Luận văn tốt nghiệp thú nhỏ về siêu âm so sánh giữa 2 phương pháp đo chiều dài lưỡng đỉnh và chiều dài thận của chó con trong việc dự đoán ngày sinh. Đề tại được thực hiện tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh trên 16 cá thể chó mang thai. Kết quả cho thấy phương pháp tính ngày sinh bằng cách đo đường lưỡng đỉnh cho kết quả chính xác hơn so với phương pháp tính ngày dự sinh bằng phương pháp đo chiều dài thận của chó con.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE ******************************* GRADUATE PROJECT REPORT CANINE FETAL BIPARIETAL DIAMETER AND KIDNEY LENGTH MEASUREMENT FOR DELIVERY TIME BY ULTRASOUND: A COMPARISON Student: LE DANG KHOA Class: DH16TT (Advanced Program) Discipline: Veterinary medicine Duration: 2016 – 2022 Ho Chi Minh City, July 2022 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE ******************************* LE DANG KHOA CANINE FETAL BIPARIETAL DIAMETER AND KIDNEY LENGTH MEASUREMENT FOR DELIVERY TIME BY ULTRASOUND: A COMPARISON (Research Veterinary Elective) The report is submitted as a requirement for Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree Supervisor: ASSOC PROF LE QUANG THONG Ho Chi Minh City, July 2022 i ABSTRACT In bitches, the ultrasonographic measurement of fetal structures allows the evaluation of gestational age and the prediction of the parturition term for the second half of the pregnancy The aim of this study was to compare equations based on biparietal diameter (BPD) and kidney length (KL) for prediction of the parturition date in second half of pregnancy in the small and medium-size bitches with comparable accuracy The effects of bitches weight, age, litter size, and breed (Poodle) on the accuracy of the prediction were also investigated The research consists of 16 clinically healthy pregnant bitches of breeds and cross-breeds Bitches were divided into groups according to compared classifications In each of the bitches, ultrasonographic examination of pregnancy was performed on at least fetuses from opposite uterine horns with measurements (2 fetal kidney lengths and biparietal diameters) The predicting parturition dates were compared with the actual dates of delivery provided by the bitch owners The data of each structure was calculated and the predicted day of parturition was obtained by the application of equations derived from growth curves previously developed for different size bitches On the effect of gestational age, BPD measurement gained better reliability than KL measurements within days, while by KL measurement, parturition prediction was highly accurate on week of pregnancy Bitch size and litter size did not affect the accuracy of parturition prediction by BPD and KL measurement In the Poodle breed only, based on gestational age, BPD and KL measurements had high precision within ±2 days at week (75%), week (100%), respectively Comparison based on bitch size, BPD remained more reliable than KL measurement while litter size did not affect the accuracy of BPD and KL measurement Keywords: canine, parturition time prediction, biparietal diameter, kidney length ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank all the lecturers of the Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, who played an indispensable role in my education The immense knowledge and experience that have been imparted for almost years make me mature and stronger in future path Next, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my dedicated mentor – Assoc Prof Le Quang Thong for guiding me to carry out the thesis He was always patient with my shortcomings in knowledge and gave me the best guidance My thesis would not have been possible without his constant support, invaluable advice and encouragement I would then like to acknowledge the support at every stage of the rest of my time as an intern to all the veterinarians and staff of PIMA Veterinary clinic, especially Dr Gia Khang, Dr Lam Van, Dr Bao Uyen, Dr Hong Uyen and Ms Nuong They gave me great pleasure working there with a friendly, professional working environment and modern medical equipment Last but not least, I must express my deepest gratitude to my family, my beloved girlfriend and classmates With the constant support of my family and the constant encouragement throughout the study period and through the research process, it was the motivation for me to complete the thesis iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES .viii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW .3 2.1 Maternal reproductive endocrinology and events 2.1.1 Pre-implantation: period of pre-fertilization, fertilization and the early embryo …………………………………………………………………………4 2.1.2 Post-implantation: periods of the late embryo 2.1.3 Period of fetus to parturition 2.2 Prenatal development .7 2.2.1 The period of the ovum 2.2.2 The period of the embryo 2.2.3 The period of the fetus .8 2.3 Canine fetal skull and kidney development 10 2.3.1 Canine fetal skull development 10 2.3.2 Canine fetal kidney development 13 2.4 Parameters used for parturition day prediction .16 2.4.1 Maternal parameters .17 2.4.2 Embryonic and fetal parameters .19 2.5 Ultrasonography and use in canine pregnancy diagnosis .24 2.5.1 Principle 24 2.5.2 Technique .25 2.5.3 Use of ultrasonography in veterinary practice .25 2.5.4 Application in pregnancy diagnosis .26 2.6 Recent related articles review .27 CHAPTER MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 iv 3.1 Time, location, and patient 30 3.2 Materials and equipment 30 3.3 Methods 31 3.3.1 Content and objective .31 3.3.3 Method procedure 32 3.4 Statistical analysis 35 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 36 4.1 Studied bitches information (breed, age, and weight) 36 4.2 Accuracy (%) of the prediction of parturition between BPD and KL measurement based on gestational age 38 4.3 Accuracy (%) of the prediction of parturition between BPD and KL measurement based on bitch size 39 4.4 Accuracy (%) of the prediction of parturition between BPD and KL measurement based on litter size 40 4.5 Accuracy (%) of parturition day prediction between BPD and KL measurement in Poodle breed 41 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 44 Conclusions 44 Recommendations .44 REFERENCES .46 MANUSCRIPT .51 CURRICULUM VITAE 67 MOTIVATION LETTER .71 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BPD: Biparietal diameter CL: Corpus luteum CRL: Crown-rump length C-R: Crown to rump Dbp: Days before parturition DPTV: Diencephalo-telencephalic vesicle FSH: Follicular stimulating hormone ICC: Inner chorionic cavity KL: Kidney length LH: Luteinizing hormone PGFM: Prostaglandin F metabolite PT: Placental thickness OUD: Outer uterine diameter US: Ultrasound vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Days of first appearance at ultrasound of fetal structures observed during the second half of pregnancy reported and references ……………………………….9 Table 2.2 Equations for prediction of gestational age (days after LH peak) or days before parturition (dbp) in the bitch by ultrasonographic measurement of extra-fetal structures …………………………………………………………………… ……20 Table 2.3 Equations for prediction of gestational age (days after LH peak) or days before parturition (dbp) in the bitch by ultrasonographic measurement of fetal structures …………………………………………………………………… ……22 Table 4.1 Descriptive statistics (minimum and maximum, average, median and standard deviation) of fetal BPD and fetal KL measurements during ultrasonographic periods of last weeks before parturition…………………………………………….37 Table 4.2 Accuracy of parturition day prediction between BPD and KL measurement on the basis of gestational age………………………………………………… …38 Table 4.3 Accuracy of parturition day prediction between BPD and KL measurement on the basis of bitch size……………………………………………………….… 39 Table 4.4 Accuracy of parturition day prediction between BPD and KL measurement on the basis of litter size……………………………………………………… ….40 Table 4.5 Accuracy of parturition day prediction between BPD and KL measurement in Poodle breed on the basis of gestational age…………………… …….…….…41 vii Table 4.6 Accuracy of parturition day prediction between BPD and KL measurement in Poodle breed on the basis of bitch size…………….… ………………… ….…41 Table 4.7 Accuracy of parturition day prediction between BPD and KL measurement in Poodle breed on the basis of litter size ………………………………………… 42 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Schematic of reproductive hormones in the estrus cycle of the domestic dog …………………………………………………………………… …….…… Figure 2.2 Section of a 500 µm dog blastocyst showing the inner cell mass Note mitotic division (arrow) and several spermatozoan heads embedded in the zona pellucida, 11 days after breeding ……………….…………………………… ……7 Figure 2.3 Dorsal view of the skull in a 45-day Beagle fetus The fontanel between the frontal and parietal bones will close before birth …… …………….… 11 Figure 2.4 Dorsal view of the skull of a 50-day, 105-mm Beagle fetus, calvaria removed Note that the incus and fourth superior premolar are ossified ………………………………………………………………………………… ….13 Figure 2.5 Dorsal views of the developing pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros ………………………………….………… …………………….…14 Figure 2.6 Longitudinal view of canine fetal kidney development through period using ultrasonography …………………………… ……………………………… 15 viii Figure 3.1 Vetus Veterinary Ultrasound Machine……………………………… 30 Figure 3.2 4-12 MHz linear transducer (A) and 3-11 MHz microconvex transducer (B)………………………………………………………………………………….31 Figure 3.3 Pregnant bitch was under image acquisition………………………… 32 Figure 3.4 A longitudinal view of fetal BPD………………………….………… 33 Figure 3.5 A longitudinal view of both two kidney in a canine fetus……… ……33 Figure 3.6 A longitudinal view of left fetal kidney with caliper………………….34 Figure 4.1 Studied bitch number………………………………………… ………36 Figure 4.2 Studied bitch age (A) and weight (B) 36 ix ... will remain free in the uterine cavity, floating and moving in the uterine horn, and at the same time absorbing the nutrients produced by the early developing endometrial glands, under the influence...MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE ******************************* LE DANG KHOA CANINE FETAL BIPARIETAL... hours, beginning 1–2 days before whelping Progesterone depletion occurs in response to an increase in prostaglandin to luteolytic concentrations, which in turn occurs in response to fetal pituitary-adrenal