Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status" and a case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L

Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status" and a case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status and a case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L Siriporn Zu[.]

Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status and a case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L Siriporn Zungsontiporn Weed Science Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand 10900 Summary Global invasive plant may invade in some countries, but it is not invasive plant in its native country or in range of distribution Those plants are utilized in some means, such as vegetable, fruit, ornamental plant or medicinal plant in it native country or even it was invasive plant but people learned how to manage with that plant, they can utilize it On the contrary way, an invasive plant of any country may not be invasive in any country else Most of the invasive plants are intentionally introduced to a country for some purpose especially for ornamental plant Hydrocotyle umbrellata L was introduced to Thailand as ornamental plant, the plant can grow well and with some habit of invasive plant of this plant, nowadays the plant was found in many natural areas as weed Introduction Most of invasive plant in an area is alien plant which was introduced from different habitat within a country or other country across geographic barrier Well development of transportation stimulates traveling and international trading which cause of increasing introduction of alien species Some of introduced alien plants can establish and spread out if it can adapt itself to survive in the new habitat well If the environment of new habitat is suitable for it growth, the plant may express it invasiveness and compete for space and nutrient with native plant which it may complete over native plants due to lack of it natural enemy in new habitat If the invasive plant invades to new area widely it may become noxious weed in that area In the past there were many invasive plants become noxious weeds out side it native range such as Water hyacinth, Giant sensitive plant, Pennisetum grasses They were introduced to many countries intentionally for some purposes such as ornamental plant, erosion control, soil improvement, forage fodder Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status The Global Invasive Species Database which developed by Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the World Conservation Union / Species Survival Committee (IUCN/SSC) under the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) had listed 388 species as invasive species Among these, there are 205 plant species which are algae/seaweed, 33aquatic plants, fern, 26 grass, 35 herb, palm, sedge, 50 shrub, 27 tree, and 22 vine/climber Among those 205 of global invasive plants 71 are exist in Thailand They are 15 aquatic plants, 10 grasses, herbs, palms, 23 shrubs/trees, 13 vine/climbers and shrubs/climbers About 29 species are known as introduced plants, other are uncertain or no information about introduction Most of the plants are utilized by some mean, ornamental plant, medicinal plant, etc Only 10 species are weed without any utilization such as Arundo donax, Lygodium microphyllum, Neyraudia reynaudiana, Polygonum perfoliatum Pennisetum polystachyon, P clandestinum etc (Table 1) Since agriculture is one of the main task of Thai population The plants invaded in agricultural area and becomes troublesome or weed for farmer are shown in Table Case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L H umbellata, common name as dollar weed, a member of Apiaceae, was introduced to Thailand as ornamental plant or aquarium plant more than 10 year ago The plant is attractive for it shiny green round leaf (Fig 1) Since the plant can propagate easily with stem New shoot can grow from maxillary bud and seem to be no natural enemy in Thailand It might be weed in near future Experiments to evaluate weed potential on this plant were conduced in 2002 They are growth of Dollar weed and competition of Dollar weed and a native plant, Centella asiaitca Fig.1 Hydrocotyle umbrellata L The result shown that Dollar weed can grow well not only in aquatic condition but also in dry condition (Fig.2) The plant can produce new shoot from stem with young leaf if the stem was cut out from the mother plant by the cut part produce root and then can survive in the water and new branch germinate from the bud between stem and petiole (Fig 3) From leaf at beginning of the experiment, the plant can grow up to 174 leaves within 141 day period (Fig.4) The plant can compete over the native plant, C asiatica, a member of same family (Fig.5 and Fig.6) These mean the plant has potential of weed Table Global invasive plant in Thailand and its status Plant name Common name Thai name I Ablmoschus moschatus aute toga, algalia, almizcle vegetal, almizcle vegetal, ambretta semi, chamod aukiki, bisameibisch, fau ingo, fau tagaloa, fautia, fou ingo, gombo ton, Thian musqué, gongul, kamang, kamwayang, karereon, metei, musk, musk chamot, Fai mallow, o'e'e, okeoke, okra, vakeke, wakeke, wakewake, wakiwaki phi Acacia confusa - acacia petit feuille, boiffuring, boiffuring, formosa acacia, formosa koa, ianangi, ianángi, mimosa, pilampwoia, shoshigi, shoshigi, small Philippine acacia, soschghi, sosigi, sosigi, sosugi, sosugi, yanangi Krathin Taiwan  Acacia farnesiana acacia jaune, aroma, aroma, aromo, aweet acadia, ban baburi, Kra thin carambuco, cashia, cassie, debena, Ellington curse, Ellington curse, thet espino blanco, espino ruco, esponja, esponjeira, huisache, huisache dulce, kandaroma, kandaroma, klu, klu, klu bush, kolu, kolu, mimosa, mimosa bush, needle bush, oki, opoponax, popinac, popinac, rayo, Small's acacia, sweet acacia, tekaibakoa, titima, vaivai vakavotona, Westindische akazie Adenanthera pavonina Alternanthera philoxeroides Plant habit H S T V/C status A OTH V M O W OTH Reference  25, 12    19      bead tree, bois de condori, carolina, colales, coral bean tree, culalis, Maklamton  false wili wili, falso-sândalo, kaikes, kolales, kulales, kulalis, , Ma klam la'aulopa, lera, lerendamu, lopa, metekam, metkam, metkem, ta chang, mwetkwem, olho-de-pavão, paina, peacock flower-fence, peacock Mahua tree, pitipitio, pomea, red sandalwood tree, redbeadtree, segavé, daeng telengtúngd, telentundalel, vaivai, vaivainivavalangi  alligator weed, alligatorweed, pig weed, xi han lian zi cao Anredera cordifloia 'uala hupe, anredera, enredadera del mosquito, filikafa, Gulf madeiravine, heartleaf madeiravine, lamb's tails, Madeira vine, mignonette vine, parra de Madeira, tapau Antigonon leptopus chain-of-love, confederate vine, coral bells, coral vine, corallita, dilngau, flores ka'dena, hearts on a chain, kadena de amor, love-vine,   Chompu  phuang, 1, 2, 10,   phak ped   phak pang 25, 11           21,26 Plant name Common name Thai name I Plant habit H S status T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH Reference Mexican creeper, mountain rose, queen's jewels, rohsapoak, Sandwich phuang Island creeper chomphu Ardisia elliptica Arundo donax Azolla pinnata - ati popa'a, shoebutton ardisia Ram yai, Thulang kasa ferny azolla, mosquito Fern, water velvet Cabomba caroliniana cabomba, Carolina fanwort, Carolina water-shield, fanwort, fish-grass, Bua Sarai  Washington-grass, Washington-plant Caesalpinia decaptetala bois sappan, cat's claw, kraaldoring, liane croc chien, Mauritius thorn, Krachai, mauritiusdoring, Mysore thorn, puakelekino, shoofly, ubobo-encane, Kamchai, ufenisi, ulozisi, wait-a-bit Nam khong, Nam chai Casurina equisetifolia G Nae daeng arbre aux papillons, buddleia, butterfly bush, orange eye, summer lilac Racha wadi  muang     Son thale     17 26  A    achira, African arrowroot, ali‘ipoe, li‘ipoe, apeellap, bakalele, bakare Phut kare, Balisier comestible, balisier rouge, calenda, canna, canna lily, tharaksa, chupa flor, English shot, fa‘i masoa, fagafaga, fagamanu, Fanamanu, Bua gasau ni ga, gwangwa, gwangwaama, Indian shot, luiuenwai, mongos lawong, halum-tano, nuaenga, oruuru, pia renga, pia-raroto‘a, poloka, poloke, Phutthason Queensland arrowroot, riti, te misimisi, tiare papa‘a, toolima, tous-lesmois chardon penché, musk thistle, nodding plumeless thistle, nodding 25, 26  arundo grass, bamboo reed, cana, cane, canne de Provence, carrizo O, O luang, grande, cow cane, donax cane, giant cane, giant reed, narkhat, ngasau O yai ni vavalangi, Pfahlrohr, reedgrass, river cane, Spanisches Rohr, Spanish cane, Spanish reed Buddleja davidii Canna indica   15   25, 26   25, 2, Plant name Common name Thai name I Plant habit H S status T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH Reference thistle, plumeless thistle Ceratophyllum demersom Chromolaena odorata Cinnamomum camphora Coccinia grandis Colubrina asiatica Cryptostegia grandiflora Dichrostachys cinerea Eichhornia crassipes common hornwort, coon's tail, coon's-tail, coontail, hornwort, rigid hornwort sarai hang ma, sarai khwai, sarai phungchad o agonoi, bitter bush, chromolaena, hagonoy, herbe du Laos, Sap suea   huluhagonoi, jack in the bush, kesengesil, mahsrihsrihk, masigsig, ngesngesil, otuot, rumput belalang, rumput golkar, rumput putih, Siam weed, Siam-Kraut, triffid weed, wisolmatenrehwei alcanfor, alcanforero, arvore da camphora, campher, camphor laurel, camphor tree, camphre, camphrier, canfora, Japanese camphor, kampferbaum, kuso-no-ki  Karabun,  Op choei yuan , ivy gourd, kiuri awia, kundru, scarlet-fruited gourd Phak tamlueng Asian snakewood, hoop with, Indian snakewood, latherleaf, wild coffee Khan song India rubber vine, liane de gatope, palay rubbervine, purple allamanda, rubber vine Dao Pradap, banburi muang el marabu, Kalahari-Weihnachtsbaum Krathin hang kra rok  A      25, 20, 10, 14  25, e   25, 26,    25, 12    25, 14 25, 10, 14    aguapé, bung el ralm, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, jacinto-aquatico, Phak tob   jal kumbhi, lechuguilla, lila de agua, mbekambekairanga,  15    H 25, 4, Plant name Common name Thai name I Plant habit H S status T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH Reference wasserhyazinthe, water hyacinth Elaeis guineensis Eugenia uniflora Gymnocoronis spilanthoides Hiptage benghalensis African oil palm, apwiraiasi, dendê, nu tamara, palmeira-dendê, palmier huile d'Afrique  Pam namman Barbados cherry, Brazilian cherry, cayenne cherry, Cayennekirsche, Mayom cerese côtes, cereza quadrada, cerezo de Cayena, cerise carée, cerise farang de Cayenne, cerise de pays, cerises-cotes, cerisier carré, cerisier de Cayenne, Florida cherry, French cherry, guinda, kafika, kafika palangi, kafika papalangi, menemene, monkie monkie kersie, nagapiry, ñangapiré, pendanga, pitanga, pitanga-da-praia, red Brazil cherry, Surinaamsche kersh, Surinam cherry, Surinamkirsche, venevene, zoete kers Senegal teaplant, temple plant Nora Houttuynia cordata ch'I, chameleon-plant, chu ts'ai, doku-dami, dokudami, houttuynia, vap ca, yu hsing ts'ao, yu xing cao, zyuyaku Phak khao thong Hydrilla verticillata Florida elodea, hydrilla, oxygen weed, water thyme, water weed Sarai hang krarok Imperata cylindrica Ipomoea aquatica  East Indian hygrophila, hygro, Indian swampweed, Miramar weed alang-alang, blady grass, Blutgras, carrizo, cogon grass, gi, impérata cylindrique, japgrass, kunai, lalang, ngi, paille de dys, paillotte, satintail, speargrass Ya kha akankong, aquatic morning glory, aseri, cancon, Chinese waterspinach, kang kong, kangking, kangkong, kangkun, kangum, Phak bung   10, 6, 22     15, 27, 17   15 G  3, 12, 26     26    1, 26     Phak bung   adimurtte, adirganti, atimukta, benghalen-Liane, chandravalli, haldavel, hiptage, kampti, kamuka, liane de cerf, madhalata, madhavi, Madhavi, Madhavi, madhumalati, madmalati, ragotpiti, vasantduti Hygrophila polysperma P       R 10, 27, 17,  2, 27, 17, Plant name Common name Thai name I Phaka Krong  Plant habit H S status T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH Reference kankan, kankum, kongkong, lili vai, liseron d’eau, lorenzo, luve ne tombithi, ndrinikava, ota karisa, seeri, seri, swamp cabbage, swamp morning glory, te kang kong, ung-choi, wa kumala, water bindweed, water spinach Lantana camara Leucaena leucocephala ach man, angel lips, ayam, big sage, blacksage, bunga tayi, cambara de espinto, cuasquito, flowered sage, lantana, lantana wildtype, largeleaf lantana, latora moa, prickly lantana, shrub verbean, supirrosa, Wandelroeschen, white sage, wild sage  acacia palida, aroma blanca, balori, bo chet, cassis, false koa, faux Kra thin mimosa, faux-acacia, fua pepe, ganitnityuwan tangantan, graines de lin, guaje, guaslim, guaxin, huaxin, horse/wild tamarind, huaxin, ipilipil, jumbie bean, kan thin, kanthum thect, koa haole, koa-haole, lamtoro, lead tree, Leucaena, leucaena, liliak, lino criollo, lopa samoa, lusina, nito, pepe, rohbohtin, schemu, siale mohemohe, subabul, tamarindo silvestre, tangan-tangan, tangantangan, te kaitetua, telentund, tuhngantuhngan, uaxim, vaivai, vaivai dina, vaivai ni vavalangi, wild mimosa, wild tamarind, zarcilla      - Chinese ligustrum, Chinese privet, xiao la Limnocharis flava cebolla de chucho, cu neo, kalmi, kengkong, keo neo, limnocharis, manja payal, paku rawan, sawah-flower rush, sawah-lettuce, velvetleaf, yellow bur-hea talapad ruesi, Bon chin  ambulia, Asian marshweed, limnophila, shi long wei Nang om  Chinese honeysuckle, Hall's honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle, Japanisches Geissblatt, madreselva, madressilva Sai na phueng  Lygodium microphyllum Old World climbing fern, small leaf climbing fern, small-leaf climbing Li phao fern yung  Limnophila sessiliflora Lonicera japonica Khao tok  phra ruang F/S 25, 22, 1,4   Ligustrum sinensis   2, 26       4, 27, 17 2, 10, 26   F 25, 1, 26,  Plant name Common name Thai name cajeput, Mao-Holzrose, melaleuca, niaouli, paper bark tree, punk tree Samet Melia azedarach ilinia, ‘inia, alelaila, amargoseira-do-Himalaio, arbre chapelets, bakain, chinaberry, chuan liang zi, dake, Indian lilac, indischer Zedrachbaum, jazmin, lelah, lilas des Indes, margosa tree, melia, para‘isu, paraíso, Persian lilac, persischer Flieder, prais, pride-ofIndia, sendan, Sichuan pagoda-tree, sili, sita, syringa berrytree, tili, tira, umbrella tree, white cedar Lian Merremia peltata abui, agon, arosumou, big leaf, big lif rop, fitau, fitaw, fue, fue kula, fue lautetele, fue lautetele, fue mea, fue vao, fue vao, fue vao, grobihi, iohl, iol, kebeas, lagun, merremia, Niaouli-Oelbaum, pohue, puhlah, veliyana, viliyawa, wa bula, wa damu, wa mbula, wa ndamu, wachathal, wiliao, wiliviwa En luen Melaleuca quinquenervia Microstegium vimineum I  status T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH S Reference 26         6, 26,  2, annual jewgrass, Asian stilt grass, bamboograss, Chinese packing grass, flexible sesagrass, Japanese grass, Japanese stilt grass, Mary's grass, Nepal grass, Nepal microstegium, Nepalese browntop, Vietnamese stilt grass G American rope, Chinese creeper, Chinesischer Sommerefeu, fue saina, liane americaine, mile-a-minute weed, ovaova, usuvanua, wa bosucu, wa mbosuthu, wa mbosuvu, wa mbutako, wa ndamele  Mimosa pigra bashful plant, catclaw, catclaw mimosa, chi yop, columbi-da-lagoa, Miyarap eomrmidera, espino, giant sensitive plant, giant sensitive tree, giant yak trembling plant, juquiri, juquiri grand, kembang gajah, malicia-de-boi, mimosa, mimosa, mimose, putri malu, semalu gajah, sensitiva, trinh nu nhon, una de gato, xao ho  Paederia foetida S  Mikania micrantha Neyraudia reynaudiana Plant habit H burma reed, cane grass, false reed, silk reed Phong lao Chinese fever vine, skunk vine, stinkvine Phang hom ( ( ) )   27  M 17, 7, G    7, 13  5, 21 Plant name Panicum repens Passiflora foetida Common name Thai name I Plant habit H S status T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH Reference canota, couch panicum, creeping panic, kriechende Hirse, millet Ya rampant, panic rampant, torpedo grass, torpedograss, Victoria grass, channakat wainaku grass   17, 27 bedoca, bombom, dulce, fetid pa, kinahulo' atdao, kudamono, lani wai, Kratokrok loliloli ni kalavo, love-in-a-mist, mossy passionflower, pasio vao, passiflore, passionflower, pohapoha, pompom, pwomwpwomw, qaranidila, running pop, scarlet fruited passionflower, sou, stinking passionflower, tea biku, tomates, vaine 'ae kuma, vaine 'initia, vine vao, wild passion fruit, wild water lemon    14, 27, 17 Pennisetum clandestinum capim-quicuio, kikuyo, kikuyu grass, kikuyu pul, kikuyu tana, kikuyugras, pasto africano, West African pennisetum, xi fei lang wei cao   Pennisetum polystachion  dipw rais, feathery pennisetum, mechen katu, missiongrass, o tamata, Ya pwokso, queue de chat, thin napier grass, West Indian pennisetu khajonjob  17, 27 Phoenix canariensis Pistia stratiotes Canary date palm, Canary Island date palm, dattier des Canaries, phoenix palm - laitue d'eau, Lechuguilla de agua, lechuguita de agua, pistie, repollo de agua, salade d’eau, tropical duckweed, water lettuce Palm khon  nok P chok  Polygonum perfoliatum Asiatic tearthumb, devil's-tail tearthumb, ishimikawa, mile-a-minute- Sam khom vine, mile-a-minute-weed, minuteweed, tearthumb khiang Potamogeton crispus Psidium guajava curly pondweed, curly-leaved pondweed Naen abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas, biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase, Farang  26    19, 17, 27      F 10 Plant name Common name Thai name I Plant habit H S status T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH Reference jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi, kuawa mom Pueraria montana var abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas, lobata biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, farang, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi, kuawa mom Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Ceylon hill gooseberry, downy myrtle, downy rose myrtle, feijoa, hill gooseberry, hill guava, Isenberg bush, myrte-groseille, rose myrtle Rottboellia cochinchinensis Rubus moluccanus Rubus rosifolius Sagittaria sagittifolia ( ) Phruat  C    anguigay, annarai, bandjangan, barsali, bukal, bura, caminadora, Ya prong capim-camalote, cebada fina, corn grass, dholu, doekoet kikisian, khai, gaho, girum nagei, graminea corredora, guinea-fowl grass, herbe Yakhayong queue-de-rat, itch grass, itchgrass, jointed grass, Kelly grass, kokoma grass, konda panookoo, lisofya, paja peluda, prickle grass, Raoul grass, rice grass, sagisi, sancarana, shamva grass, sugarcane weed, swooate, tsunoaiashi G Som kung akala, akalakala, forest bramble, framboisier, frambueso de Africa, Kulap chan Mauritius raspberry, native bramble, native raspberry, ola'a, roseleaf raspberry, thimbleberry arrowhead, chieh ku, chien tao ts'ao, espadana, flecha de agua, flèche Tao kiat d'eau, giant arrowhead, Hawaii arrowhead, old world arrowhead, pai ti  -   17 27 11 -      22, Plant name Common name Thai name I Plant habit H S status T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH Reference li, Pfeilkraut, pijlkruid, saeta de agua, sagitária, shui p'Ing, suokiu, t'zu ku, wapatoo, yen wei ts'ao Sorghum halepense Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass, cañuela, Don Carlos, grama China, Ya phong  gumai, herbe de Cuba, Johnson grass, Johnsongrass, kola, sorgho, sorgho d'Alep, sorgo de Alepo, yerba Johnson, zacate Johnson G  F Spathodea campanulata African tulip tree, Afrikanischer Tulpenbaum, amapola, apär, baton du Khae saet  sorcier, fa‘apasi, fireball, flame of the forest, fountain tree, Indian Cedar, ko‘i‘i, mata ko‘i‘I, mimi, orsachel kui, patiti vai, pisse-pisse, pititi vai, rarningobchey, Santo Domingo Mahogany, taga mimi, tiulipe, tuhke dulip, tulipan africano, tulipier du Gabon Striga asiatica Syzygium cumini Asiatic witchweed, buri, common mealie witchweed, isona weed, Ya maemot Matabele flower, mealie poison, mealie witchweed, red witchweed, scarlet lobelia, striga, witchweed black plum, damson plum, djoowet, doowet, druif, duhat, duhat, fauxpistachier, guayabo pesjua, indian blackberry, jalao, jaman, jambhool, jamblang, jambol, jambolan plum, jambolanier, jambool, jambu, jambul, jambulao, jamelao, jamelon-guier, jamelong, jamelongue, jamélongue, jamelonguier, jammun, jamoen, Java plum, jiwat, Ka'ika, kavika ni India, koeli, koriang, lomboy, lunaboy, ma-ha, Malabar plum, mesegerak, mesekerrak, mesekerrák, mesigerak, paramu, pesjua extranjera, pistati, Portuguese plum, pring bai, pring das krebey, purple plum, salam, va, voi rung Tradescantia spathacea - boat lily, boat plant, faina kula, moses in a boat, Moses-in-a-basket, oyster plant, riri mangio, riri raei, talotalo, laupapaki (Rhoeo discolor Hance) Trapa natans bull nut, European water chestnut, water chestnut, water nut ma ngaeng, Kra chom Ps  Waa wan hoi khraeng 26    F/S 26, 14,        17, 13   10, 14, 26 16 Plant name Vallisneria spiralis Zizania latifolia Ziziphus mauritiana Common name Thai name eel grass, freshwater eelgrass, ribbonweed Santawa bai khao coba, jiao-bai, kuw-sun, kwo-bai, makomo, makomo dake, Manchurian water-rice, Manchurian wild rice, Manchurian wildrice, Manchurian zizania, ricegrass, Wasserbambus, water-bamboo, wild rice stem No mai nam aprin, baer, baher, bahir, bedara, ber, bor, Chinee apple, Chinese apple, Chinese date, coolie plum, crabapple, dindoulier, dunk, dunks, dunks, gingeolier, Indian cherry, Indian jujube, Indian plum, jujube, jujubier, liane croc chien, ma-tan, Malay jujube, mangustine, manzana (apple), manzanas, manzanita, manzanita (little apple), perita haitiana, petit pomme, phutsa, pomme malcadi, pomme surette, ponsigne, putrea, tao, tao nhuc, widara, widara, yuyubi, yuyubo Phutsa I Plant habit H S  status T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH  Reference 15    G      F/S Note: I = introduced species Plant habit: H = herb, S = shrub, T= tree, V/C = vine/ climber, A = aquatic plant Oth: F = fern, G = grass, P = palm, Ps = parasitic plant Status: V = vegetable, M = medicinal plant, O = ornamental plant, W = weed Oth: A = aquarium plant, C = cover crop, F = fruit, F/S = fruit/shading, H = handy craft, M = mollusicide, R = roofing Table Some noxious weeds in Thailand Plant species Family Invaded area Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae upland field Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae upland field Commelina diffusa Commelinaceae upland field Cyanotis axillaries Commelinaceae Paddy field Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Paddy field Drymaria cordata Caryophyllaceae Upland field (highland) Echinocloa colona Poaceae Paddy field and upland field Echinocloa crus-galli Poaceae Paddy field Eupatorium adenophorum Asteraceae Upland field (highland) Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbiaceae Upland field Fimbristylis dichotoma Cyperaceae Paddy field Fimbristylis miliacea Cyperaceae Paddy field Hyptis suaveolens Labiateae Upland field Marselia crenata Marsileaceae Paddy field and upland field Mimosa invisa Fabaceae upland field Monoclhoria vaginalis Pontederiaceae Paddy field Rottboellia cochinchinensis Poaceae upland field Spheanoclea zeylanica Sphenocleaceae Paddy field Typha angustifolia Typhaceae Swamp and wet area Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae upland field Fig.2 Growth of Dollar weeds in less moist condition Fig.3 Part of Dollar weed that can use for propagation Leaf no Fig.4 Growth of Dollar weed in water duration (days) Fig.5 Growth C asiatica and H umbrellata growing in the same pot (70 days) Dry weight per plant (g) Fig Growth of H umbrellata and C asiatica growing together in the same pot at various ratios.for 98 days Number of plant (H umbrellata : C asiatica) Dollar weed can grow well in both high and low moist compete for space and nutrient with other plant very well In dry condition the plant produce a lot of seeds, but no seedling found in the experimental period Pakjarurn (2002) reported that substances extracted from this plant can inhibit growth of Mimosa pigra, Echinocloa crus-galli, Pennisetum pedicellatum and Trianthema portulacastrum This may help plant to compete other plants To confirm the result of preliminary evaluation weed potential of Dollar weed in various places The plant was found many swamp, pond and ditch along road side in many provinces The plant was also found in high moist land shown ability of competition over other indigenous plants (Fig.7) Fig Dollar weed found in ditch along road side Reference Bunyaprapat, N and Chokchaicharoenporn, O 1999 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Thai) 26 Veerasommai, U., Janjitilul, T., and Wongpanasin, A 1998 Plant Materials in Thailand H.N Group Col.Ltd 631p (in Thai) 27 Weed Science Society of Thailand 2002 Common Weeds of Central Thailand Funny Publishing Bangkok 135p (in Thai) 28 Yongbunkerd, U 1975 Some Weeds in Paddy Field Department of Agriculture 62p (in Thai)