KINDS OF VERBS (From the angle of sentence patterns) 1 DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Mr Trương Văn Ánh 2 REFERENCES 1 Guy Cook (1989), Discouse, Oxford University Press 2 Halliday M A K (1994), Discourse Analysi[.]
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Mr Trương Văn Ánh REFERENCES Guy Cook (1989), Discouse, Oxford University Press Halliday M A K (1994), Discourse Analysis, London, Equinox McCathy Michael (1991), Discourse analysis for language teachers, Cambridge University Press Nunan David (1998), Introducing Discourse Analysis, Penguin English Fromkin & others (1999) An Introduction to Language Thanh Nien Publishing House Gleason, H.A (1961) An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics: English Morphology N.Y Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc Jackson, H (1981) Analyzing English: An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics Pergamon Institute of English Jacobs, Roderick A (1995) English Syntax A grammar for English Language Professionals OUP How to assess Attendance: 10% Mid test: 30% (in week 7) Final test: 60% A- Theory: (3ms) B- Practice: (7ms) Chapter What is discourse analysis? What is discourse? Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used Discourse analysts study language in use: written texts of all kinds, and spoken data, from conversation to highly formal forms of speech a b Telephone Victory Danger c - Hi - Hi How are you? - I’m fine, thanks And you? - Not bad d Tomorrow there will be no class Students may stay home and self-study … All of them are different kinds of discourse Discourse versus text Discourse analysis focuses on the structure of naturally spoken language as found in conversation interviews, commentaries and speeches Text analysis focuses on the structure of written language, as found in such text as essays, notices, road signs and chapters (Crystal, 1987) Some scholars talk about “spoken or written” discourse, other about “spoken or written” text (Crystal, 1987) It means discourse and text can be used almost synonymously But a distinction is always there and that in discourse has some social purpose while text fulfills the function of communication of some meaning only As suggested by Michel Stubbs (1983), who treats text and discourse as more or less synonymous Hawthorn (1992) says text may be non-interactive where as a discourse is interactive Means to say text is non-interactive that’s it only fulfills the function of conveying some meaning But discourse is always involved in two ways responses in some formal or informal conversation and dialogues, etc Hawthorn (1992) further says “discourse is a linguistic communication seen as a transaction between speaker and hearer While text is also a linguistic communication (either spoken or written) seen simply as a message coded in its auditory or visual medium” To conclude we can say discourse and text have something in common as both use the medium of language whether in sign language Both have some meaning that they try to convey But text has a limited scope as compared with discourse In other words, we can say discourse is somewhat broad category in the system of language And text deals with the written form of language Discourse has different forms as discourse of advertising, 10 (1c) Like Vincent d’Indy, a disciple of Ceasar Frank, Chausson shares with them a dreamy, even idle poetry, sumptuous but precise orchestration, and an enemy that is intimate rather than powerful, ascetic rather than importunate (1d) This morning Associate Professor Dean Wolfe will talk about the science of music at half-past eleven, and we’ll hear some fascinating things such as musicians playing music backwards – but most of it will be played forwards! 15 The written text, 1c, seems to have more information packed into it This text contains only one main clause, in contrast with the spoken text in which there are several clauses chained together in an additive fashion 16 If the speaker above had had the opportunity to present the same content in written form, he may produced: (1e) This morning at half-past eleven, Associate Professor Dean Wolfe will present a program titled “The science of music”, in which the listeners will experience a number of fascinating things, including music played backwards – although most will be played forwards! 17 Lexical density Spoken and written language also differ in the ratio of content words to grammatical or function words (Content or lexical words include nouns and verbs, adjectives, adverbs while grammatical words include such things as prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, interjections and articles) The number of lexical or content words per clause is referred to as lexical density 18 In the following example, there are twelve content words in a single clause, and it therefore has a lexical density of twelve (1f) The use of this method of control unquestionably leads to safer and faster trains running in the most adverse weather conditions 19 A spoken version of the above text might be as follows: (1g) You can control the trains this way and if you that you can be quite sure that they’ll be able to run more safely and more quickly than they would otherwise no matter how bad the weather gets 20 ... lexical density of twelve (1f) The use of this method of control unquestionably leads to safer and faster trains running in the most adverse weather conditions 19 A spoken version of the above text... broad category in the system of language And text deals with the written form of language Discourse has different forms as discourse of advertising, 10 discourse of racism, discourse of medical, etc... analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used Discourse analysts study language in use: written texts of all kinds, and spoken data,