MUTAGENESIS Edited by Rajnikant Mishra Mutagenesis http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2937 Edited by Rajnikant Mishra Contributors Chuan Tang Wang, Yue Yi Tang, Xiu Zhen Wang, Qi Wu, Hua Yuan Gao, Tong Feng, J un Wei Su, Shu Tao Yu, Xian Lan Fang, Wan Li Ni, Yan Sheng Jiang, Lang Qian, Dong Qing Hu, Fusao Hirata, George B. Corcoran, Aiko Hirata, Cherie Musgrove, Manel Camps, Marc Vermulst, Konstantin Khrapko, Jonathan Wanagat, Biljana Nikolić, Dragana Mitić-Ćulafić, Branka Vuković-Gačić, Jelena Knežević-Vukčević, Hidetaka Torigoe, Takeshi Imanishi, Sang Sun Kang, Anna Sikora, Celina Janion, Elżbieta Grzesiuk, Kristin Lampe, Siobhan Cashman, Halil Aksoylar, Kasper Hoebe, Petra Kozjak, Vladimir Meglič, María Pertusa, Hans Moldenhauer, Sebastián Brauchi, Ramón Latorre, Rodolfo Madrid, Patricio Orio Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Danijela Duric Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published August, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Mutagenesis, Edited by Rajnikant Mishra p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0707-1 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Mutagenesis: A Useful Tool for the Genetic Improvement of the Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) 1 Chuan Tang Wang, Yue Yi Tang, Xiu Zhen Wang, Qi Wu, Hua Yuan Gao, Tong Feng, Jun Wei Su, Shu Tao Yu, Xian Lan Fang, Wan Li Ni, Yan Sheng Jiang, Lang Qian and Dong Qing Hu Chapter 2 Mono-Ubiquitination of Nuclear Annexin A1 and Mutagenesis 13 Fusao Hirata, George B. Corcoran and Aiko Hirata Chapter 3 Models for Detection of Genotoxicity in vivo: Present and Future 31 Cherie Musgrove and Manel Camps Chapter 4 Mitochondrial Mutagenesis in Aging and Disease 51 Marc Vermulst, Konstantin Khrapko and Jonathan Wanagat Chapter 5 Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Antimutagens from Sage (Salvia officinalis) and Basil (Ocimum basilicum) 85 Biljana Nikolić, Dragana Mitić-Ćulafić, Branka Vuković-Gačić and Jelena Knežević-Vukčević Chapter 6 Chemical Modification of Oligonucleotides: A Novel Approach Towards Gene Targeting 113 Hidetaka Torigoe and Takeshi Imanishi Chapter 7 The Mutation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) Cation Channel in Human Diseases 141 Sang Sun Kang Chapter 8 Bacterial Systems for Testing Spontaneous and Induced Mutations 153 Anna Sikora, Celina Janion and Elżbieta Grzesiuk VI Contents Chapter 9 ENU Mutagenesis in Mice – Genetic Insight into Impaired Immunity and Disease 179 Kristin Lampe, Siobhan Cashman, Halil Aksoylar and Kasper Hoebe Chapter 10 Mutagenesis in Plant Breeding for Disease and Pest Resistance 195 Petra Kozjak and Vladimir Meglič Chapter 11 Mutagenesis and Temperature-Sensitive Little Machines 221 María Pertusa, Hans Moldenhauer, Sebastián Brauchi, Ramón Latorre, Rodolfo Madrid and Patricio Orio Preface Mutagenesis is a powerful method directed towards mutating genes or engineering genome for functional analysis, producing mouse models of human disease, and understanding molecular mechanism of biodiversity at different levels of biological organizations. Several insights have been revealed through studies using experimental models, or in silico, on natural mutations in general and site-specific mutagenesis in particular. However, unified text on recent trends in mutagenesis is poorly available within a single cover. Trust, this book would cater the need of readers who are looking for unified text on mutagenesis and its applications in research and teaching in the area of basic, agricultural or medical sciences. I express my gratitude to authors for sharing their experience on mutagenesis. I gratefully acknowledge the time and valuable suggestions of reviewers Dr Padmanabh Dwivedi, and Dr Anju Shrivastava. I extend my sincere thanks to my dear students Miss Brij Bharti, Mr Ratnakar Tripathi, Mr Sachin Shukla and Mr Kumar Shubham for their critical help in editing this book. Rajnikant Mishra, Ph.D Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory Department of Zoology Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi-221005, India [...]... scanned by NIRS (NPS) EMS（%） No of quality plants predicted by NIRS No of quality seeds predicted by NIRS Oleate (>58%) Oil (>55) Protein (>27%) Oleate (>60%) Oil (>55%) Protein (>28%) 0.5 6 2 1 1 33 5 1.0 7 7 13 6 70 6 1.5 4 1 1 1 15 0 Table 3 No of quality plants (M1)/seeds (M2) identified by NIRS in mutagenized LF 2 populations 6 Mutagenesis EMS（%） 0.5 1.0 1.5 No of quality plants predicted by NIRS... in bulk seeds from single plants and in single seeds of two peanut cultivars as predicted by NIRS Some seeds (M2) with high oleate, oil or protein content predicted by NIRS were sampled and sent to Food Supervising and Testing Centre (Wuhan), China to analyze their quality by standard methods For quality analysis by conventional means, a small seed portion of selected single seeds, distal to embry end,... (http://creativecommons.org/licenses /by/ 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 14 Mutagenesis within nuclei (Lin et al., 1997), it is likely that nuclear annexin A1 is involved in DNA replication, especially DNA damage induced gene mutation, since DNA damage induced mutagenesis plays an important role in tumorigenesis Mutagenesis is... promotion by heavy metals is attributed not only to inhibition of DNA repair systems such as mismatch repair but also to relaxation of the semi-conservative replication machinery for translesion DNA synthesis that bypasses sites of damage (Calsou et al., 1996; Jin et al., 2003) Translesion DNA synthesis is catalyzed by error-prone DNA polymerases, and exchange of DNA polymerases is promoted by ubiquitination... A1 as detected by anti-annexin A1 antibody, but under the present experimental conditions, no significant ubiquitination of endogenous annexin A1 was detected in the presence of ubiquitin and an ATP generating system without UbcH2A UbcH2A could be equally replaced by its related enzyme, UbcH2B but not by E2-25K These observations suggest but do not necessarily prove that annexin A1 16 Mutagenesis is... measured by the number of colonies with trifluorothymidine resistance according to the method described by Honma et al (1999) These observations suggest that DNA damage was induced under these conditions After 3 hr treatments with 15 μM MMS or 3 μM As3+, nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts were isolated and were analyzed by Western blots with anti-annexin A1 antibody Nuclear annexin A1 was increased by the... used as an error-prone DNA polymerase that bypasses 8-oxo-guanine during DNA replication (Avkin & Livneh, 2002) DNA synthesis was measured by extension of the primer, 5’-TGGTTCACGTAG-3’ annealed to P0G or oxidatively damaged DNA oligonucleotide (P30G) templates Mono-ubiquitinated annexin A1 and Ca2+ increased DNA replication by approximately 2.6 fold as measured by the synthesis of 80mer, a full size of... modification, and increased SUMOylation by 2.6 fold vs without Ca2+ Therefore, we concluded that annexin A1 was conjugated with SUMOs under these conditions While the SUMOylation barely altered the molecular weight of bovine annexin A1 (37,000 Da) as detected by anti-annexin A1 antibody, the protein band with an apparent molecular weight around 38,000 Da could not be detected by anti-SUMO antibody in the absence... multiple quality traits rapidly, simultaneously and non-destructively [13,14] This chapter summarized the recent progress in peanut mutagenesis for yield and quality made by scientists from our research group 2 Development of high-yielding peanut mutants through chemical mutagenesis 2.1 Flower injection of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) Through injection of 0.3% EMS into flowers of Huayu 16 at 9:00-9:30... ubiquitinated by the Rad6–Rad18 system which is closely associated with response to DNA damage (Kunz et al., 2000; Ulrich, 2005) The difference in stimulation of SUMO and ubiquitin conjugation by Ca2+ is apparently attributed to sites of modification and Ca2+ induced conformational changes, in which the N-terminal domain is exposed and flexibility of the core domain residues are increased by Ca2+ (Shesham . MUTAGENESIS Edited by Rajnikant Mishra Mutagenesis http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2937 Edited by Rajnikant Mishra Contributors. orders@intechopen.com Mutagenesis, Edited by Rajnikant Mishra p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0707-1 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Mutagenesis: A