TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows pot

TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Microsoft Corporation Published: May 21, 2006 Updated: Jan 9, 2012 Author: Joseph Davies Editor: Anne Taussig Abstract This online book is a structured, introductory approach to the basic concepts and principles of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite, how the most important protocols function, and their basic configuration in the Microsoft® Windows Vista™, Windows Server® 2008, Windows® XP, and Windows Server 2003 families of operating systems. This book is primarily a discussion of concepts and principles to lay a conceptual foundation for the TCP/IP protocol suite and provides an integrated discussion of both Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). The information contained in this document represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation on the issues discussed as of the date of publication. 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TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: i Contents Chapter 1 – Introduction to TCP/IP 1 Chapter Objectives 2 History of TCP/IP 3 The Internet Standards Process 5 Requests for Comments (RFCs) 5 TCP/IP Terminology 7 TCP/IP Components in Windows 9 Configuring the IPv4-based TCP/IP Component in Windows 9 Automatic Configuration 10 Manual Configuration 11 Installing and Configuring the IPv6-based TCP/IP Component in Windows 12 Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 12 Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 13 Name Resolution Files in Windows 14 TCP/IP Tools in Windows 14 The Ipconfig Tool 15 The Ping Tool 16 Network Monitor 17 Chapter Summary 19 Chapter Glossary 20 Chapter 2 – Architectural Overview of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite 23 Chapter Objectives 24 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite 25 Network Interface Layer 25 Internet Layer 26 Transport Layer 26 Application Layer 27 IPv4 Internet Layer 28 ARP 28 ARP Cache 28 TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: ii ARP Process 29 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) 30 Fragmentation and Reassembly 31 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 31 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 32 IPv6 Internet Layer 34 IPv6 34 IPv6 Extension Headers 35 Fragmentation in IPv6 35 Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6) 36 Neighbor Discovery (ND) 37 Address Resolution 38 Router Discovery 39 Address Autoconfiguration 39 Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) 39 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 41 TCP Ports 41 TCP Three-Way Handshake 42 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 43 UDP Ports 43 Packet Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 44 Application Programming Interfaces 46 Windows Sockets 46 NetBIOS 47 TCP/IP Naming Schemes in Windows 48 Host Names 48 NetBIOS Names 48 Chapter Summary 50 Chapter Glossary 51 Chapter 3 – IP Addressing 53 Chapter Objectives 54 IPv4 Addressing 55 TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: iii IPv4 Address Syntax 55 Converting from Binary to Decimal 56 Converting from Decimal to Binary 57 IPv4 Address Prefixes 58 Prefix Length Notation 58 Dotted Decimal Notation 59 Types of IPv4 Addresses 59 IPv4 Unicast Addresses 60 Internet Address Classes 60 Modern Internet Addresses 62 Public Addresses 63 Illegal Addresses 63 Private Addresses 63 Automatic Private IP Addressing 64 Special IPv4 Addresses 65 Unicast IPv4 Addressing Guidelines 65 IPv4 Multicast Addresses 66 IPv4 Broadcast Addresses 66 IPv6 Addressing 68 IPv6 Address Syntax 68 Converting Between Binary and Hexadecimal 69 Compressing Zeros 70 IPv6 Address Prefixes 70 Types of IPv6 Addresses 70 IPv6 Unicast Addresses 71 Global Unicast Addresses 71 Link-Local Addresses 73 Site-Local Addresses 73 Zone IDs for Local-Use Addresses 74 Unique Local Addresses 74 Special IPv6 Addresses 75 Transition Addresses 75 TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: iv IPv6 Interface Identifiers 76 EUI-64 Address-based Interface Identifiers 77 IEEE 802 Address Conversion Example 79 Temporary Address Interface Identifiers 79 IPv6 Multicast Addresses 80 Solicited-Node Multicast Address 81 IPv6 Anycast Addresses 82 IPv6 Addresses for a Host 82 IPv6 Addresses for a Router 83 Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing 84 Chapter Summary 85 Chapter Glossary 86 Chapter 4 – Subnetting 89 Chapter Objectives 90 Subnetting for IPv4 91 Determining the Subnet Prefix of an IPv4 Address Configuration 92 Prefix Length Notation 93 Subnet Mask Notation 94 Defining a Prefix Length 95 Subnetting Within an Octet 97 Defining the Subnetted Address Prefixes 98 Defining the Range of IPv4 Addresses for Each Subnet 99 Subnetting Across an Octet Boundary 102 Defining the Subnetted address prefixes 102 Defining the Range of IPv4 Addresses for Each Subnet 104 Variable Length Subnetting 105 Variable Length Subnetting Example 106 Variable Length Subnetting and Routing 108 Subnetting for IPv6 109 Subnetting a Global or Unique Local Address Prefix 109 Determining the Number of Subnetting Bits 109 Enumerating Subnetted Address Prefixes 110 TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: v Variable Length Subnetting 113 Chapter Summary 114 Chapter Glossary 115 Chapter 5 – IP Routing 117 Chapter Objectives 118 IP Routing Overview 119 Direct and Indirect Delivery 119 IP Routing Table 120 Routing Table Entries 120 Static and Dynamic Routing 121 Dynamic Routing 122 Routing Protocol Technologies 122 IPv4 Routing 124 IPv4 Routing with Windows 124 Contents of the IPv4 Routing Table 124 Route Determination Process 125 Determining the Next-Hop Address and Interface 126 Example Routing Table for an IPv4 Host Running Windows 127 Static IPv4 Routing 129 Configuring Static IPv4 Routers 130 Dynamic IPv4 Routing 130 RIP 131 OSPF 131 BGP-4 131 Integrating Static and Dynamic Routing 132 IPv4 Route Aggregation and Summarization 133 Route Summarization for Internet Address Classes: Supernetting 134 IPv4 Routing Support in Windows 135 Static Routing 135 Dynamic Routing with RIP and OSPF 135 Configuring Hosts for IPv4 Routing 135 Default Gateway Setting 136 TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: vi Default Route Metric 137 ICMP Router Discovery 137 Static Routes 138 Persistent Static Routes 138 RIP Listener 138 Routing for Disjoint Networks 138 Network Address Translation 140 How Network Address Translation Works 141 IPv6 Routing 144 IPv6 Routing Tables 144 IPv6 Routing Table Entry Types 144 Route Determination Process 145 Example Windows IPv6 Routing Table 145 IPv6 Routing Protocols 147 RIPng for IPv6 147 OSPF for IPv6 147 Integrated IS-IS for IPv6 147 BGP-4 148 IPv6 Route Aggregation and Summarization 148 Windows Support for IPv6 Static Routing 149 Configuring Hosts for IPv6 Routing 153 Routing Tools 154 Chapter Summary 155 Chapter Glossary 156 Chapter 6 – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 159 Chapter Objectives 160 DHCP Overview 161 Benefits of Using DHCP 162 Configuring TCP/IP Manually 162 Configuring TCP/IP Using DHCP 162 How DHCP Works 163 DHCP Messages and Client States 163 TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: vii The Initializing State 165 The Selecting State 166 The Requesting State 168 The Bound State 169 The Renewing State 170 The Rebinding State 171 Restarting a Windows DHCP Client 172 The Windows DHCP Server Service 174 Installing the DHCP Server Service 174 DHCP and Active Directory Integration 175 BOOTP Support 175 DHCP Server Service Configuration 176 Properties of the DHCP Server 176 DHCP Scopes 177 Configuring a DHCP Scope 177 Deploying Multiple DHCP Servers 178 Superscopes 179 Options 179 Client Reservations 181 Fault Tolerance for Client Reservations 182 DHCP Options Classes 182 Vendor Classes 183 User Classes 183 The DHCP Relay Agent 185 Installing the DHCP Relay Agent 185 Address Autoconfiguration for IPv6 187 Autoconfigured Address States 187 Types of Autoconfiguration 188 Autoconfiguration Process 188 DHCPv6 189 DHCPv6 Messages and Message Exchanges 190 DHCPv6 Support in Windows 192 TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: viii Configuring DHCPv6 Scopes and Options 192 Installing and Configuring the DHCPv6 Relay Agent 193 Using the Ipconfig Tool 195 Verifying the IP Configuration 195 Renewing a Lease 195 Releasing a Lease 196 Setting and Displaying the Class ID 196 Chapter Summary 197 Chapter Glossary 198 Chapter 7 – Host Name Resolution 201 Chapter Objectives 202 TCP/IP Naming Schemes 203 Host Names Defined 203 Host Name Resolution Process 204 Resolving Names with a Hosts File 205 Resolving Names with LLMNR 206 Resolving Names with a DNS Server 206 Windows Methods of Resolving Host Names 207 The Hosts File 208 IPv4 Entries 208 IPv6 Entries 209 The DNS Client Resolver Cache 210 Chapter Summary 212 Chapter Glossary 213 Chapter 8 – Domain Name System Overview 215 Chapter Objectives 216 The Domain Name System 217 DNS Components 217 DNS Names 218 Domains and Subdomains 218 DNS Servers and the Internet 219 Zones 220 [...]... Client Requests for Remote Domains 530 Servicing non-WINS Client Requests for Remote Domains 532 Workgroup Spanning an IPv4 Router 533 Multiple Workgroups Separated By IPv4 Routers 534 TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: xxi TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: xxii Chapter 1 – Introduction to TCP/IP Chapter 1 – Introduction to TCP/IP Abstract... Internet layer and comprises an IP header and payload TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: 8 Chapter 1 – Introduction to TCP/IP TCP/IP Components in Windows Table 1-3 lists the advantages of the TCP/IP protocol suite and the inclusion of TCP/IP components in Windows Advantages of the TCP/IP protocol suite Advantages of TCP/IP components in Windows A standard, routable enterprise networking... diagnostic tools used by the TCP/IP components in Windows  Test the TCP/IP components of Windows with the Ipconfig and Ping tools  Install and use Network Monitor TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: 2 Chapter 1 – Introduction to TCP/IP History of TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is an industry standard suite of protocols that is designed for large networks consisting... of the TCP/IP protocol suite and TCP/IP components in Windows Windows includes both an IPv4-based and an IPv6-based TCP/IP component Configuring the IPv4-based TCP/IP Component in Windows The IPv4-based TCP/IP component in Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista is installed by default and appears as the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) component in the Network Connections folder Unlike Windows. .. support TCP/IP, and most large private networks rely on TCP/IP for much of their traffic TCP/IP components in Windows enable enterprise networking and connectivity for Windows and nonWindows–based computers A technology for connecting dissimilar systems Many TCP/IP application protocols were designed to access and transfer data between dissimilar systems These protocols include HTTP, FTP, and Telnet TCP/IP. .. the TCP/IP protocol suite originally defined for use on the Internet IPv4 is in widespread use today  IPv6 is the Internet layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite that has been recently developed IPv6 is gaining acceptance today TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: 3 Chapter 1 – Introduction to TCP/IP  IP is the term used to describe features or attributes that apply to both IPv4 and IPv6 For. .. Protocol (TCP/IP) , both as an industry standard protocol suite and as it is supported in the Microsoft Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2003, and Windows XP families of operating systems For the TCP/IP protocol suite, network administrators must understand its past, the current standards process, and the common terms used to describe network devices and portions of a network For the TCP/IP. .. history of the TCP/IP protocol suite  Describe the Internet standards process and the purpose of a Request for Comments (RFC) document  Define common terms used in TCP/IP  Describe the advantages of including TCP/IP components in Windows  Describe how to configure the IPv4-based TCP/IP component in Windows  Describe how to install and configure the IPv6-based TCP/IP component in Windows  List... indicates IPv4 in most of the TCP/IP implementations today, the term IP will be used for IPv4 in some instances These references will be made clear in the context of the discussion When possible, the chapters of this online book will use the term IP (IPv4) TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to TCP/IP The Internet Standards Process Because TCP/IP is the protocol of... considered upper-layer protocols File Transfer Protocol [FTP] and Domain Name System [DNS] fall into this category) For TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: 7 Chapter 1 – Introduction to TCP/IP details of the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite, see Chapter 2, "Architectural Overview of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite."  LAN segment A portion of a subnet consisting of a single medium that is bounded by . TCP/IP Component in Windows 12 Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 12 Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 13 Name Resolution Files in Windows 14 TCP/IP. TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows Page: i Contents Chapter 1 – Introduction to TCP/IP 1 Chapter Objectives 2 History of TCP/IP 3 The