www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info Bruce Hartpence Packet Guide to Voice over IP www.it-ebooks.info Packet Guide to Voice over IP by Bruce Hartpence Copyright © 2013 Bruce Hartpence. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/ institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editors: Andy Oram and Maria Gulick Production Editor: Rachel Steely Copyeditor: Amnet Proofreader: Amnet Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest February 2013: First Edition Revision History for the First Edition: 2013-02-21: First release See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449339678 for release details. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Packet Guide to Voice over IP, the image of a green woodpecker, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trade‐ mark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN: 978-1-449-33967-8 [LSI] www.it-ebooks.info Table of Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 1. Introduction to Voice over the Internet Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 What Is VoIP? 2 Real-time Versus Nonreal-time Data 5 Why Change to VoIP? 7 The Business Case 8 VoIP and FCC Regulation 9 911 10 A Note on Power 11 General VoIP Topologies 11 Power over Ethernet 15 PoE Basic Operation 16 VoIP Protocols 17 Signaling Protocols 18 Transport Protocol 20 VoIP Basic Operation 21 Performance 29 Unified Communications 30 Summary 31 Standards and Reading 31 Review Questions 32 Review Question Answers 32 Lab Activities 33 Activity 1—Review of the Standards 33 Activity 2—Download Wireshark and the Capture Files for This Chapter 33 Activity 3—Examine VoIP Offerings in Your Area 33 Activity 4—Take a Look at the FCC Website 34 iii www.it-ebooks.info Activity 5—Latency, Packet Loss, and Jitter 34 2. Traditional Telephony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Introduction 35 Overview 37 Organizations 38 Connecting to the Traditional World 40 Telecommunication Companies 42 Telephone Wiring 47 Data Cabling, EIA568 A and B 48 POTS and the Local Loop 50 T-1 53 Integrated Services Digital Network 55 Basic Telephone-Call Operation 56 Summary 58 Standards and Reading 59 Review Questions 59 Review Question Answers 60 Lab Activities 60 Activity 1—Review Your Local Telephone Connections 60 Activity 2—Experiment with the Desktop Telephone or VoIP Phone 61 Activity 3—Wiring to the PBX or Central Office 61 Activity 4—ITU-T Recommendations 61 3. Session Initiation Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Introduction 63 Protocol Description 64 Components 64 Addressing 66 Basic Operation 67 SIP Messages and Message Structure 71 Requests 72 Responses 72 Header Fields 73 Basic Operation Continued 76 Session Description Protocol (SDP) 76 Trunks 87 Security 88 Summary 90 Standards and Reading 90 Review Questions 91 Review Question Answers 91 iv | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info Lab Activities 92 Activity 1—Build the Topology Shown 92 Activity 2—Packet Capture 93 Activity 3—Packet Capture Analysis 93 Activity 4—Phone-Call Analysis 93 Activity 5—SDP 94 4. The Real-Time Transport Protocol and the Real-Time Control Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Protocol Description 96 Profiles 97 Basic Operation 97 Protocol Structure 99 RTP Control Protocol 108 Detailed Operation 112 Security 113 Vectors 113 SRTP Operation 114 Summary 116 Standards and Reading 117 Review Questions 117 Review Answers 118 Lab Activities 118 Activity 1—Topology Build 118 Activity 2—Analysis of the RTP Stream 119 Activity 3—The Codec 120 Activity 4—Analysis of the RTCP Stream 120 5. Codecs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Audio Frequencies 121 Voice Signals 122 Audio Coders and Decoders 124 Sampling 125 Quantizing 125 ITU-T G Series Specifications 128 Codec Selection and Performance 130 Transcoding 132 Packet Loss and Packet Loss Concealment (PLC) 134 What Codec Are You Using? 135 Video Signals 135 Sending a Series of Pictures 137 Video Encoding 138 Standards Groups for Video 140 Table of Contents | v www.it-ebooks.info Profiles 141 ITU-T Video Recommendations 141 ISO/IEC Video Standards 144 Summary 144 Standards and Reading 145 Review Questions 145 Review Question Answers 146 Lab Activities 146 Activity 1—Colors 146 Activity 2—File Sizes 147 Activity 3—Audio Quality 148 Activity 4—Video Quality 148 6. H.323 ITU-T Recommendation for Packet-Based Multimedia Communications Systems 151 Recommendation Description 153 Subprotocols 155 Basic Operation and Message Structure 156 H.225 Messaging 158 Q.931 Fields 159 H.225 Message Format 161 H.225 RAS 163 H.225 Standard Messages 170 H.225 Modes 173 Other H.225 Messages 175 H.245 177 Voice Data 182 Termination 183 Summary 185 Standards and Reading 185 Review Questions 186 Review Question Answers 186 Lab Activities 187 Activity 1—Build the Topology Shown 187 Activity 2—Capture Setup 188 Activity 3—Packet Capture Analysis 188 Activity 4—Phone-Call Analysis 188 Activity 5—H.245 189 7. Skinny Client Control Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Protocol Description 192 Structure 192 Basic Header Format 192 vi | Table of Contents www.it-ebooks.info Topology Construction 193 Operational Stages 196 Startup 197 Registration 197 Picking up the Handset—Going Off-Hook 202 Dialing a Number 203 At the Receiver 205 Back at the Source Phone 208 Voice Data 209 Teardown of the Call 210 Performance Measuring 211 Off-Site Calling 215 Summary 218 Reading 218 Review Questions 220 Review Answers 220 Lab Activities 221 Activity 1—Basic Topology Build 221 Activity 2—Going Off-Hook 222 Activity 3—Show and Debug 222 Activity 4—Call-Flow Diagram 223 Activity 5—Multiple Call Managers 223 Table of Contents | vii www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info [...]... protocol Adopting late might put you behind the competition or make you rush to deploy a system that is not well understood by the local staff Voice over the Internet Protocol, a.k.a Voice over IP, or VoIP, is a huge topic Those trying to really understand how VoIP systems operate and the issues associated with their deployment must delve into protocols and architecture requirements such as power over. .. developers do not want to concern themselves with lost or delayed packets Performance of the application might suffer if they did The packet in Figure 1-5 also happens to encapsulate a Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) message RTP is used by VoIP deployments to transfer voice and video data Figure 1-5 UDP packet Why Change to VoIP? With all of this disruption, why would we switch to Voice over IP? Probably... protocols and architectures used by VoIP-based systems as we track connections from the time VoIP phones boot, through calls and during subsequent connection tear‐ down Like the previous Packet Guide books (O’Reilly’s Packet Guide to Core Network Protocols and the Packet Guide to Routing and Switching), the tool of choice for viewing ix www.it-ebooks.info the packets will be Wireshark, which is still... common web protocols such as the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, making it easy to understand and read Chapter 4, The Real-Time Transport Protocol and the Real-Time Control Protocol VoIP protocols are broken into two categories: signaling and transport The RealTime Transport Protocol (RTP) and its sidekick, the Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP), fall into the latter category Almost every voice or video... trying to understand telecom—may you meet in the middle xiv | Preface www.it-ebooks.info CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Voice over the Internet Protocol Enter the expansion of Voice over IP with its disruptive transition of voice from the old circuit switched networks to new IP- based networks —Mark Spencer in the foreword for Asterisk: The Future of Telephony Several years ago, most of the writing about Voice. .. Introduction to Voice over the Internet Protocol This chapter provides the foundation for the book It includes the requirements for a basic VoIP topology and describes the issues associated with deploying packetized voice and video Readers will also come to understand critical topics such as codecs and power over Ethernet Chapter 2, Traditional Telephony Every data network must eventually connect to the... had to compete with whatever was running on the computer at the time Today, we have a mix of desktop VoIP phones and telephony applications, or softphones 14 | Chapter 1: Introduction to Voice over the Internet Protocol www.it-ebooks.info Non-VoIP components The VoIP system depends on a number of services that are not VoIP specific Many of the services, such as the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol... signaling or potential problems can lead to quick problem resolution VoIP Protocols As mentioned earlier, there are several VoIP-specific protocols but only two categories: signaling and transport The signaling protocols handle the functions derived from the telephone system architecture, and the transport protocols carry the voice packets gen‐ erated from the codec Phones use the signaling protocol to register... Session Initiation Protocol, or SIP Session Initiation Protocol The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a nonproprietary standard from the Internet Engineering Task Force, or IETF The format of SIP messages is very close to that of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) packets and so is very familiar to folks in the data networking world SIP had a slow start but has largely taken over the world Though... Employees using the VoIP endpoints may experience greater mobility if wireless phones are supported, but softphones and the ability to log into any phone may also increase mobility and productivity Pundits often point to these advantages as well as integration with other applications as nonfinancial reasons to switch to VoIP 8 | Chapter 1: Introduction to Voice over the Internet Protocol www.it-ebooks.info . www.it-ebooks.info www.it-ebooks.info Bruce Hartpence Packet Guide to Voice over IP www.it-ebooks.info Packet Guide to Voice over IP by Bruce Hartpence Copyright © 2013. Like the previous Packet Guide books (O’Reilly’s Packet Guide to Core Network Protocols and the Packet Guide to Routing and Switching), the tool of choice