? 36
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Chapter 3: Gathering the Tools of the Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
That Bit of Chemistry and Physics You Just Have to Know 39
Molecular building blocks 40
Turning on the light 46
Picking Apart Objects with Spectroscopy 51
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy: Feel the heat 51
Raman spectroscopy: Where’s the energy? 52
UltraViolet-Visible spectroscopy: Who’s there? 53
Seeing Molecules with Microscopy 53
Atomic force microscope (AFM) 54
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) 55
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) 57
The scanning tunneling microscope 57
Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy (MRFM) 58
Moving the World with Nanomanipulators 59
What’s available today 59
What’s down the road 60
Part II: Building a Better World with Nanomaterials 63
Chapter 4: Nanomaterials Galore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
It All Starts with Carbon 65
How Carbon-Based Things Relate to Nanotechnology 66
Delocalizing with benzene 67
Letting things slide with graphite 68
Bouncing Buckyballs 69
Creating buckyballs 70
Using buckyballs in the real world 71
Buckyballs Grow Up to Become Nanotubes 73
Producing nanotubes from thin air 75
Eying the structure of carbon nanotubes 76
Scanning the properties of nanotubes 76
Putting nanotubes to good use 79
Getting Wired with Nanowires 80
Growing nanowires 80
Nanowires at work 81
Chapter 5: Adding Strength with Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Compose This! 83
Lighter, stronger, cheaper 84
Interfacing the fiber with the matrix 84
One Word: Plastics 84
Dissipating static electricity 87
Displaying images 92
Nanotechnology For Dummies
xiv
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Lightening the Load with Nanofibers 95
Nanotubes 96
What a tangled web we weave 97
Putting nanofibers to use: Clothes make the man 99
Putting nanofibers to use: Into the wild blue yonder 101
Raising the Bar with Smart Materials 104
Coming back to normal 104
Sensing strain 108
Heal thyself 111
Part III: “Smarter” Computers! Faster Internet!
Cheaper Energy! 115
Chapter 6: Building a Better Digital Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Linking the Brain with the Computer 118
And Fast Is Good Because . . .? 119
End of the Transistor Road 120
From FETs to SETs 122
Fabricating new chips 128
Does a Nano-Size Elephant Ever Forget? 136
Magnetic Random-Access Memory (RAM) 136
Oh, yeah. We forgot . . . 142
Quantum Leaping (Oh, Boy . . .) 151
Chapter 7: Routing Information at the Speed of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
Manipulating Light with Crystals 162
Getting hooked on photonics 163
Controlling light: Photonic band gaps 165
Optical switching: Nano-defects to the rescue! 170
Making the switch: Photons on a nano-highway 171
Magic with Mirrors 173
Light-steering: Nanotechnology at the wheel 175
Mirror, mirror on the wall/ Nano’s the sharpest image of all 179
Try looking at it through nanotechnology’s eyes 180
Chapter 8: Nano-fying Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Lighting Up Tomorrow 183
Making quantum leaps with quantum dots 183
Getting light from nanotubes 185
Sensing Your Environment 187
Detecting chemicals 187
Biosensors 189
Mechanizing the Micro World 190
Micro-electromechanical machines (MEMS) 190
Building computer brains from molecules 192
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Table of Contents
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[...]... one of these icons next to it Going Online This book has its very own Web site, www.nanotechnologyfordummies.com This is your go-to source for updated information on the fast-changing world of nanotechnology Go to this Web site to ask us questions and get updates on nanotechnology 5 6 Nanotechnology For Dummies Part I Getting Small with Nanotechnology N In this part anotechnology is the hot buzzword... looks interesting (it is!), you won’t be lost We provide cross-references where relevant information is explained, and repeat the most important terms and ideas when necessary Introduction How This Book Is Organized Nanotechnology For Dummies is organized so you can quickly find, read, and understand the information you need — and if you want to move around the various topics, you can skip chapters... where the big wins are likely to occur If you’re interested in speculating on the future of nano with your checkbook, this part is for you Part VI: The Part of Tens Every For Dummies book rounds things out with a few chapters that follow that tried-and-true List of Ten format In Chapter 15 you hear all about ten movers and shakers in nanotechnology, and in Chapter 16 we cover ten resources in print... Reading on the Web and in Your Library 327 Web Sites .327 www.nanotechnologyfordummies.com 327 nanobot.blogspot.com .328 www.azonano.com 328 www.nano.gov .328 www.forbesnanotech.com 328 www.fda.gov/nanotechnology 329 www.nano.org.uk 329 www.foresight.org .329 Other great sites 330 Magazines 330 Technology... prospects for atomic engineering (To read the talk in its entirety, check out www.its caltech.edu/~feynman/plenty.html for a handy transcript.) 13 14 Part I: Getting Small with Nanotechnology ߜ Seeing is Believing: In 1981, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer of IBM’s Zurich Research Laboratory create the scanning tunneling microscope, enabling researchers to both see and manipulate atoms for the first time (For. .. nano realm Icons Used in This Book A picture is worth a thousand words, so this book uses little graphic icons to visually point out useful information that you may want to know more about Introduction The Tip icon indicates information that might be of interest for further exploration or lead you into new ideas These icons tend to point out tidbits that make exploring nanotechnology more enjoyable,... Prairie: Northwestern University .309 Small Progress at Rennsselaer 310 Ben Gurion University and Nano 311 Made in Japan: University of Tokyo 311 xvii xviii Nanotechnology For Dummies California (Nano) Dreaming at Berkeley 312 Educating Yourself in Nano 312 And a Whole Bunch More 314 Part VI: The Part of Tens 317 Chapter 15: Ten (or So) Nanotech Movers... its aggressive focus on developing applied technology — and the emergence of the right tools for the job When faced with a squishy term that can mean different things to different people, the best thing to do is to form a committee and charge it with drawing up a working definition In fact, a committee was formed (the National Nanotechnology Initiative) and the following defining features of nanotechnology... sheet rolled into a tube — comes in two main forms, metallic and semiconducting The carbon nanotube was discovered in 1991 and within only seven years, was used for shuttling electrons across two electrodes Not only is it incredibly small (nano-scale), but it also uses less energy and gives off less heat by using few electrons to indicate whether it’s on or off (For more on carbon nanotubes, see Chapter... word “nano” has become as ubiquitous as the word “calorie” in a diet book? Are you looking for the latest hot investment opportunity and you’ve heard that something called nanotechnology will someday revolutionize our lives, and quite possibly your portfolio? Well, you’ve come to the right place! Nanotechnology For Dummies is a fantastic way to get beyond all the hype and really understand what nanotechnology . Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies. com, and related trade dress. by Richard Booker and Earl Boysen Nanotechnololgy FOR DUMmIES ‰ 01_583689 ffirs.qxd 6/27/05 9:09 PM Page iii Nanotechnology For Dummies ® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111. useful information that you may want to know more about. 4 Nanotechnology For Dummies 03_583689 intro.qxd 6/27/05 9:19 PM Page 4 The Tip icon indicates information that might be of interest for further
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