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METHYLATION - FROM
DNA, RNA AND
HISTONES TO DISEASES
AND TREATMENT
Edited by Anica Dricu
Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2932
Edited by Anica Dricu
Contributors
Anica Dricu, Dmitri Nikitin, Attila Kertesz-Farkas2, Alexander Solonin, Marina Mokrishcheva, Hirokazu Suzuki, Robert
Peter Mason, Mark Brown, Xian Wang, Hongchuan Jin, Elena Kubareva, Alexandra Ryazanova, Liudmila Abrosimova,
Tatiana Oretskaya, Zvonko Magic, Gordana Supic, Nebojsa Jovic, Mirjana Brankovic-Magic, Jianrong Li, Rita Castro,
Byron Baron
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2013 InTech
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Technical Editor InTech DTP team
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First published February, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment , Edited by Anica Dricu
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0881-8
free online editions of InTech
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Contents
Preface VII
Section 1 Gene Expression and Methylation 1
Chapter 1 Breaking the Silence: The Interplay Between Transcription
Factors and DNA Methylation 3
Byron Baron
Section 2 DNA-Methyltransferases: Structure and Function in Eukaryotic
and Prokaryotic System 27
Chapter 2 Diverse Domains of (Cytosine-5)-DNA Methyltransferases:
Structural and Functional Characterization 29
A. Yu. Ryazanova, L. A. Abrosimova, T. S. Oretskaya and E. A.
Kubareva
Chapter 3 Bifunctional Prokaryotic DNA-Methyltransferases 71
Dmitry V. Nikitin, Attila Kertesz-Farkas, Alexander S. Solonin and
Marina L. Mokrishcheva
Section 3 Protein Arginine Methylation in Mammals 89
Chapter 4 Deciphering Protein Arginine Methylation in Mammals 91
Ruben Esse, Paula Leandro, Isabel Rivera, Isabel Tavares de Almeida,
Henk J Blom and Rita Castro
Section 4 Cancer Research Through Study of Methylation Cell
Processes 117
Chapter 5 Methylation in Tumorigenesis 119
Melissa A. Edwards, Pashayar P. Lookian, Drew R. Neavin and Mark
A. Brown
Chapter 6 Circulating Methylated DNA as Biomarkers for Cancer
Detection 137
Hongchuan Jin, Yanning Ma, Qi Shen and Xian Wang
Chapter 7 DNA Methylation, Stem Cells and Cancer 153
Anica Dricu, Stefana Oana Purcaru, Alice Sandra Buteica, Daniela
Elise Tache, Oana Daianu, Bogdan Stoleru, Amelia Mihaela
Dobrescu, Tiberiu Daianu and Ligia Gabriela Tataranu
Chapter 8 DNA Methylation in the Pathogenesis of Head and
Neck Cancer 185
Zvonko Magić, Gordana Supić, Mirjana Branković-Magić and
Nebojša Jović
Section 5 Bacteria, Viruses and Metals Methylation: Risk and Benefit for
Human Health 217
Chapter 9 Host-Mimicking Strategies in DNA Methylation for Improved
Bacterial Transformation 219
Hirokazu Suzuki
Chapter 10 Messenger RNA Cap Methylation in Vesicular Stomatitis Virus,
a Prototype of Non‐Segmented Negative‐Sense
RNA Virus 237
Jianrong Li and Yu Zhang
Chapter 11 The Methylation of Metals and Metalloids in
Aquatic Systems 271
Robert P. Mason
ContentsVI
Preface
There is a widespread interest in the today scientific literature for methylation field, which
started to be published in the early 60’s and continues to be a future line of research. This
book represents a comprehensively reviewed literature on the importance of methylation
processes in human health and disease. The book, covers the basic mechanism of DNA and
protein methylation, along with the role of mRNA cap methylation in viral replication, gene
expression and viral pathogenesis. Human health risks from metals methylation in the natu‐
ral environment has been well describe in the literature. As a consequence, the formation
processes, the biotic and abiotic degradation and the accumulation of the methylated metals
and metalloids in the aquatic environment is reviwed in the book.
DNA methylation is a well-characterized process, allowing cells to control gene expression,
while the study of histone methylation is more recent. The enzymes responsible for histone
methylation (histone methyltransferases and histone demethylases) are important for tran‐
scriptional regulation in both normal and abnormal states, representing an important target
for drug discovery. The interconection between DNA methylation and other regulatory mol‐
ecules such as: enzymes, transcription factors, proteins and growth factors is discussed, pro‐
viding key information about the mechanisms that trigger cell proliferation, differentiation,
aging and malignant transformation. This textbook strongly point out the importance of me‐
thylated DNA as a biological marker of cancer an also gives the reader insights into the re‐
cently emerged treatment modalities targeting methylation mechanism, in various diseases
including cancer.
The textbook addresses the following topics: Gene expression and methylation, DNA-meth‐
yltransferases: structure and function in eukaryotic and prokaryotic system; Protein arginine
methylation in mammals; Cancer research through study of methylation cell processes; Bac‐
teria, viruses and metals methylation: risk and benefit for human health.
The book aims at the advanced undergraduate and graduate biomedical students and re‐
searchers working in the epigenetic area, providing readers with both classical and relevant
recent discoveries that have been made in the research field of methylation and also point‐
ing out pathways where questions remain.
Prof. Anica Dricu
University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Faculty of Medicine
Craiova, Romania
Section 1
Gene Expression and Methylation
[...]... appa‐ rently by interfering with the formation of the transcriptional initiation complex [187] 9 10 Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment GABP is a methylation- sensitive transcription factor [110] and its modulation is best seen in the transactivation of the Cyp2d-9 promoter for the male-specific steroid 16a-hydroxylase... and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours, Genome Res 2011: 21, 51 5-5 24 [85] Ogoshi K, Hashimoto S, Nakatani Y, Qu W, Oshima K, Tokunaga K, Sugano S, Hat‐ tori M, Morishita S, Matsushima K Genome-wide profiling of DNA methylation in human cancer cells, Genomics 2011: 98, 28 0-2 87 17 18 Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment. .. genes such as ER, IGF2, N33 and MyoD in colon cancer, NKX 2-5 in prostate cancer and several Polycomb-group protein target genes, which suggests they probably have common epigenetic mechanisms driving them [6 8-7 0] 5 6 Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment 3 Methylation in carcinogenesis DNA methylation can either affects... zygote Curr Biol 2000: 10, 475–478 [59] Howlett SK, Reik W Methylation levels of maternal and paternal genomes during preimplantation development Development 1991: 113, 11 9-1 27 15 16 Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment [60] Carlson LL, Page AW, Bestor TH Properties and localization of DNA methyltrans‐ ferase in preimplantation... directed to the nucleus where they affect transcription by binding to activation sites in the promoters of indu‐ 7 8 Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment cible genes and interacting with transcription initiation factors They can be activated either di‐ rectly by tyrosine or serine kinases at the cell surface or by complex... island hypermethylation and tumour suppressor genes: a booming present, a brighter future Oncogene 2002: 21, 5427–5440 [5] Berdasco M, Esteller M Aberrant epigenetic landscape in cancer: how cellular identi‐ ty goes awry, Dev Cell 2010: 19, 69 8-7 11 11 12 Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment [6] Yoder JA, Walsh CP, Bestor... Overlapping and CpG methylation- sensitive protein–DNA interactions at the histone H4 transcriptional cell cycle domain: distinctions between two human H4 gene promoters Mol Cell Biol 1992: 12, 3273–3287 19 20 Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment [113] List HJ, Patzel V, Zeidler U, Schopen A, Ruhl G, Stollwerk J, Klock G Methylation. .. unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment DNA methylation generally occurs when a cytosine is adjacent 5’ to a guanine, called a CpG di‐ nucleotide Such dinucleotides are spread all over the genome and over 70% of CpGs are... DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment [194] Juttermann R, Li E, Jaenisch R Toxicity of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine to mammalian cells is mediated primarily by covalent trapping of DNA methyltransferase rather than DNA demethylation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994: 91, 11797–11801 [195] Wallace RE, Lindh D, Durr FE Arabinofuranosyl- 5- azacytosine:... Wada T, Handa H Transcription factor E4TF1 contains two subunits with different functions EMBO J 1990: 9, 841– 847 [167] Thompson CC, Brown TA, McKnight SL Convergence of Ets and notch-related structural motifs in a heteromeric DNA binding complex Science 1991: 253, 762– 768 23 24 Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment . METHYLATION - FROM
DNA, RNA AND
HISTONES TO DISEASES
AND TREATMENT
Edited by Anica Dricu
Methylation - From DNA, RNA and Histones to Diseases and Treatment
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2932
Edited. proliferation and differentiation
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