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105 Express and mail W 09 orldwide air freight tonnages over the last two to three decades indicate the growing strength of the express operators over conventional air cargo carriers The global companies now leading this business are known as ‘integrators’ thanks to their fully integrated in-house systems covering every aspect of the business or small freighter operator with relevant traffic rights They collect shipments, control and deliver them, totally within their own systems, backed by a reliable tracking service for their customers With large fleets of freight aircraft, the integrators are not affected by the restrictions or timetables of scheduled passenger flights and are able to concentrate totally on these shipments In the case of deliveries to destinations with potentially low volumes where a regular rotation is not justified, cargo is often allocated to another carrier that covers the route Conventional airlines, obliged to compete with their more streamlined integrator competitors, have in many ways caught up with these methods and technologies; they now offer excellent services, but must always look after their priority passengers The same also applies to normal cargo flown in their bellies Many of the systems employed by airlines and handlers are derived from the leading integrators The carriage of post was the original base of the fledgling air cargo industry and has continued as an important part of the cargo business However, with the revolution in e-mail, traffic of conventional letters has been replaced by online trading of consumer goods (see Chapter 13) In the 1960s international postal services were generally slow and unreliable and as a result businesses often preferred to pay for a premium service from an express operator In the United States, Federal Express, thanks to considerable promotion, became a household word and people would be heard to say, ‘I will FedEx the documents.’ It was a clever move to promote the service direct to the people in offices, especially secretaries and receptionists who could choose the service for urgent items The world’s postal authorities realized that they were rapidly losing business In his book The Rise of Global Delivery Services, James Campbell 106 Aviation Logistics (2001, J Campbell Press) provides a detailed account of how post offices in the 1980s developed services to compete with privately owned integrators An excellent example is the action by the French post office in 1986: a joint venture with a private airline TAT was formed (SFMI) It was able to operate as a private company while retaining the solid public service base Since that time the industrialized nations have developed systems that allow them not only to compete with the express operators but also to cooperate with them In Germany the Bundespost was privatized in 1995 and today Deutsche Post DHL employs around half a million people in over 220 countries It has become the world’s largest logistics operator, involved in all aspects of supply chain activities Overall in Europe, the express industry employs around 300,000 people and delivers more than 260 million packages each year – almost half of the intra-Europe air cargo market The express delivery companies are able to connect 90 per cent of the world economy within 72 hours In 2009, the industry had a direct employment base of around 1.3 million staff worldwide, providing work for people with a wide range of skills including sorting and delivering, administration and sales, as well as engineers/technicians and managers It is estimated that the express industry has also created a total of 2.75 million jobs worldwide through indirect employment Market sectors The express industry’s biggest markets are IT and telecommunications, aviation, pharmaceuticals, electronics, retail, and financial and business services, and now the rapidly expanding e-tailing sector The industry: ●● operates in over 220 countries; ●● handles over million packages daily; ●● operates and owns more than 1,200 aircraft and loads shipments on over 2,000 commercial flights daily; ●● operates 200,000 trucks and delivery vehicles; ●● operates global electronic track and trace systems; ●● is now used as default transport by virtually all multinational companies Express and Mail Changes in trading patterns Thanks to the burgeoning online retail sector, almost all goods – electronics, fashion, DVDs, food and pharmaceuticals – are regularly purchased by this method While retailers may be suffering, courier companies and express operators in all developed countries benefit from this trend An estimated 40 to 50 per cent of businesses now rely on this overnight delivery revolution World trade is forecast to increase by over 60 per cent between 2008 and 2018 despite the recession of 2008/9 Many companies state that productivity and reduced costs can be achieved by using express delivery The air cargo industry is now better equipped to attack the market by the use of thousands of international wide-body flights with vastly increased cargo capacity Integrators An integrator is so named as it handles its traffic almost entirely through its own internal systems and controls, although it frequently subcontracts other carriers when necessary Since their introduction, integrators have become one of the main competitors to traditional air cargo operators At the same time, however, thanks to subcontracting to other airlines and handlers, they have created new cargo for these carriers The increasing use of sea freight is also eating into traditional air traffic The United States-based integrators, faced with limited domestic markets, started to expand both their geographical reach and their product portfolios to include more conventional international cargo, utilizing unused aircraft capacity and even branching out into sea freight The list of the biggest cargo carrying airlines in 2013 was headed by FedEx with a fleet of 643 aircraft, DHL (250), UPS (237) and TNT (182), followed by Korean Air Cargo (27), China Postal Airlines (22),Cathay Pacific Cargo (22), China Airlines Cargo (21) and Cargolux (20) Although at one time carrying documents and traditional express packages, today these companies compete globally for all categories of air cargo Brief profiles show the scope and diversification of the leading integrators DHL DHL was founded in San Francisco in 1969 by Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom and Robert Lynn In 1971 it became the first US air express operator to offer services to Asia, with a service to the Philippines, followed in 1973 with services to Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore and Australia In 1976, DHL 107 108 Aviation Logistics entered the European market and three years later it expanded its operations to include the carriage of parcels in addition to documents In 2000 it signed a strategic agreement with Lufthansa Cargo and Japan Airlines whereby each airline took a 25 per cent stake in the company DHL was acquired by Deutsche Post in July 2002, when the German postal group bought out the minority shareholdings of the two airlines Deutsche Post today generates annual revenues of more than €51 billion (US$64.25 billion) DHL Global Mail operates one of the world’s largest delivery networks, with 38 sales offices and 28 production centres in five continents serving more than 200 countries It is used predominantly to deliver mail, hybrid mail and parcels, including business-to-customer (B2C) traffic It currently claims to have a 14 per cent share of the worldwide mail market and is capable of handling million mail items daily Federal Express (FedEx) Federal Express, founded by Fred Smith, started overnight services in April 1973 Company headquarters were moved to Memphis, a city selected for its convenient location close to the original target market cities, as well as good weather The airport was also willing to make the necessary improvements for the operation Smith identified the tremendous difficulties in getting packages and other air freight delivered within one to two days This dilemma motivated him to the necessary research for resolving the inefficient distribution system This led to the development of the hub-and-spoke system for handling air cargo shipments FedEx’s main hub is in Memphis, while its other major international hubs are at Paris Charles de Gaulle, Dubai and Guangzhou in Southern China It is said that FedEx Express invented express distribution and is the industry’s global leader, providing rapid, reliable, time-definite delivery to more than 220 countries and territories, connecting markets that comprise more than 90 per cent of the world’s gross domestic product within one to three business days Today FedEx Express has the world’s largest all-cargo air fleet, consisting of Boeing 777 freighters and MD-11Fs as well as Airbus A-300F and A-310F aircraft FedEx Corporation provides strategic direction and consolidated financial reporting for the operating companies that operate collectively under the FedEx name worldwide: FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight, FedEx Office, FedEx Custom Critical, FedEx Trade Networks, FedEx Supply Chain Solutions and FedEx Services In 2006 FedEx Corp acquired ANC Holdings Limited, a UK domestic express transportation company Express and Mail UPS United Parcel Service Inc started life in Seattle in 1907 as a messenger company; it has grown into a multi-billion-dollar corporation with its headquarters in Atlanta, and total revenues of US$53.1 billion Today UPS is a global company with one of the most recognized and admired brands in the world UPS is one of the largest express carrier and package delivery companies and is also a leading provider of specialized transportation, logistics, capital, and e-commerce services, managing the flow of goods, funds and information in more than 200 countries and territories worldwide The company, also known to many as ‘Big Brown’, due to the distinctive colour logo, employs around 400,000 people and handles around billion packages and documents annually, or 15.8 million packages and documents each day TNT TNT Express is an international courier delivery services company with headquarters in Hoofddorp, Netherlands The firm has fully owned operations in 65 countries and delivers documents, parcels and pieces of freight to over 200 countries Formerly an operating division of TNT NV, TNT Express was demerged from its parent company on 26 May 2011, taking a listing on the Euronext Amsterdam Stock Exchange TNT NV subsequently renamed itself PostNL The company operates road and air transportation networks in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Asia-Pacific and the Americas It employs 77,000 people and runs a fleet of 30,000 road vehicles and 46 aircraft TNT Express aircraft operate under the IATA code of TAY (TNT Airways) In April 2015, FedEx bid to purchase TNT for a reported US$4.4 billion Should this go ahead, it would involve restructuring the two companies’ European facilities (At the time of going to press, this deal is still not 100 per cent confirmed.) Postal services Mail delivery and special parcels services are operated in nearly every country in the world, with varying levels of efficiency National post offices are supplemented by a whole range of courier companies and mail specialists, the majority of which are purely domestic, although many have international capability It would be impossible within the scope of this chapter to cover this sector in a meaningful way, so we have restricted our comments to the main integrators and some selected specialist companies 109 110 Aviation Logistics Parcelforce Worldwide For over 15 years the company has provided a service for British businesses needing to send express packages overseas as well as within the UK It has a long history as part of the Royal Mail Group In 1990 Royal Mail Parcels was rebranded Parcelforce, and there was investment in IT and infrastructure, online tracking and the construction of national and international sorting hubs Parcelforce Worldwide is part of the Express Mail Service (EMS) network EMS offers customers services around the globe through its global priority products, with 54 depots across the UK EMS is an international postal Express Mail Service for documents and merchandise, offered by postal operators of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) – see below China Postal Express & Logistics Approved by the State Council, China Postal Express & Logistics was co-founded by China Post Group and provincial postal companies as a state-owned limited company in June 2010 The company is the largest integrated express and logistics service provider with the longest history of business operation and the widest coverage in China China Postal Express & Logistics has 31 subsidiaries, as well as owning China Postal Airlines and China Post Logistics China Postal Express & Logistics is mainly engaged in domestic express, international express, contract logistics, and LTL United States Postal Service (USPS) Global Express Guaranteed is the fastest USPS international shipping service, with transportation and guaranteed delivery by FedEx Express services It features date-certain delivery in one to three business days to more than 190 countries with a money-back guarantee to all destinations Operating facilities include 1,250 stations (640 inside the United States, 610 elsewhere) and 12 air express hubs The international hubs are located in the Asia-Pacific region, EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa), Canada and Latin America/Caribbean FedEx also has 690 world service centres, 1,750 office locations, 6,300 authorized ship centres and alliance partners, and 37,000 drop boxes Express and Mail Universal Postal Union (UPU) The UPU is an intergovernmental organization that provides a forum for governments, postal organizations and other stakeholders in the worldwide postal sector It works to establish the rules for international mail exchanges among its 191 members and to improve the quality of service for customers The UPU was created in 1874, initially under the name ‘General Postal Union’, before changing its name to ‘Universal Postal Union’ four years later The UPU established that: ●● ●● ●● There should be a uniform flat rate to mail a letter anywhere in the world Postal authorities should give equal treatment to foreign and domestic mail Each country should retain all money it has collected for international postage The UPU became a specialized agency of the UN in 1948 and, in 1969, the UPU introduced ‘terminal fees’ – a new system of payment whereby fees were payable between countries according to the difference in the total weight of mail between them This new system was fairer when traffic was heavier in one direction than the other The EMS Cooperative (Express Mail Service) was created in 1998 within the framework of the UPU Its main objective is to promote cooperation between members to allow them to provide customers with a high-quality, competitive EMS service worldwide Today 177 postal administrations have joined the cooperative E-Parcel Group (EPG) network, ideally suited for B2C and C2C deliveries across Europe, through the use of postal administrations Conclusions The entire world logistics industry is liable to rapid and frequent change but the need to transport goods can only expand in the future The defining lines between forwarder and integrator airlines and handlers are becoming more blurred The example of DHL, which has gone from being a simple integrator to performing an entire range of cargo and postal services, has set new dimensions in this sector Even FedEx is involved in ocean freight This points to this sector of aviation logistics certainly developing very quickly in the coming years 111 112 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 113 Special air cargoes S 10 ometimes using air freight is the only transport solution for a variety of niche cargoes The reasons for this are varied and often change due to circumstances Most of this traffic is carried on chartered freighter aircraft suitable for a specific task; charter brokers serving this market are expert in matching aircraft to shipment The fashion industry is a perfect example of the mix between different modes of transport High-value collections or latest fashion launches which must be in a particular destination on time will probably employ air freight or integrator, while low-cost mass-produced garments will mostly travel by sea With a worldwide market for high-cost goods, there is also the extra security that shorter transit times provide Orchestras, music groups, art and museum exhibitions, even election equipment, all travel regularly by air and in the case of a world tour, may charter one or more freighter aircraft for the duration of the series Ground handling of these delicate shipments requires exact timing by highly skilled experts There is a huge year-round movement of horses for racing, show jumping and breeding Specialist air charter companies such as ACS, Instoneair and Chapman Freeborn handle this growing trade There is an almost constant demand for suppling medicines and life-saving equipment with many operators giving their services free This is another sector where aircraft play a vital role Lack of available landing sites is often a drawback and sometimes relief supplies must be dropped over the site However, some aircraft types such as the AN 12 and C-130 Hercules, adapted from military aircraft, are designed to operate on rougher terrain than standard civil aircraft In addition, much of the relief supplies are dropped or delivered by military aircraft When a disaster occurs, fast response to the emergency is essential and air transportation is often the quickest way to deliver supplies and services to save lives at risk According to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), in the immediate aftermath of a disaster these primary aid items include food, water, temporary shelter and medicine 114 Aviation Logistics An effective and coordinated logistics operation becomes crucial in saving lives and diminishing the impact of diseases The role of the IFRC’s Global Logistics Service is to ensure that the IFRC has a robust, competent and efficient logistics capacity to effectively carry out its humanitarian assistance activities and achieve its goals Its mission is to create a world-class service to support the core work of the Red Cross/Red Crescent network and to share resources with other humanitarian organizations Charter brokers Globalization has transformed the broking industry – in the 1960s and 1970s it was very rare for a broker to contract a series of flights, but in today’s world of product launches and hyped products manufacturers of everything, be it the latest cell phone or computer product, need to get their product to market with the minimum of delay It does not have to be an existing product; it can be a new item like a smokeless cigarette that a manufacturer wants to blast out there Such launches, although handled by a freight forwarder, very often wind up being chartered through a broker who would know which aircraft were available and reliable Animals Thanks to a number of improvements in animal health technology and relaxation of rules, there is a thriving and profitable market for transporting animals by air At present this traffic represents no more than 4–5 per cent of airline revenue, which is still significant The control of this traffic in live animals requires a wide variety of conditions and international regulations for the animals’ health and condition, and for the grooms and attendants accompanying them in transit The airlines trans porting the animals must not only provide the right facilities – stalls, cages and safety levels – but they must also, in their own interests, ensure the integrity and safety of the aircraft While horses, breeding stock and large zoo animals will usually be transported on board a freighter aircraft, smaller animals such as cats, dogs, monkeys and fish are most likely to travel in the belly-hold compartments of passenger aircraft such as the new generation aircraft with considerable hold cargo capacity Although restrictions on the global movement of animals have been greatly eased in recent years, airports are governed by strict regulations for quarantine, and phyto-sanitary controls 182 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 183 G lo s s ary o f com m o n air fr e igh t t e r m s ACMI Aircraft, crew, maintenance, insurance (wet lease) air cargo Goods carried in an aircraft air freight The loading of cargo into an aircraft; often synonymous with air cargo airside Those parts of an airport controlled by the Customs authorities that are inaccessible to unauthorized personnel all-cargo carrier An airline that does not carry passengers apron Aircraft parking area, for refuelling and the handling of cargo, baggage and mail AWB Air waybill, giving full details of the cargo block space Air freight forwarders pre-book space with airlines break-bulk Outsize or overweight cargo that will not fit in standard containers or pallets CASS The airlines’ account settlement system Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) US military use of civilian service providers of freighters code share An agreement whereby an airline sells capacity on another carrier’s service Generally applicable only to passenger services combination carrier An airline that operates both passenger and cargo services consignee The person or organization to whom cargo is being sent consolidation When the cargo from two or more shippers is carried in a single shipment CTK Cargo-Tonne-Kilometre; a key airline performance indicator curfew Those hours, usually at night, when flights to and from an airport are banned or restricted dangerous goods Cargo that can only be carried under strictly regulated circum stances and on specific flights door to door The movement of cargo from consignor to consignee by a single operator (usually an express operator or integrator) dry lease Lease of an aircraft, with the lessee operator providing its own crew, maintenance and insurance e-AWB Electronic air waybill EDI Electronic Data Interchange FAA Federal Aviation Administration (United States) FF Freight forwarder flag carrier The national airline of a country (often government-owned) 184 Glossary GHA Ground Handling Agent (Another term in use is General Handling Agent.) GSSA General Sales and Service Agent HAWB House air waybill hub and spoke The route network where smaller aircraft feed cargo into a main hub which in turn is linked to other main hubs around the world by big long-haul aircraft IATA International Air Transport Association ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization integrator An air express operator, usually with its own hub and spoke JIT Just-in-time KPI Key Performance Indicator MAWB Master air waybill MTOW Maximum take-off weight multimodal The use of more than one transport mode, such as air, sea, road or rail noise footprint The sound map made by an aircraft, usually when landing at or take-off from an airport in built-up areas off-line A destination not served by a scheduled airline oversize cargo Cargo that will not fit in a standard container or in a specific aircraft pallet A ULD on which cargo is placed prior to being loaded into an aircraft reefer Refrigerated vehicle or container RFS Road feeder service split charter Where two or more consignors share space on a chartered aircraft tech stop Where an aircraft lands at an airport prior to arriving at its destination airport, usually for refuelling purposes TIACA The International Air Cargo Association tonne Metric weight: 1,000 kg traffic rights Intergovernmental agreements stating which airlines may fly on specific routes between countries ULD Unit Load Device (aircraft container) WCO World Customs Organization wet lease See ACMI and dry lease 185 I NDE X Note: page numbers in italics indicate figures, photos/pictures or tables ABS (Airports Bureau Systems Ltd) 59 and ABS5 system 65–66 system 54 ACMI providers 29, 31–32 see also air cargo history air cargo (and) 1–7, 2, 5, 9–17, commodities transported 15 leadership responsibility 14 modal shift the planet 12–13, 16 profit 10–11 the role of people 13–16 safety and security record 15–16 strengths of 6–7 supply chains under pressure 5–6 Air Cargo Advanced Screening (ACAS) 59, 137 Air Cargo Forum (2010) 57 air cargo history 19–36 air freight market today see subject entry the Berlin airlift 21–22, 21 the growth of air freight see air freight, growth of last words on: interview with Joseph Czyzyk 34–35, 34 regulations and agreements see air cargo: regulations and agreements and World War II 20 Air Cargo Processing 1980s (ACP80)/ACP90 53–55 air cargo: regulations and agreements 19–21 see also conventions International Commission of Air Navigation (ICAN) 19–20 Montreal Convention 20 Paris International Air Convention (1922) 19 Warsaw Convention (1929, 1933) 20 the air cargo world (Oliver Evans, formerly of TIACA) 9–17 people 13–16 planet 12–13 profit 10–11 TIACA (box) 17 air charter companies ACS 113 Chapman Freeborn 113 Instoneair 113 air freight, growth of 22–27, 23, 24 and the airlines 26 in the jet age 23–25, 23, 24 major contributors to 25–26 and unit load device (ULD) 23 see also subject entry using electronic systems 26–27 air freight market today 27, 29–33, 28, 32 aircraft, crew, maintenance, insurance (ACMI) 31–32 all-cargo operators 29 combination carriers 29–31, 31 large heavy lift aircraft 32–33, 32 Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) 156 aircraft 1, 2, 20–21, 27, 28, 32–33, 32 see also air cargo Airbus A-300F/A-310F 108 Airbus A300-600ST Beluga 121 Airbus 330/340 1, 27, 31, 168 Airbus A380-800s Antonov AN 12 113 Antonov AN-100-150 119 Antonov AN-124 119, 120 Antonov AN-124-100 118–19 Antonov AN-124-100M 119 Antonov AN-124-300 119 Antonov AN-225 118, 119 and Antonov Design Bureau 119 Boeing 50, 120–21, 145 Boeing 707 23, 50 Boeing 737 30 Boeing 747 and variants 23–25, 24, 29, 31, 42, 118, 147, 168 Dreamlifter 120–21 Boeing 777 and variants 27, 30–31, 31, 108, 118, 161, 168 Boeing 787 120 Boeing C-17 33 Boeing MD-11F 108 C5-Galaxy 23 C-13 Hercules 113 C-54/DC-4 (US) 22 DC-8 23 DHL Bell 206 B3 Jet Ranger helicopter 161 Embraer KC-390 33 186 Index aircraft cont’d Ilyushin IL-76/Il-76TD-90VD 120 large freighter Lockheed 33, 120 Lockheed L-100 Hercules 120 Lockheed LM-100J 120 medium-sized freighter Metrox SW4 passenger 1 recycling of 12 Sunderland flying boat 22 and Unit Load Devices (ULD) 68 wide-body 27, 28 Airline Steering Committee (ASC) 53 airlines at the start of computer technology (and) 46–49 1956 – IBM/AA Saber 46 1964 – IBM 360 series, PARS 46 1965 – IBM and BOAC, IPARS 47 1970s (early) – UNIVAC (Unisys) USAS Cargo 48 1974 – Alitalia, FAST (PO4) system developed from IPARS 47–48 1980 – BA goes live with Fast Alitalia system (BA80) 48 2014 – legacy systems holding airlines back 49 airlines/cargo operators Air Berlin 42 Air Canada 48 Air France 20, 30, 48 Air New Zealand 69 AirBridgeCargo (ABC) 29 American Airlines Freight-Sabre system 48 Antonov Airlines 32, 119 BOAC BOADICEA computer system 47 Boeing Aircraft Company 145, 147 British Airways (and) 30, 48, 69 Mercury handling system 65 Speedwing Logica 65 Travicom 54 British European Airways/Beacon online network 47 Cargolux 4, 29, 64, 65, 67, 73, 107, 149 Delta 46 Emirates Airlines 4, 24, 30–31 Etihad 24, 30 Icelandair 69–70 Indian Airlines 58 Japan Airlines 108 Kalitta Aviation 29 KLM 20, 30, 54, 69, 147 Lockheed 23, 33, 120 Lufthansa 20, 30, 42, 48, 69, 108 Nippon Cargo Airlines (NCA) 29 Pan Am 46, 58 Qantas Northwest 48 Qatar 24 Sabena 30 SAS 30 Southern Air 29 Swissair 30 TNT Airways 109 US-based 30 Virgin Atlantic 147 Worldwide Flight Services 55 airport connections (and) 37–43 see also airport types environmental pressures 38–39 globalization 37–38, 38 hubs 39, 40–41 integrators 43 airport types 40–42 international hubs 40–41 small and medium 42 specialist cargo 42 airports Athens 134, 164, 165 Atlanta 37 Barcelona 76 Beijing 4 Bilbao 40 Bristol 40 cargo-friendly 40 Chicago O’Hare International 161 Cologne (CGN) 40, 43, 71, 148, 149 Dubai 22, 25, 37, 39, 41, 102, 108, 131, 167 Dusseldorf International 42 East Midlands (UK) 37, 149 Frankfurt 4, 25, 38, 40, 71, 83, 74–76, 96, 149, 164, 167, 169, 170 Guangzhou 108 Halifax Stanfield 40 Hong Kong 40, 48, 78, 79, 146, 149 Houston 40 in India 68 international hubs 40–41, 108, 110 Istanbul 69, 134 Korea hub 25 Leipzig 149 Liège (Belgium) 37, 40, 100, 148 London 40 London Heathrow 4, 45–46, 65, 70, 71, 73, 85, 128, 164 Los Angeles 35, 68, 149 Luxembourg (Findel) 100, 149 Madrid 75, 76 Manston 37 Miami 22, 40–41, 68, 149 Mumbai 40 Index Munich 40, 149, 170 New York 22, 40, 149 Paris 37, 43, 96, 149 Charles de Gaulle 37, 71, 108, 130, 146 Schiphol 38, 128, 163 Singapore 22, 40 small and medium 42 small/small regional 40 Spain (Vitoria) 149 specialist cargo 42 Airports Bureau Systems Ltd (ABS) 59, 64–65 ABS5 system 65 ABS2000 system 55 animals: protection of endangered species see CITES animals, transporting (and) 114–18 see also regulations airport animal centres 117 animal classifications 115–16 cattle and farm animals 118 exotic creatures/zoo animals 117 horses 116–17 Live Animal Regulations (IATA) 115 pets 116 regulations on/animal diseases 115–16 smuggling 117 ASM 54–55 2000 54, 55 and SEQUOIA software 54 Berlin airlift 21–22, 21 Blunt, J (Collector of Customs) 50 BOAC IPARS system 48 Bodde, P (GSSA Kales Germany GmbH) 69, 70 Boss, R 92 (Hilverda De Boer) 92 Bram, W 75 Brazier, L (Manager, Cargo Handling Technologies) 55 British International Freight Association (BIFA) 53 British Telecom (BT) 52 Brittin, D (Secretary General, TIACA) 136–39, 136 Campbell, J 105 Canada (and) Advanced Commercial Information (ACI) system 59 Pre-load AirCargo Targeting (PACT) 59 regulations on shipment data 58 cargo activity record (CAR) 48, 51 Cargo Agency Programme 178 Cargo Automation Research Team (CART) study group 47 Cargo Community System (CCS-UK) 26, 54–55, 56 Cargo Facts 27, 28 Cargo Forwarder Global 166 cargo handling agents and the impact of IT (and) 45–66 airlines at the start of computer technology 46–49 see also subject entry change factors for 49–55, 57–59 Customs system – UK 50–55, 56 IATA 55, 57 integrated operators 58 security 58–59 early days for 45–46 Menzies Cargo 65 Ogden cargo 65 role of General Handling Agent see general handling agent (GHA) 59–61, 63–66, 62 Cargo Handling Technologies 55 CARGO-IMP 48 Cargo Security Alliance 133 cargo security and risk (and) 127–41 see also terrorism corruption 140 crime 127–30 see also subject entry cybercrime 140 health hazards 135–36 see also World Health Organization (WHO) interview with Secretary General of TIACA: Doug Brittin 136–39 natural disasters 133–35 see also subject entry CARGOSPOT (CHAMP) 65 case studies for the cool chain business The Fish Society goes global 94–96 Live lobster Clearwater perspective 97–98 freight forwarder Hellmann Worldwide 80–86 innovation and trends helicopter delivery – what next? 160–61 certificates CITES 63 of origin 61, 63 CHAMP 59, 65 see also SITA changing buying habits (and) 156–61 e-commerce and air cargo: problems for airlines 158–59 the IATA view 160 187 188 Index changing buying habits (and) cont’d solution for airlines, airports and handling companies 159–60 chapter conclusions/summaries for air cargo history 33–36 airport connections 43 cargo handling agents and the impact of IT 66 cargo security and risk 141 cool logistics 103 express and mail 111 road feeder service 76 special air cargoes 125 CHIEF software 54–55 China 25, 57, 68, 70, 176 pollution and environmental emissions in 147–48 Postal Express & Logistics/China Post Group 110 Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF), US military use of 29 CO2 emissions 12, 144–45, 146 conferences 79, 173 Paris conference (1925) 20, 175 Traffic Conference (1947) 177 UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 179 controlled atmosphere containers (CAC) conventions see also law Chicago Convention 177, 178 Annexes 178 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 115 Montreal Convention (1999) 20, 57, 176 Pan-American Convention on Commercial Aviation (1928) 176 Paris International Air Convention (1922) 19, 175 Warsaw Convention (1929) 20, 175–76 liabilities 176 the cool chain 87–88 and market fluctuations 88 as part of daily life 87–88 Cool Chain Association 87, 89, 90, 100 the cool chain business 89–102 animal semen 99 fish and live seafood (and) 93–99 see also case studies imported seafood products 96–98 supply chain, cold chain and transport 98–99 flowers 90–92 in Kenya 91–92 in the United States 92 fruit and vegetables 92–93 asparagus 93 ground handling 102 insects and eggs 99 pharmaceuticals and dangerous goods 100–102 cool logistics (and) 87–103 see also case studies; the cool chain and the cool chain business creating standards 89 Corominas, M 74–75, 76, 76 crime 127–30 cargo theft 128 cases of 128–29 see also legislation (US) corruption 140 counterfeiting 130 countermeasures to 130 cybercrime 140 internal theft 129–30 road theft 129 definition (of) corruption (WEF) 140 sovereign control of national airspace (Paris International Air Convention) 19 departmental entry processing system (DEPS) 52–53 Descartes 59 DHL 2, 25, 43, 58, 68, 107–08, 111, 149 acquired by Deutsche Post 108 Express 160–61 Drayfous, E (Head of Air France, UK) 50 Dunleavy, H (commercial director, Malaysia Airlines) 141 e-commerce 85, 109, 137, 173 e-commerce and air cargo: problems for airlines 157–60 see also case studies IATA view on 160 issues to be addressed 159–60 price 158 time in transit 159 e-freight 2, 11, 26, 54, 55, 57–60, 64, 66, 130, 139, 151, 170, 176 electronic data interchange (EDI) 26, 52, 64 electronic data processing (EDP) 47–48 electronic monitoring systems 132, 145 El-Sayegh (Sovereign Speed) 71 emergencies/disasters 113–14 see also natural disasters flooded crops in UK (2014/15) 147 emissions trading scheme (ETS) 12, 148 Ennis, P 156 environment (and) 143–49 the issues 143–45 greenhouse gas and aircraft emissions 144–45 press coverage of incidents 144 Index night flights and environmental impacts 148–49 the response (and) 145–48 airports 146 alternative fuels 147 ICAO agreement on air and noise pollution 148 local produce 146 political influences 147–48 Envirotainer Training and Quality Programme for Good Distribution Practices 101–02 and Qualified Envirotainer Provider (QEP) programme 101 European Economic Community (EEC)/ Common Market 52 European Union (EU) 12, 167 Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) 148 guidelines (EU343/01) on pharmaceutical shippers 102 Import Control System (ICS) 59 new ruling (2018) on cargo shipping 159 PRECISE (Pre-Department/loading Consignment Information for Secure Entry) 59 regulations on shipment data 58 Evans, O (formerly of TIACA) 9–17, 152 express and mail (and) 105–11 changes in trading patterns 107 integrators 107–09 see also DHL; Federal Express (FedEx); UPS and TNT market sectors 106 postal services 109–11 see also subject entry Federal Express (FedEx) 2, 25, 58, 108, 110, 111, 168 bid to buy TNT 109 and Memphis ‘Superhub’ 43 Fédération Internationale des Associations de Transitaires et Assimilés (FIATA) 78, 79, 178, 179–80 Fernandes, Mr (Mercator) 152 figures AN 124 loading outsize cargo B777 highly efficient cargo carrier CCS-UK flowchart 56 early B747 freighter 24 F1 car loading by DHL 125 flying in supplies to besieged Berlin 21 loading heavy outsize shipment 32 pipeline roles 62 Schiphol airport top cargo hub 38 ULDs maximize cargo capacity 23 flowers 20, 90–92 see also cool chain business freight forwarder 26–27, 41, 77–86, 101, 102, 114, 118, 166, 169, 176 see also case studies associations and networks 79–80 development of the forwarder 78–79 freight market 58 see also air freight, growth of and air freight market today Freight Watch 133 fruit and vegetables 92–93 see also cool chain business the future as a challenge (and) 172–74 fighting off the wolves 171 new generation of managers 171–72 the future – views from 163–72 Alexis Sioris 164–66 Dieter Haltmayer 169–70 Enno Osinga 163 Fred Smith 168 Heiner Siegmund 166–68 Michael Sales 170–72 Ram Menen 174 general handling agent (GHA) (as) 55, 59–61, 63–66, 62 cargo agent 61 carrier (self-handling example) 61, 63 consignee 63 Customs broker/agent 63 and IT history 64–66 provision of warehouse facilities 63–64 shipper 61 Germany (and) 32, 40, 42, 61, 70, 147, 149, 176 Bundespost 106 Deutsche Post DHL 106 Frankfurt hub 25 GSSA Kales Germany GmbH 69 glossary of common air freight terms 183–84 the Hague Protocol 20, 176 Heavy Lift & Project Forwarding International magazine 118 Hellmann, C H 81 HERMES 65, 66 HM Customs and Excise (HMCE) (and) 50–55 CHIEF system 54 LACES system 50–52, 53, 54, 55 Hughes, G (IATA Cargo) 160 IBM 46–47, 48, 50 see also PARS and SABER India 57, 68, 92, 143 and GALAXY (Kale Consultants) 65 pollution/environmental emissions in 147–48 189 190 Index innovation and trends in air logistics (and) 151–61 agreement among industry 151–52 awards for innovation (report) 152–56 changing buying habits see also subject entry and case studies Institute of Freight Forwarders/British International Freight Association (BIFA) 53 International Air Cargo Association, The (TIACA) 2, 12, 14, 17, 26, 77, 89, 177 Leadership Training 172–74 International Air Transport Association (IATA) 2, 26, 77, 89, 109, 145, 177–78, 180 Cargo 2000 initiative 49, 58, 79 cargo accounts settlement system (CASS) 78 Cargo division 178 Center of Excellence for Independent Validators 178 e-AWB multilateral agreement 176 e-freight initiative 130 e-freight programme 66 Enhanced IOSA 177 Live Animals Regulations (LAR) 115 Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) 177 Perishable Cargo Regulations (PCR) 102 on pipeline roles 61, 62 website 178 World Cargo Symposium (Los Angeles, 2014) 3, 168, 178 International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 180 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 145, 176, 177, 178 adopts Hague Protocol (1955) 20 agreement on issues of air and noise pollution 148 and global emissions trading scheme 12 and Montreal Convention 20 International Commission of Air Navigation (ICAN) 175 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) 113 Global Logistics Service 114 International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports 12 International Road Transport Union (IRU) 180 International Union of Railways (UIC) 180 internet technology (IT) see cargo handling agents and the impact of IT Interport 85 see also Bram, W Isaikin, A ((Volga Dnepr Group, Russia) 32 Jan de Rijk Logistics 72–73, 74, 87 Jones, I M 118 Kleijn, F 154–55 LACES (London Airport Customs Entry System) 50–52, 53, 54, 55 law – organizations/regulations governing international aviation 175–81 see also conventions national bodies 181 regulatory bodies 176–81 see also subject entry legislation (US): Patriot Improvement and Re-Authorization Act (2005) 128 less than trailer load (LTL) business model 70–71, 74, 110 Littel, J (Levarht) 93 Marriott, M (Hellmann Worldwide Logistics UK) 80 Mellin, R 152 natural disasters 133–35 earthquake (Haiti, 2010) 135 Eyjafjallajokull volcano eruption (Iceland, 2010) 69–70, 134, 168 Fukushima nuclear power station crisis (Japan, 2011) 135 Hurricane Katrina (2005) 134 Sichuan earthquake (China, 2008) 135 tsunami (Japan, 2011) 135 Osinga, E 163 Parenteral Drug Association (PDA) 102 PARS (programmed airline reservation system) 46–48 international (IPARS) 47 Perera, H ((Emirates Sky Cargo) 30–31 pollution and environmental emissions 147–48 postal services 109–11 China Postal Express & Logistics 110 Parcelforce Worldwide 110 Universal Postal Union (UPU) 111 and EMS Cooperative (Express Mail Service) 111 United States Postal Service (USPS) 110 Quick Cargo Services 169–70 Index Rasmussen, L (SAS Cargo) 151–52 Raynaud, J-C 123–24 recession 25, 60, 90, 96, 151, 173 of 2008/2009 3, 107, 129, 168 Red Cross/Red Crescent network 114 regulations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 115 IATA Live Animals Regulations (LAR) 115 regulatory bodies 176–81 see also individual subject entries and United Nations Airports Council International (ACI) 180 Cool Chain Association (CCA) 180 Fédération Internationale des Associations de Transitaires (FIATA) 179–80 International Air Cargo Association, The (TIACA) 177 International Air Transport Association (IATA) 177–78 International Civil Aviation Association (ICAO) 178 Transported Asset Protection Association (TAPA) 180 World Customs Organization (WCO) 178–79 The Rise of Global Delivery Services 105 road feeder services (RFS) (and) 38, 67–76, 149, 167 the European market see road feeder services: the European market example of RunAir 74–76 Ibertinsa 74–75, 76 Jan de Rijk Logistics 72–73, 74, 87 on the road 67–68 Sovereign Speed 74 its business strategy 71 survival of 74 Wallenborn 73 road feeder services: the European market (and) 69–76 road feeding as business saver 70–74 RunAir 74–76 Ruske, K-D (PwC Global Transportation and Logistics Leader) 83 Russia (and) 92, 93, 97, 101, 167, 168 Aviastar-SP factory, Ulyanovsk 119 pollution and environmental emissions 147–48 Volga Dnepr Group 32 SABER (semi-automatic business environment research) 46 Scholte, S (CEO of Jan de Rijk Logistics) 72–73, 87, 90, 100 Security Cargo Network 133 segmentation, process and product 26 Servisair 55, 60 Sigurffinsson, G (Icelandair) 70 Sioris, A 164 SITA 47–48, 59, 64, 65 Smith, F (founder of FedEx) 34 Smith, J (founder of the Fish Society) 94–96 Software AG (Switzerland) 65 and Cargo One 65 special air cargoes 113–25 animals 114–18 see also animals, transporting art craft/fine art 123–24 and charter brokers 114 fashion – textiles and clothing 121–23 and UK example 122–23 heavyweight freighters (and) 118–21 battle proven 119 lighter heavy cargo 120 oversized cargo 120–21 motor sport and F1 equipment 124–2, 125 Standard Consignment Security Declaration and Secure Freight 178 Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) 178 studies (on) Athens international airport (2010) 165 wide-body aircraft 27 supply chain(s) (and) 11–14, 25, 66, 73, 76, 88, 89, 91, 140, 151–52, 155, 156, 160, 166, 170–74 challenges of air cargo 136 cold chain and transport 98–99 global 37, 43 impact of health hazards on 135–36 management 77 realistic planning 170 road transit phase of 129 screening 136–37 security 178 and TAPA 180 temperature-sensitive 180 trucking 69 under pressure 5–6 weaknesses in 135 tables aircraft on order, March 2014 28 wide-body aircraft fleets 28 191 192 Index technology 26–27 Cargo Community Systems (CCS) 26 electronic data interchange (EDI) 26 terrorism (and) 130–33 9/11 58, 117, 130 alliances and groups combating crime 132–33 attraction of cargo as target 133 flight MH17 132, 141, 144 incidents of 131–32 solutions for 132–33 The International Air Cargo Association (TIACA) 2, 12, 14, 17, 26, 77, 89, 177 Leadership Training 172–74 TNT 25, 58, 107, 148, 169 Express 109 tonnages (diagram) 39 tracking and tracing 26 trade-inhibiting measures 168 Transported Asset Protection Association (TAPA) 132 Truman, President H 21 Tyler, T (CEO, IATA) 2, 172 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 40, 132, 145 Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 134 highway system 67–68 hurricanes in 134 military use of civilian service providers of freighters (Civil Reserve Air Fleet – CRAF) 29 MS system 59 pollution and environmental emissions 147–48 Post Office Department: aircraft for transportation 19 postal service (USPS) 110 shipment data regulations 58 United States–United Kingdom Bermuda Agreement (1946) 176 unable to locate (UTI) 60 UNEDIFACT 55 see also cargo handling agents unit load device (ULD) 23, 48, 68 United Kingdom (UK) and animal welfare (DEFRA) 116 Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) 40 National Data Processing Service (GPO) 50 Royal Mail Group 110 United Nations (UN) Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) 179 Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 179 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 179 United Parcel Service (UPS) 25, 43, 58, 109 United States (US) (and) 29, 61 animal welfare requirements (USDA) 116 Warburg, D 75 White, B (computer expert) 54 World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) 117 World Cargo Symposium (WCS) 3, 168, 178 The World Civil Aviation Authorities Directory 181 World Customs Organization (WCO) 178–79, 180 World Economic Forum (WEF) 140 World Health Organization (WHO) 135–36 advice on world health protection/website 136 global responsibility of 135 World Trade Organization (WTO) 180 Wraight, S 157, 172–74 van de Burg, K 153 van Doesburg, J 152 van de Wouw, N 152, 155–56 Vertannes, D (global head of Cargo, IATA) 3, 57 XOPS (electronic monitoring system) 145 Zelmer, S 75 193 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 194 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 195 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 196 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ... restricted There is notably one version of the Antonov AN -2 2 5 in the air capable of lifting up to 25 0 tonnes of cargo It is a stretched version of the AN- 124 freighter – and as the world’s largest air. .. versions of the Ilyushin IL-76 and a few old ‘rust bucket’ aircraft like the AN- 12 and AN -2 6 freighters that can still offer lift into regions where the environmental issues come well down the list of. .. of aircraft capable of carrying 25 –30 tonnes in their bellies has had a major impact on the price and speed of air freight (For details of the e -freight system visit www.iata.org/e -freight. ) The
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