ACTUAL 4 (TEST 1) READING PASSAGE 1 Tài liệu IELTS được biên soạn trực tiếp bởi giáo viên Có update tài liệu thường xuyên, chương trình và đổi mới của hội đồng thi Nguồn tài liệu Reading từ các Actual Tests You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below Ancient Chinese Chariots A The Shang Dynasty or Yin Dynasty, accordi.
ACTUAL (TEST 1) READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage below Ancient Chinese Chariots A The Shang Dynasty or Yin Dynasty, according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium Archaeological work at the Ruins of Yin (near modern-day Anyang), which has been identified as the last Shang capital, uncovered eleven major Yin royal tombs and the foundations of palaces and ritual sites, containing weapons of war and remains from both animal and human sacrifices B The Tomb of Fu Hao is an archaeological site at Yinxu, the ruins of the ancient Shang Dynasty capital Yin, within the modem city of Anyang in Henan Province, China Discovered in 1976，it was identified as the final resting place of the queen and military general Fu Hao The artifacts unearthed within the grave included jade objects, bone objects, bronze objects etc These grave goods are confirmed by the oracle texts, which constitute almost all of the first hand written record we possess of the Shang Dynasty Below the corpse was a small pit holding the remains of six sacrificial dogs and along the edge lay the skeletons of human slaves, evidence of human sacrifice C The Terracotta Army was discovered on 29 March 1974 to the east of Xian in Shaanxi The terracotta soldiers were accidentally discovered when a group of local farmers was digging a well during a drought around 1.6 km (1 mile) east of the Qin Emperors tomb around at Mount Li (Lishan), a region riddled with underground springs and watercourses Experts currently place the entire number of soldiers at 8,000 — with 130 chariots (130 cm long), 530 horses and 150 cavalry horses helping to ward of any dangers in the afterlife In contrast, the burial of Tutank Hamun yielded six complete but dismantled chariots of unparalleled richness and sophistication Each was designed for two people (90 cm long) and had its axle sawn through to enable it to be brought along the narrow corridor into the tomb D Excavation of ancient Chinese chariots has confirmed the descriptions of them in the earliest texts Wheels were constructed from a variety of woods: elm provided the hub, rose-wood the spokes and oak the felloes The hub was drilled through to form an empty space into which the tampering axle was fitted, the whole being covered with leather to retain lubricating oil Though the number of spokes varied, a wheel by the fourth century BC usually had eighteen to thirty-two of them Records show how elaborate was the testing of each completed wheel: flotation and weighing were regarded as the best measures of balance, but even the empty spaces in the assembly were checked with millet grains One outstanding constructional asset of the ancient Chinese wheel was dishing Dishing refers to the dish-like shape of an advanced wooden wheel, which looks rather like a flat cone On occasion they chose to strengthen a dished wheel with a pair of struts running from rim to rim on each of the hub As these extra supports were inserted separately into the felloes, they would have added even greater strength to the wheel Leather wrapped up the edge of the wheel aimed to retain bronze E Within a millennium, however, Chinese chariot-makers had developed a vehicle with shafts, the precursor of the true carriage or cart This design did not make its appearance in Europe until the end of the Roman Empire Because the shafts curved upwards, and the harness pressed against a horse’s shoulders, not his neck, the shaft chariot was incredibly efficient The halberd was also part of chariot standard weaponry This halberd usually measured well over metres in length, which meant that a chariot warrior wielding it sideways could strike down the charioteer in a passing chariot The speed of chariot which was tested on the sand was quite fast At speed these passes were very dangerous for the crews of both chariots F The advantages offered by the new chariots were not entirely missed They could see how there were literally the warring states, whose conflicts lasted down the Qin unification of China Qin Shi Huang was buried in the most opulent tomb complex ever constructed in China, a sprawling, city-size collection of underground caverns containing everything the emperor would need for the afterlife Even a collection of terracotta armies called Terra- Cotta Warriors was buried in it The ancient Chinese, along with many cultures including ancient Egyptians, believed that items and even people buried with a person could be taken with him to the afterlife Questions 1-4 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-4 on you answer sheet, write TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN If the statement agrees with the information If the statement contradicts the information If there is no information on this When discovered, the written records of the grave goods proved to be accurate Human skeletons in Anyang tomb were identified as soldiers who were killed in the war The Terracotta Army was discovered by people lived who lived nearby, by chance The size of the King Tutankhamen’s tomb is bigger than that of in Qin Emperors’ tomb Questions 5-10 Complete the notes below Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet The hub is made of wood from the tree of _ The room through the hub was to put tempering axle in which is wrapped up by leather aiming to retain _ The number of spokes varied from 18 to _ The shape of wheel resembles a _ Two _ was used to strengthen the wheel Leather wrapped up the edge of the wheel aimed to remain 10 _ Questions 11-13 Answer the questions below Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer 11 What body part of horse was released the pressure from to the shoulder? 12 What kind road surface did the researchers measure the speed of the chariot? 13 What part of his afterlife palace was the Emperor Qin Shi Huang buried in? READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage below Saving the British Bitterns A Breeding bitterns became extinct in the UK by 1886 but, following re-colonisation early last century, numbers rose to a peak of about 70 booming (singing) males in the 1950s, falling to fewer than 20 by the 1990s In the late 1980s it was clear that the bittern was in trouble, but there was little information on which to base recovery actions B Bitterns have cryptic plumage and a shy nature, usually remaining hidden within the cover of reed bed vegetation Our first challenge was to develop standard methods to monitor their numbers The boom of the male bittern is its most distinctive feature during the breeding season, and we developed a method to count them using the sound patterns unique to each individual This not only allows us to be much more certain of the number of booming males in the UK, but also enables us to estimate local survival of males from one year to the next C Our first direct understanding of the habitat needs of breeding bitterns came from comparisons of reed bed sites that had lost their booming birds with those that retained them This research showed that bitterns had been retained in reed beds where the natural process of succession, or drying out, had been slowed through management Based on this work, broad recommendations on how to manage and rehabilitate reed beds for bitterns were made, and funding was provided through the EU LIFE Fund to manage 13 sites within the core breeding range This project, though led by the RSPB, involved many other organisations D To refine these recommendations and provide fine-scale, quantitative habitat prescriptions on the bitterns preferred feeding habitat, we radio-tracked male bitterns on the RSPB’s Minsmere and Leighton Moss reserves This showed clear preferences for feeding in the wetter reed bed margins, particularly within the reed bed next to larger open pools The average home range sizes of the male bitterns we followed (about 20 hectares) provided a good indication of the area of reed bed needed when managing or creating habitat for this species Female bitterns undertake all the incubation and care of the young, so it was important to understand their needs as well Over the course of our research, we located 87 bittern nests and found that female bitterns preferred to nest in areas of continuous vegetation, well into the reed bed, but where water was still present during the driest part of the breeding season E The success of the habitat prescriptions developed from this research has been spectacular For instance, at Minsmere, booming bittern numbers gradually increased from one to 10 following reed bed lowering, a management technique designed to halt the drying out process After a low point of 11 booming males in 1997, bittern numbers in Britain responded to all the habitat management work and started to increase for the first time since the 1950s F The final phase of research involved understanding the diet, survival and dispersal of bittern chicks To this we fitted small radio tags to young bittern chicks in the nest, to determine their fate through to fledging and beyond Many chicks did not survive to fledging and starvation was found to be the most likely reason for their demise The fish prey fed to chicks was dominated by those species penetrating into the reed edge So, an important element of recent studies (including a PhD with the University of Hull) has been the development of recommendations on habitat and water conditions to promote healthy native fish populations G Once independent, radio-tagged young bitterns were found to seek out new sites during their first winter; a proportion of these would remain on new sites to breed if the conditions were suitable A second EU LIFE funded project aims to provide these suitable sites in new areas A network of 19 sites developed through this partnership project will secure a more sustainable UK bittern population with successful breeding outside of the core area, less vulnerable to chance events and sea level rise H By 2004, the number of booming male bitterns in the UK had increased to 55, with almost all of the increase being on those sites undertaking management based on advice derived from our research Although science has been at the core of the bittern story, success has only been achieved through the trust, hard work and dedication of all the managers, owners and wardens of sites that have implemented, in some cases very drastic, management to secure the future of this wetland species in the UK The constructed bunds and five major sluices now control the water level over 82 ha, with a further 50 coming under control in the winter of 2005/06 Reed establishment has principally used natural regeneration or planted seedlings to provide small core areas that will in time expand to create a bigger reed area To date nearly 275,000 seedlings have been planted and reed cover is extensive Over km of new ditches have been formed, 3.7 km of existing ditch have been reprofiled and 2.2 km of old meander (former estuarine features) has been cleaned out I Bitterns now regularly winter on the site some indication that they are staying longer into the spring No breeding has yet occurred but a booming male was present in the spring of 2004 A range of wildfowl breed, as well as a good number of reed bed passerines including reed bunting, reed, sedge and grasshopper warblers Numbers of wintering shoveler have increased so that the site now holds a UK important wintering population Malltraeth Reserve now forms part of the UK network of key sites for water vole (a UK priority species) and 12 monitoring transects has been established Otter and brown-hare occur on the site as does the rare plant Pillwort Questions 14-20 The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-H Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list below Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet List of Headings i research findings into habitats and decisions made ii fluctuation in bittern number iii protect the young bittern iv international cooperation works v Began in calculation of the number vi importance of food vii Research has been successful viii research into the reedbed ix reserve established holding bittern in winter 14 Paragraph A 15 Paragraph B 16 Paragraph C 17 Paragraph D 18 Paragraph F 19 Paragraph G 20 Paragraph H Example: Paragraph E: vii Questions 21-26 Answer the questions below Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer 21 When did the birth of bitten reach its peak of number? 22 What does the author describe the bittern’s character? 23 What is the main cause for the chick bittern’s death? 24 What is the main food for chick bittern? 25 What system does it secure the stability for bittern’s population? 26 Besides bittern and rare vegetation, what mammals does the plan benefit? Questions 27 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D Write your answers in box 27 on your answer sheet 27 What is the main purpose of this passage? A B C D Main characteristic of a bird called bittern Cooperation can protect an endangered species The difficulty of access information of bittern’s habitat and diet To save wetland and reedbed in UK READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage below E-training A E-learning is the unifying term to describe the fields of online learning, web-based training, and technologydelivered instruction, which can be a great benefit to corporate e-learning IBM, for instance, claims that the institution of its e-training program, Basic Blue, whose purpose is to train new managers, saved the company in the range of $200 million in 1999 Cutting the travel expenses required to bring employees and instructors to a central classroom accounts for the lion’s share of the savings With an online course, employees can learn from any Internet-connected PC, anywhere in the world Ernst and Young reduced training costs by 35 percent while improving consistency and scalability B In addition to generally positive economic benefits, other advantages such as convenience, standardized delivery, self-paced learning, and variety of available content have made e-learning a high priority for many corporations E-learning is widely believed to offer flexible “any time, any place” learning The claim for “any place” is valid in principle and is a great development Many people can engage with rich learning materials that simply were not possible in a paper or broadcast distance learning era For teaching specific information and skills, e-training holds great promise It can be especially effective at helping employees prepare for IT certification programs E-learning also seems to effectively address topics such as sexual harassment education,5 safety training and management training — all areas where a clear set of objectives can be identified Ultimately, training experts recommend a “blended” approach that combines both online and in-person training as the instruction requires E-learning is not an end-all solution But if it helps decrease costs and windowless classrooms filled with snoring students, it definitely has its advantages C Much of the discussion about implementing e-learning has focused on the technology, but as Driscoll and others have reminded us, e-learning is not just about the technology, but also many human factors As any capable manager knows, teaching employees new skills is critical to a smoothly run business Having said that, however, the traditional route of classroom instruction runs the risk of being expensive, slow and, often times, ineffective Perhaps the classroom’s greatest disadvantage is the fact that it takes employees out of their jobs Every minute an employee is sitting in a classroom training session is a minute they’re not out on the floor working It now looks as if there is a way to circumvent these traditional training drawbacks E-training promises more effective teaching techniques by integrating audio, video, animation, text and interactive materials with the intent of teaching each student at his or her own pace In addition to higher performance results, there are other immediate benefits to students such as increased time on task, higher levels of motivation, and reduced test anxiety for many learners A California State University Northridge study reported that e-learners performed 20 percent better than traditional learners Nelson reported a significant difference between the mean grades of 406 university students earned in traditional and distance education classes, where the distance learners outperformed the traditional learners D On the other hand, nobody said E-training technology would be cheap E-training service providers, on the average, charge from $10,000 to $60,000 to develop one hour of online instruction This price varies depending on the complexity of the training topic and the media used HTML pages are a little cheaper to develop while streaming-video (presentations or flash animations cost more Course content is just the starting place for cost A complete e-learning solution also includes the technology platform (the computers, applications and network connections that are used to deliver the courses) This technology platform, known as a learning management system (LMS), can either be installed on site or outsourced Add to that cost the necessary investments in network bandwidth to deliver multimedia courses, and you’re left holding one heck of a bill For the LMS infrastructure and a dozen or so online courses, costs can top $500,000 in the first year These kinds of costs mean that custom e-training is, for the time being, an option only for large organizations For those companies that have a large enough staff, the e-training concept pays for itself Aware of this fact, large companies are investing heavily in online training Today, over half of the 400-plus courses that Rockwell Collins offers are delivered instantly to its clients in an e-learning format, a change that has reduced its annual (training costs by 40% Many other success stories exist E E-learning isn't expected to replace the classroom entirely For one thing, bandwidth limitations are still an issue in presenting multimedia over the Internet Furthermore, e-training isn,t suited to every mode of instruction or topic For instance, it’s rather ineffective imparting cultural values or building teams If your company has a unique corporate culture it would be difficult to convey that to first time employees through a computer monitor Group training sessions are more ideal for these purposes In addition, there is a perceived loss of research time because of the work involved in developing and teaching online classes Professor Wallin estimated that it required between 500 and 1,000 person-hours, that is, Wallin-hours, to keep the course at the appropriate level of currency and usefulness (Distance learning instructors often need technical skills, no matter how advanced the courseware system.) That amounts to between a quarter and half of a person-year Finally, teaching materials require computer literacy and access to equipment Any e-Learning system involves basic equipment and a minimum level of computer knowledge in order to perform the tasks required by the system A student that does not possess these skills, or have access to these tools, cannot succeed in an e-Learning program F While few people debate the obvious advantages of e-learning, systematic research is needed to confirm that learners are actually acquiring and using the skills that are being taught online, and that e-learning is the best way to achieve the outcomes in a corporate environment Nowadays, a go-between style of the Blended learning, which refers to a mixing of different learning environments, is gaining popularity It combines traditional face-toface classroom methods with more modem computer-mediated activities According to its proponents, the strategy creates a more integrated approach for both instructors and learners Formerly, technology-based materials played a supporting role to face-to-face instruction Through a blended learning approach, technology will be more important Questions 28-33 The reading passage has seven paragraph，A-F Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list below Write the correct number, i-xi in boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet List of Headings i overview of the benefits for the application of E-training ii IBM’s successful choice of training iii Future direction and a new style of teaching iv learners achievement and advanced teaching materials v limitations when E-training compares with traditional class vi multimedia over the Internet can be a solution vii technology can be a huge financial burden viii the distance learners outperformed the traditional university learners in worldwide ix other advantages besides economic consideration x Training offered to help people learn using computer 28 Paragraph A 29 Paragraph B 30 Paragraph C 31 Paragraph D 32 Paragraph E 33 Paragraph F Questions 34-37 The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-F Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-F, in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet 34 Projected Basic Blue in IBM achieved a great success 35 E-learning wins as a priority for many corporations as its flexibility 36 The combination of the traditional and e-training environments may prevail 37 Example of a fast electronic delivery for a company’s products to its customers Questions 38-40 Choose THREE correct letters, among A-E Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet A B C D E Technical facilities are hardly obtained Presenting multimedia over the Internet is restricted due to the bandwidth limit It is ineffective imparting a unique corporate value to fresh employees Employees need block a long time leaving their position attending training More preparation time is needed to keep the course at the suitable level ACTUAL (TEST 2) READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage below Andrea Palladio: Italian Architect A new exhibition celebrates Palladio’s architecture 500 years on Vicenza is a pleasant, prosperous city in the Veneto, 60 km west of Venice Its grand families settled and farmed the area from the 16th century But its principal claim to fame is Andrea Palladio, who is such an influential architect that a neoclassical style is known as Palladian The city is a permanent exhibition of some of his finest buildings, and as he was born — in Padua, to be precise — 500 years ago, the International Centre for the Study of Palladio’s Architecture has an excellent excuse for mounting la grande mostra, the big show The exhibition has the special advantage of being held in one of Palladio’s buildings, Palazzo Barbaran da Porto Its bold facade is a mixture of rustication and decoration set between two rows of elegant columns On the second floor the pediments arc alternately curved or pointed, a Palladian trademark The harmonious proportions of the atrium at the entrance lead through to a dramatic interior of fine fireplaces and painted ceilings Palladio’s design is simple, clear and not over-crowded The show has been organised on the same principles, according to Howard Bums, the architectural historian who co-curated it Palladio’s father was a miller who settled in Vicenza, where the young Andrea was apprenticed to a skilled stonemason How did a humble miller’s son become a world renowned architect? The answer in the exhibition is that, as a young man, Palladio excelled at carving decorative stonework on columns, doorways and fireplaces He was plainly intelligent, and lucky enough to come across a rich patron, Gian Giorgio Trissino, a landowner and scholar, who organised his education, taking him to Rome in the 1540s, where he studied the masterpieces of classical Roman and Greek architecture and the work of other influential architects of the time, such as Donato Bramante and Raphael Burns argues that social mobility was also important Entrepreneurs, prosperous from agriculture in the Veneto, commissioned the promising local architect to design their country villas and their urban mansions In Venice the aristocracy were anxious to co-opt talented artists, and Palladio was given the chance to design the buildings that have made him famous – the churches of San Giorgio Maggiore and the Redentore, both easy to admire because the can be seen from the city’s historical centre across a stretch of water He tried his hand at bridges — his unbuilt version of the Rialto Bridge was decorated with the large pediment and columns of a temple — and, after a fire at the Ducal Palace, he offered an alternative design which bears an uncanny resemblance to the Banqueting House in Whitehall in London Since it was designed by Inigo Jones, Palladio’s first foreign disciple, this is not as surprising as it sounds Jones, who visited Italy in 1614, bought a trunk full of the master’s architectural drawings; they passed through the hands of the Dukes of Burlington and Devonshire before settling at the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1894 Many are now on display at Palazzo Barbaran What they show is how Palladio drew on the buildings of ancient Rome as models The major theme of both his rural and urban building was temple architecture, with a strong pointed pediment supported by columns and approached by wide steps Palladio s work for rich landowner alienates unreconstructed critics on the Italian left but among the papers in the show are designs for cheap housing in Venice In the wider world, Palladio’s reputation has been nurtured by a text he wrote and illustrated, “Quattro Libri dell’ Architettura” His influence spread to St Petersburg and to Charlottesville in Virginia, where Thomas Jefferson commissioned a Palladian villa he called Monticello Vicenza’s show contains detailed models of the major buildings and is leavened by portraits of Palladio’s teachers and clients by Titian, Veronese and Tintoretto; the paintings of his Venetia buildings are all by Canaletto, no less This is an uncompromising exhibition; many of the drawings are small and faint, and there are no sideshows for children, but the impact of harmonious lines and satisfying proportions is to impart in a viewer a feeling of benevolent calm Palladio is history’s most therapeutic architect “Palladio, 500 Anni: La Grande Mostra” is at Palazzo Barbaran da Porto, Vicenza, until January 6th 2009 The exhibition continues at the Royal Academy of Arts, London, from January 31st to April 13th, and travels afterwards to Barcelona and Madrid Question 1-7 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this The building where the exhibition is staged has been newly renovated Palazzo Barbaran da Porto typically represents the Palladio’s design Palladio’s father worked as an architect Palladio’s family refused to pay for his architectural studies Palladio’s alternative design for the Ducal Palace in Venice was based on an English building Palladio designed for both wealthy and poor people The exhibition includes paintings of people by famous artists Questions 8-13 Complete the sentences below Choose NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet What job was Palladio training for before he became an architect? Who arranged Palladio’s architectural studies? 10 Who was the first non-Italian architect influenced by Palladio? 11 What type of Ancient Roman buildings most heavily influenced Palladio’s work? 12 What did Palladio write that strengthened his reputation? 13 In the writer’s opinion, what feeling will visitors to the exhibition experience? READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based or Reading Passage bel Eco-Resort Management Practices Ecotourism is often regarded as a form of nature-based tourism and has become an important alternative source of tourists In addition to providing the traditional resort-leisure product, it has been argued that ecotourism resort management should have a particular focus on best-practice environmental management an educational and interpretive component, and direct anil indirect contributions to the conservation of the natural and cultural environment (Ayala I996) Conran Cove Island Resort is a large integrated ecotourism-based resort located south of Brisbane on the Gold Coast, Queensland Australia As the world’s population becomes increasingly urbanised, the demand for tourist attractions which are environmentally friendly, serene and offer amenities of a unique nature has grown rapidly Couran Cove Resort, which is one such tourist attractions, is located on South Stradbroke Island, occupying approximately 150 hectares of the island South Stradbroke Island is separated from die mainland by the Broadwater, a stretch of sea ' kilometres wide More than a century ago there was only one Stradbroke Island, and there were at least four Aboriginal tribes living and limiting on the island Regrettably, most of the original island dwellers were eventually killed by diseases such as tuberculosis, smallpox and influenza by the end of the 19th century The second ship wrecked on the island in 1894, and the subsequent destruction of the ship (the Cambus Wallace) because it contained dynamite, caused a large crater in the sandhills on Stradbroke Island Eventually the ocean bloke through the weakened land form and Stradbroke became two islands Conran Cove Island Resort is built on one of the world’s lew naturally -occurring sand lands, which is home to a wide range of plant communities and one of the largest remaining remnants of the rare livistona rainforest left on the Gold Coast Many mangrove and rainforest areas, and Malaleuca Wetlands on South Stradbroke Island (and in Queensland), have been cleared, drained or filled for residential, industrial, agricultural or urban development in the first half of the 20th century Farmers and graziers finally abandoned South Stradbroke Island in 1959 because the vegetation and the soil conditions there were not suitable for agricultural activities SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES OF COUKAN COVE RESORT Being located on an offshore island, the resort is only accessible by means of water transport The resort provides hourly ferry service from the marina on the mainland to and from the island Within the resort transport modes include walking trails, bicycle tracks and the beach train The reception area is the counter of the shop which has not changed for years at least The accommodation is an octagonal "Bure'’ These are large rooms that are clean but the equipment is tiled and in some cases just working Our ceiling fan only worked on high speed for example Beds are hard but clean There is a television, a radio, an old air conditioner and a small fridge These "Bures" are right on top of each other and night noises carry so he careful what you say and The only tiling is the mosquitoes, but if you forget to bring mosquito repellant they sell some oil the island As an ecotourism-based resort most of the planning and development of the attraction lias been concentrated on the need lo co-exist with the fragile natural environment of South Stradbroke Island io achieve sustainable development WATER AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT South Stradbroke Island has groundwater at the centre of the island, which has a maximum height of metres above sea level The water supply is recharged by rainfall and is commonly known as an unconfined freshwater aquifer Couran Cove Island Resort obtains its water supply by tapping into this aquifer and extracting it via a bore system Some of the problems which have threatened the island’s freshwater supply include pollution, contamination and over-consumption In order to minimise some of these problems, all laundry activities are carried out on the mainland The resort considers washing machines as onerous to the island's freshwater supply, and that the detergents contain a high level of phosphates which are a major source of water pollution The resort uses LPG-power generation rather than a diesel-powered plant for its energy supply, supplemented by wind turbine, which has reduced greenhouse emissions by 70% of diesel-equivalent generation methods Excess heat recovered from the generator is used to heat the swimming pool Hot water in the eco-cabins and for some of the resort’s vehicles are solar-powered Water efficient fittings are also installed in showers and toilets However, not all the appliances used by the resort arc energy efficient, such as refrigerators Visitors who stay at the resort are encouraged to monitor their water and energy usage via the in-house television systems, and are rewarded with prizes (such as a free return trip to the resort) accordingly if their usage level is low CONCLUDING REMARKS We examined a case study of good management practice and a pro-active sustainable tourism stance of an ecoresort In three years of operation, Couran Cove Island Resort has won 23 international and national awards, including the 2001 Australian Tourism Award in the 4-Star Accommodation category The resort has embraced and has effectively implemented contemporary environmental management practices It has been argued that the successful implementation of the principles of sustainability should promote long-term social, economic and environmental benefits, while ensuring and enhancing the prospects of continued viability for the tourism enterprise Couran Cove Island Resort does not conform to the characteristics of the Resort Development Spectrum, as proposed by Pridcaux (2000) According to Pridcaux the resort should be at least at Phase of the model (the National tourism phase), which describes an integrated resort providing 3-4 star hotel-type accommodation The primary tourist market in Phase of the model consists mainly of interstate visitors However, the number of interstate and international tourists visiting the resort is small, with the principal visitor markets comprising locals and residents front nearby towns and the Gold Coast region The carrying capacity of Couran Cove docs not seem to be of any concern to the Resort management Given that it is a private commercial ecotourist enterprise, regulating the number of visitors to the resort to minimise damage done to the natural environment on South Stradbrokc Island is not a binding constraint However, the Resort’s growth will eventually be constrained by its carrying capacity, and quantity control should be incorporated in the management strategy of the resort uestions 14-18 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D Write the correct letter in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet 14 The Stradbroke became two islands A by an intended destruction of the ship of the Cambus Wallace B by an explosion of dynamite on a ship and following nature erosion C by the movement sandhills on Stradbroke Island D by the volcanic eruption on island 15 Why are laundry activities for the resort carried out on the mainland? A to obtain its water supply via a bore system B to preserve the water and anti-pollution C to save the cost of installing onerous washing machines D to reduce the level of phosphates in water around 16 The major water supplier in South Stradbroke Island is by A desalining the sea water B collecting the rainfall C transporting from the mainland D boring ground water 17 What is applied for heating water on Couran Cove Island Resort? A the LPG-power B a diesel-powered plant C the wind power D the solar-power 18 What does, as the managers of resorts believe, the prospective future focus on? A more awards for resort’s accommodation B sustainable administration and development in a long run C economic and environmental benefits for the tourism enterprise D successful implementation of the Resort Development Spectrum Questions 19-23 Complete the summary below Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 1923 on your answer sheet Being located away from the mainland, tourists can attain the resort only by 19 in a regular service provided by the resort itself Within the resort, transports include trails for walking or tracks for both 20 and the beach train The on-island equipment is old-fashioned which is barely working such as the 21 overhead There is television, radio, an old 22 fridge And you can buy the repellent for 23 and a small if you forget to bring some Questions 24-26 Choose THREE letters, A-E Write the correct letters in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet Which THREE of the following statements are true as to the contemporary situation of Couran Cove Island Resort in the last paragraph? A Couran Cove Island Resort goes for more eco-friendly practices B The accommodation standard only conforms to the Resort Development Spectrum of Phase C Couran Cove Island Resort should raise the accommodation standard and build more facilities D The principal group visiting the resort is international tourists E Its carrying capacity will restrict the future businesses’ expansion READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage below The future of the World's Language Of the world’s 6,500 living languages, around half are expected to the out by the end of this century, according to UNESCO Just 11 are spoken by more than half of the earth’s population, so it is little wonder that those used by only a few are being left behind as we become a more homogenous, global society In short, 95 percent of the world’s languages are spoken by only five percent of its population—a remarkable level of linguistic diversity stored in tiny pockets of speakers around the world Mark Turin, a university professor, has launched WOLP (World Oral Language Project) to prevent the language from the brink of extinction He is trying to encourage indigenous communities to collaborate with anthropologists around the world to record what he calls “oral literature” through video cameras, voice recorders and other multimedia tools by awarding grants from a £30,000 pot that the project has secured this year The idea is to collate this literature in a digital archive that can be accessed on demand and will make the nuts and bolts of lost cultures readily available For many of these communities, the oral tradition is at the heart of their culture The stories they tell are creative as well as communicative Unlike the languages with celebrated written traditions, such as Sanskrit, Hebrew and Ancient Greek, few indigenous communities have recorded their own languages or ever had them recorded until now The project suggested itself when Turin was teaching in Nepal He wanted to study for a PhD in endangered languages and, while discussing it with his professor at Leiden University in the Netherlands, was drawn to a map on his tutor’s wall The map was full of pins of a variety of colours which represented all the world’s languages that were completely undocumented At random, Turin chose a “pin” to document It happened to belong to the Thangmi tribe, an indigenous community in the hills east of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal “Many of the choices anthropologists and linguists who work on these traditional field-work projects are quite random,” he admits Continuing his work with the Thangmi community in the 1990s, Turin began to record the language he was hearing, realising that not only was this language and its culture entirely undocumented, it was known to few outside the tiny community He set about trying to record their language and myth of origins “I wrote 1,000 pages of grammar in English that nobody could use—but I realised that wasn’t enough It wasn’t enough for me, it wasn’t enough for them It simply wasn’t going to work as something for the community So then I produced this trilingual word list in Thangmi, Nepali and English.” In short, it was the first ever publication of that language That small dictionary is still sold in local schools for a modest 20 rupees, and used as part of a wider cultural regeneration process to educate children about their heritage and language The task is no small undertaking: Nepal itself is a country of massive ethnic and linguistic diversity, home to 100 languages from four different language families What’s more, even fewer ethnic Thangmi speak the Thangmi language Many of the community members have taken to speaking Nepali, the national language taught in schools and spread through the media, and community elders are dying without passing on their knowledge Despite Turin’s enthusiasm for his subject, he is baffled by many linguists’ refusal to engage in the issue he is working on “Of the 6,500 languages spoken on Earth, many not have written traditions and many of these spoken forms are endangered,” he says “There are more linguists in universities around the world than there are spoken languages—but most of them aren’t working on this issue To me it’s amazing that in this day and age, we still have an entirely incomplete image of the world’s linguistic diversity People PhDs on the apostrophe in French, yet we still don’t know how many languages are spoken.” “When a language becomes endangered, so too does a cultural world view We want to engage with indigenous people to document their myths and folklore, which can be harder to find funding for if you are based outside Western universities.” Yet, despite the struggles facing initiatives such as the World Oral Literature Project, there are historical examples that point to the possibility that language restoration is no mere academic pipe dream The revival of a modern form of Hebrew in the 19th century is often cited as one of the best proofs that languages long dead, belonging to small communities, can be resurrected and embraced by a large number of people By the 20th century, Hebrew was well on its way to becoming the main language of the Jewish population of both Ottoman and British Palestine It is now spoken by more than seven million people in Israel Yet, despite the difficulties these communities face in saving their languages, Dr Turin believes that the fate of the world’s endangered languages is not sealed, and globalisation is not necessarily the nefarious perpetrator of evil it is often presented to be “I call it the globalisation paradox: on the one hand globalisation and rapid socioeconomic change are the things that are eroding and challenging diversity But on the other, globalisation is providing us with new and very exciting tools and facilities to get to places to document those things that globalisation is eroding Also, the communities at the coal-face of change are excited by what globalisation has to offer.” In the meantime, the race is on to collect and protect as many of the languages as possible, so that the Rai Shaman in eastern Nepal and those in the generations that follow him can continue their traditions and have a sense of identity And it certainly is a race: Turin knows his project’s limits and believes it inevitable that a large number of those languages will disappear “We have to be wholly realistic A project like ours is in no position, and was not designed, to keep languages alive The only people who can help languages survive are the people in those communities themselves They need to be reminded that it’s good to speak their own language and I think we can help them that—becoming modem doesn’t mean you have to lose your language.” Questions 27-31 Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet Of the world’s 6,500 living languages, about half of them are expected to be extinct Most of the world’s languages are spoken by a 27 _of people However, Professor Turin set up a project WOLP to prevent 28 _ of the languages The project provides the community with 29 _ to enable people to record their endangered languages The oral tradition has great cultural 30 _ An important 31 _ between languages spoken by few people and languages with celebrated written documents existed in many communities A similarity F difference B significance G education C funding H diversity D minority I majority E education J disappearance Questions 32-35 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 32-35 on you answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this 32 33 34 35 Turin argued that anthropologists and linguists usually think carefully before selecting an area to research Turin concluded that the Thangmi language had few similarities with other languages Turin has written that 1000-page document was inappropriate for Thangmi community; Some Nepalese schools lack resources to devote to language teaching Questions 36-40 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D Write the correct letter in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet 36 Why does Turin say people PhDs on the apostrophe in French? A He believes that researchers have limited role in the research of languages B He compares the methods of research into languages C He thinks research should result in a diverse cultural outlook D He holds that research into French should focus on more general aspects 37 What is discussed in the ninth paragraph? A Forces driving people to believe endangered languages can survive B The community where people distrust language revival C The methods of research that have improved language restoration D Initiatives the World Oral Literature Project is bringing to Israel 38 How is the WOLP’s prospect? A It would not raise enough funds to achieve its aims B It will help keep languages alive C It will be embraced by a large number of people D It has chance to succeed to protect the engendered languages 39 What is Turin’s main point of globalisation? A Globalisation is the main reason for endangered language B Globalisation has both advantages and disadvantages C We should have a more critical view of globalisation D We should foremost protect our identity in face of globalisation 40 What does Turin suggest that community people should do? A B C D Learn other languages Only have a sense of identity Keep up with the modem society without losing their language Join the race to protect as many languages as possible but be realistic ACTUAL ( TEST 6) READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage below A Americans today choose among more options in more parts of life than has ever been possible before To an extent, the opportunity to choose enhances our lives It is only logical to think that if some choices are good, more is better; people who care about having infinite options will benefit from them, and those who not can always just ignore the 273 versions of cereal they have never tried Yet recent research strongly suggests that, psychologically, this assumption is wrong, with 5% lower percentage announcing they are happy Although some choices are undoubtedly better than none, more is not always better than less B Recent research offers insight into why many people end up unhappy rather than pleased when their options expand We began by making a distinction between "maximizers” (those who always aim to make the best possible choice) and "satisficers” (those who aim for "good enough,” whether or not better selections might be out there) C In particular, we composed a set of statements—the Maximization Scale—to diagnose people’s propensity to maximize Then we had several thousand people rate themselves from to (from “completely disagree” to "completely agree”) on such statements as “I never settle for second best.” We also evaluated their sense of satisfaction with their decisions We did not define a sharp cutoff to separate maximizers from satisficers, but in general, we think of individuals whose average scores are higher than (the scale’s midpoint) as maxi- misers and those whose scores are lower than the midpoint as satisficers People who score highest on the test—the greatest maximizers—engage in more product comparisons than the lowest scorers, both before and after they make purchasing decisions, and they take longer to decide what to buy When satisficers find an item that meets their standards, they stop looking But maximizers exert enormous effort reading labels, checking out consumer magazines and trying new products They also spend more time comparing their purchasing decisions with those of others D We found that the greatest maximizers are the least happy with the fruits of their efforts When they compare themselves with others, they get little pleasure from finding out that they did better and substantial dissatisfaction from finding out that they did worse They are more prone to experiencing regret after a purchase, and if their acquisition disappoints them, their sense of well-being takes longer to recover They also tend to brood or ruminate more than satisficers E Does it follow that maximizers are less happy in general than satisficers? We tested this by having people fill out a variety of questionnaires known to be reliable indicators of wellbeing As might be expected, individuals with high maximization scores experienced less satisfaction with life and were less happy, less optimistic and more depressed than people with low maximization scores Indeed, those with extreme maximization ratings had depression scores that placed them in the borderline of clinical range F Several factors explain why more choice is not always better than less, especially for maximisers High among these are “opportunity costs.” The quality of any given option cannot be assessed in isolation from its alternatives One of the “costs” of making a selection is losing the opportunities that a different option would have afforded Thus, an opportunity cost of vacationing on the beach in Cape Cod might be missing the fabulous restaurants in the Napa Valley Early Decision Making Research by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky showed that people respond much more strongly to losses than gains If we assume that opportunity costs reduce the overall desirability of the most preferred choice, then the more alternatives there are, the deeper our sense of loss will be and the less satisfaction we will derive from our ultimate decision G The problem of opportunity costs will be better for a satisficer The latter’s “good enough” philosophy can survive thoughts about opportunity costs In addition, the “good enough" standard leads to much less searching and inspection of alternatives than the maximizer’s “best" standard With fewer choices under consideration, a person will have fewer opportunity costs to subtract H Just as people feel sorrow about the opportunities they have forgone, they may also suffer regret about the option they settled on My colleagues and I devised a scale to measure proneness to feeling regret, and we found that people with high sensitivity to regret are less happy, less satisfied with life, less optimistic and more depressed than those with low sensitivity Not surprisingly, we also found that people with high regret sensitivity tend to be maximizers Indeed, we think that worry over future regret is a major reason that individuals become maximizers The only way to be sure you will not regret a decision is by making the best possible one Unfortunately, the more options you have and the more opportunity costs you incur, the more likely you are to experience regret I In a classic demonstration of the power of sunk costs, people were offered season subscriptions to a local theatre company Some were offered the tickets at full price and others at a discount Then the researchers simply kept track of how often the ticket purchasers actually attended the plays over the course of the season Full-price payers were more likely to show up at performances than discount payers The reason for this, the investigators argued, was that the full-price payers would experience more regret if they did not use the tickets because not using the more costly tickets would constitute a bigger loss To increase sense of happiness, we can decide to restrict our options when the decision is not crucial For example, make a rule to visit no more than two stores when shopping for clothing Questions 1-4 Look at the following descriptions or deeds (Questions 1-4) and the list of categories below Match each description or deed with the correct category, A-D Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet A maximizers B satisficers C neither “maximizers” nor “satisficers” D both “maximizers” and “satisficers” rated to the Maximization Scale of making choice don’t take much time before making a decision are likely to regret about the choice in the future choose the highest price in the range of purchase Questions 5-8 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 5-8 on you answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this In today’s world, since the society is becoming wealthier, people are happier In society, there are more maximisers than satisficers People tend to react more to loses than gains Females and males acted differently in the study of choice making Questions 9-13 Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D Write the correct letter in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet The Maximization Scale is aimed to A know the happiness when they have more choices B measure how people are likely to feel after making choices C help people make better choices D reduce the time of purchasing 10 According to the text, what is the result of more choices? A People can make choices more easily B Maximizers are happier to make choices C Satisficers are quicker to make wise choices D People have more tendency to experience regret 11 The example of theatre ticket is to suggest that A they prefer to use more money when buying tickets B they don’t like to spend more money on theatre C higher-priced things would induce more regret if not used properly D full-price payers are real theatre lovers 12 How to increase the happiness when making a better choice? A use less time B make more comparisons C buy more expensive products D limit the number of choices in certain situations 13 What is the best title for Reading Passage 1? A Reasoning of Worse Choice Making B Making Choices in Today’s World C The Influence of More Choices D Complexity in Choice Making READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26,which are based on Reading Passage on the following pages Implication of False Belief Experiments A A considerable amount of research since the mid 1980s has been concerned with what has been termed children’s theory of mind This involves children’s ability to understand that people can have different beliefs and representations of the world– a capacity that is shown by four years of age Furthermore, this ability appears to be absent in children with autism The ability to work out that another person is thinking is clearly an important aspect of both cognitive and social development Furthermore, one important explanation for autism is that children suffering from this condition not have a theory of mind(TOM) Consequently, the development of children’s TOM has attracted considerable attention B Wimmer and Perner devised a ‘false belief task’ to address this question They used some toys to act out the following story Maxi left some chocolate in a blue cupboard before he went out When he was away his mother moved the chocolate to a green cupboard Children were asked to predict where Maxi willlook for his chocolate when he returns Most children under four years gave the incorrect answer, that Maxi will look in the green cupboard Those over four years tended to give the correct answer, that Maxi will look in the blue cupboard The incorrect answers indicated that the younger children did not understand that Maxi’s beliefs and representations no longer matched the actual state of the world, and they failed to appreciate that Maxi will act on the basis of his beliefs rather than the way that the world is actually organised C A simpler version of the Maxi task was devised by Baron-Cohen to take account of criticisms that younger children may have been affected by the complexity and too much information of the story in the task described above For example, the child is shown two dolls, Sally and Anne, who have a basket and a box， respectively Sally also has a marble, which she places in her basket，and then leaves to take a walk While she is out of the room, Anne takes the marble from the basket, eventually putting it in the box Sally returns，and child is then asked where Sally will look for the marble The child passes the task if she answers that Sally will look in the basket, where she put the marble; the child fails the task if she answers that Sally will look in the box，where the child knows the marble is hidden， even though Sally cannot know, since she did not see it hidden there In order to pass the task, the child must be able to understand that another’s mental representation of the situation is different from their own, and the child must be able to predict behavior based on that understanding The results of research using false-belief tasks have been fairly consistent: most normally-developing children are unable to pass the tasks until around age four D Leslie argues that, before 18 months, children treat the world in a literal way and rarely demonstrate pretence He also argues that it is necessary for the cognitive system to distinguish between what is pretend and what is real If children were not able to this, they would not be able to distinguish between imagination and reality Leslie suggested that this pretend play becomes possible because of the presence of a de-coupler that copies primary representations to secondary representations For example, children, when pretending a banana is a telephone, would make a secondary representation of a banana They would manipulate this representation and they would use their stored knowledge of ‘telephone’ to build on this pretence E There is also evidence that social processes play a part in the development of TOM Meins and her colleagues have found that what they term mind mindedness in maternal speech to six-month old infants is related to both security of attachment and to TOM abilities Mind Mindedness involves speech that discusses infants’ feelings and explains their behaviour in terms of mental stages(e.g_ ‘you1 re feeling hungry’) F Lewis investigated older children living in extended families in Crete and Cyprus They found that children who socially interact with more adults，who have more friends And who have more older siblings tend to pass TOM tasks at a slightly earlier age than other children Furthermore, because young children are more likely to talk about their thoughts and feelings with peers than with their mothers, peer interaction may provide a special impetus to the development of a TOM A similar point has been made by Dunn, who argues that peer interaction is more likely to contain pretend play and that it is likely to be more challenging because other children, unlike adults, not make large adaptations to the communicative needs of other children G In addition, there has been concern that some aspects of the TOM approach underestimate children’s understanding of other people After all，infants will point to objects apparently in an effort to change a person’s direction of gaze and interest; they can interact quite effectively with other people; they will express their ideas in opposition to the wishes of others; and they will show empathy for the feeling of others Schatz studied the spontaneous speech of three-year-olds and found that these children used mental terms，and used them in circumstances where there was a contrast between, for example, not being sure where an object was located and finding it, or between pretending and reality Thus the social abilities of children indicate that they are aware of the difference between mental states and external reality at ages younger than four H A different explanation has been put forward by Harris He proposed that children use ‘simulation’ This involves putting yourself in the other person’s position, and then trying to predict what the other person would Thus success on false belief tasks can be explained by children trying to imagine what they would if they were a character in the stories, rather than children being able to appreciate the beliefs of other people Such thinking about situations that not exist involves what is termed counterfactual reasoning I A different explanation has been put forward by Harris He proposed that children use "simulation” This involves putting yourself in the other person’s position, and then trying to predict what the other person would Thus, success on false belief tasks can be explained by children trying to imagine what they would if they were a character in the stories, rather than children being able to appreciate the beliefs of other people Such thinking about situations that not exist involves what is termed counterfactual reasoning Questions 14-20 Look at the following statements (Questions 14-20) and the list of researchers below Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-G Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet List of Researchers A Baron-Cohen B Meins C Wimmer and Pemer D Lewis E Dunn F Schatz G Harris E Dunn F Schatz G Harris 14 gave an alternative explanation that children may not be understanding other’s belief 15 found that children under certain age can tell difference between reality and mentality 16 conducted a well-known experiment and drew conclusion that young children were unable to comprehend the real state of the world 17 found that children who get along with adults often comparatively got through the test more easily 18 revised an easier experiment to rule out the possibility that children might be influenced by sophisticated reasoning 19 related social factor such as mother-child communication to capability act in TOM 20 explained children are less likely to tell something interactive to their mother than to their friends Show Notepad Questions 21-26 Complete the summary below Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer Write your answers in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet In 1980s, research studies were designed to test the subject called Theory of Mind that if children have the ability to represent the reality First experiments were carried out on this subject on a boy And questions had been made on where the boy can find the location of the 21 _ But it was accused that it had excessive 22 _ So second modified experiment was can ducted involving two dolls, and most children passed the test at the age of 23 _ Then Lewis and Dunn researched 24 _ children in a certain place, and found children who have more interaction such as more conversation with 25 _ have better performance in the test, and peer interaction is 26 _because of consisting pretending elements READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage below What is Meaning —Why we respond to words and symbols in the waves we do? The end, product of education, yours and mine and everybody's, is the total pattern of reactions and possible reactions we have inside ourselves If you did not have within you at this moment the pattern of reactions that we call "the ability to read.” you would see here only meaningless black marks on paper Because of the trained patterns of response, you are (or are not) stirred to patriotism by martial music, your feelings of reverence are aroused by symbols of your religion, you listen more respectfully to the health advice of someone who has “MD" after his name than to that of someone who hasn’t What I call here a “pattern of reactions”, then, is the sum total of the ways we act in response to events, to words, and to symbols Our reaction patterns or our semantic habits, are the internal and most important residue of whatever years of education or miseducation we may have received from our parents’ conduct toward us in childhood as well as their teachings, from the formal education we may have had, from all the lectures we have listened to, from the radio programs and the movies and television shows we have experienced, from all the books and newspapers and comic strips we have read, from the conversations we have had with friends and associates, and from all our experiences If, as the result of all these influences that make us what we are, our semantic habits are reasonably similar to those of most people around us, we are regarded as "normal,” or perhaps “dull.” If our semantic habits are noticeably different from those of others, we are regarded as “individualistic" or “original.” or, if the differences are disapproved of or viewed with alarm, as “crazy.” Semantics is sometimes defined in dictionaries as “the science of the meaning of words”— which would not be a bad definition if people didn’t assume that the search for the meanings of words begins and ends with looking them up in a dictionary If one stops to think for a moment, it is clear that to define a word, as a dictionary does, is simply to explain the word with more words To be thorough about defining, we should next have to define the words used in the definition, then define the words used in defining the words used in the definition and so on Defining words with more words, in short, gets us at once into what mathematicians call an “infinite regress” Alternatively, it can get us into the kind of run-around we sometimes encounter when we look up “impertinence” and find it defined as “impudence," so we look up “impudence” and find it defined as “impertinence." Yet—and here we come to another common reaction pattern—people often act as if words can be explained fully with more words To a person who asked for a definition of jazz, Louis Armstrong is said to have replied, "Man when you got to ask what it is, you’ll never get to know,” proving himself to be an intuitive semanticist as well as a great trumpet player Semantics, then, does not deal with the “meaning of words” as that expression is commonly understood P W Bridgman, the Nobel Prize winner and physicist, once wrote, “The true meaning of a term is to be found by observing what a man does with it, not by what he says about it.” He made an enormous contribution to science by showing that the meaning of a scientific term lies in the operations, the things done, that establish its validity, rather than in verbal definitions Here is a simple, everyday kind of example of “operational” definition If you say, “This table measures six feet in length,” you could prove it by taking a foot rule, performing the operation of laying it end to end while counting, “One two three four ” But if you say—and revolutionists have started uprisings with just this statement “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains!”—what operations could you perform to demonstrate its accuracy or inaccuracy? But let us carry this suggestion of “operationalism" outside the physical sciences where Bridgman applied it, and observe what “operations” people perform as the result of both the language they use and the language other people use in communicating to them Here is a personnel manager studying an application blank He comes to the words “Education: Harvard University,” and drops the application blank in the wastebasket (that’s the “operation”) because, as he would say if you asked him, “I don’t like Harvard men.” This is an instance of "meaning” at work—but it is not a meaning that can be found in dictionaries If I seem to be taking a long time to explain what semantics is about, it is because I am trying, in the course of explanation, to introduce the reader to a certain way of looking at human behavior I say human responses because, so far as we know, human beings are the only creatures that have, over and above that biological equipment which we have in common with other creatures, the additional capacity for manufacturing symbols and systems of symbols When we react to a flag, we are not reacting simply to a piece of cloth, but to the meaning with which it has been symbolically endowed When we react to a word, we are not reacting to a set of sounds, but to the meaning with which that set of sounds has been symbolically endowed A basic idea in general semantics, therefore, is that the meaning of words (or other symbols) is not in the words, but in our own semantic reactions If I were to tell a shockingly obscene story in Arabic or Hindustani or Swahili before an audience that understood only English, no one would blush or be angry; the story would be neither shocking nor obscene-induced, it would not even be a story Likewise, the value of a dollar bill is not in the bill, but in our social agreement to accept it as a symbol of value If that agreement were to break down through the collapse of our government, the dollar bill would become only a scrap of paper We not understand a dollar bill by staring at it long and hard We understand it by observing how people act with respect to it We understand it by understanding the social mechanisms and the loyalties that keep it meaningful Semantics is therefore a social study, basic to all other social studies Questions 27-31 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet 27 What point is made in the first paragraph? A The aim of education is to teach people to read B Everybody has a different pattern of reactions C Print only carries meaning to those who have received appropriate ways to respond D The writers should make sure their works satisfy a variety of readers 28 According to the second paragraph, people are judged by A the level of education B the variety of experience C how conventional their responses are D complex situations 29 What point is made in the third paragraph? A Standard ways are incapable of defining words precisely B A dictionary is most scientific in defining words C A dictionary should define words in as few words as possible D Mathematicians could define words accurately 30 What does the writer suggest by referring to Louis Armstrong? A He is an expert of language B Music and language are similar C He provides insights to how words are defined D Playing trumpet is easier than defining words 31 What does the writer intend to show about the example of “personnel manager”? A Harvard men are not necessarily competitive in the job market B Meaning cannot always be shared by others C The idea of operationalism does not make much sense outside the physical science D Job applicants should take care when filling out application forms Questions 32-35 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 32-35 on you answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this 32 Some statements are incapable of being proved or disproved 33 Meaning that is personal to individuals is less worthy to study than shared meanings 34 Flags and words are eliciting responses of the same reason 35 A story can be entertaining without being understood Questions 36-40 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet 36 A comic strip 37 A dictionary 38 Bridgman 39 A story in a language the audience cannot understand 40 A dollar bill A is meaningless B has lasting effects on human behaviors C is a symbol that has lost its meaning D can be understood only in its social context E can provide inadequate explanation of meaning F reflects the variability of human behaviors G emphasizes the importance of analyzing how words were used H suggests that certain types of behaviors carry more meanings than others ... earlier than monolingual children 40 Bilingual children can apply reading comprehension strategies acquired in one language when reading in the other ACTUAL (TEST 3) READING PASSAGE You should spend... helps them to resist the continuous 40 in Guanacaste ACTUAL (TEST 4) READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage below T-Rex: Hunter... at developing a new 40 combat against the virus which might effectively ACTUAL (TEST 5) READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage below