12 OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM
12.1 POLARIZED LIGHT
12.2 OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION
12.3 CIRCULAR DICHROISM
12.4 COTTON EFFECT
12.5 CORRELATION BETWEEN ORD AND CD
12.6 COMPARISON OF ORD AND CD
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
13 HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ELECTROPHORESIS
13.1 HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
13.1.1 Chromatographic Terms and Parameters
13.1.2 Theory of Chromatography
13.1.3 Types of HPLC
13.2 ELECTROPHORESIS
13.2.1 Basic Theory
13.2.2 General Techniques of Modern Electrophoresis
13.2.3 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
13.2.4 Southern Blot, Northern Blot, and Western Blot
13.2.5 Sequencing DNA Fragments
13.2.6 Isoelectric Focusing and Isotachophoresis
13.3 FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
14 LIGHT SCATTERING
14.1 RAYLEIGH SCATTERING
14.2 FLUCTUATION THEORY (DEBYE)
14.3 DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR INTERACTION
14.3.1 Two-Component Systems
14.3.2 Multicomponent Systems
14.3.3 Copolymers
14.3.4 Correction of Anisotropy and Deporalization of Scattered Light
14.4 INTERNAL INTERFERENCE
14.5 DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND RADIUS OF GYRATION BY THE ZIMM PLOT
APPENDIX EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES OF THE ZIMM PLOT
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
15 FOURIER SERIES
15.1 PRELIMINARIES
15.2 FOURIER SERIES
15.2.1 Basic Fourier Series
15.2.2 Fourier Sine Series
15.2.3 Fourier Cosine Series
15.2.4 Complex Fouries Series
15.2.5 Other Forms of Fourier Series
15.3 CONVERSION OF INFINITE SERIES INTO INTEGRALS
15.4 FOURIER INTEGRALS
15.5 FOURIER TRANSFORMS
15.5.1 Fourier Transform Pairs
15.6 CONVOLUTION
15.6.1 Definition
15.6.2 Convolution Theorem
15.6.3 Convolution and Fourier Theory: Power Theorem
15.7 EXTENSION OF FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER TRANSFORM
15.7.1 Lorentz Line Shape
15.7.2 Correlation Function
15.8 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM
15.8.1 Discrete and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
15.8.2 Application of DFT
15.8.3 Fast Fourier Transform
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
16 SMALL-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING, NEUTRON SCATTERING, AND LASER LIGHT SCATTERING
16.1 SMALL-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING
16.1.1 Apparatus
16.1.2 Guinier Plot
16.1.3 Correlation Function
16.1.4 On Size and Shape of Proteins
16.2 SMALL-ANGLE NEUTRON SCATTERING
16.2.1 Six Types of Neutron Scattering
16.2.2 Theory
16.2.3 Dynamics of a Polymer Solution
16.2.4 Coherently Elastic Neutron Scattering
16.2.5 Comparison of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering with Light Scattering
16.2.6 Contrast Factor
16.2.7 Lorentzian Shape
16.2.8 Neutron Spectroscopy
16.3 LASER LIGHT SCATTERING
16.3.1 Laser Light-Scattering Experiment
16.3.2 Autocorrelation and Power Spectrum
16.3.3 Measurement of Diffusion Coefficient in General
16.3.4 Application to Study of Polymers in Semidilute Solutions
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
17 ELECTRONIC AND INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
17.1 ULTRAVIOLET (AND VISIBLE) ABSORPTION SPECTRA
17.1.1 Lambert–Beer Law
17.1.2 Terminology
17.1.3 Synthetic Polymers
17.1.4 Proteins
17.1.5 Nucleic Acids
17.2 FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
17.2.1 Fluorescence Phenomena
17.2.2 Emission and Excitation Spectra
17.2.3 Quenching
17.2.4 Energy Transfer
17.2.5 Polarization and Depolarization
17.3 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
17.3.1 Basic Theory
17.3.2 Absorption Bands: Stretching and Bending
17.3.3 Infrared Spectroscopy of Synthetic Polymers
17.3.4 Biological Polymers
17.3.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
18 PROTEIN MOLECULES
18.1 PROTEIN SEQUENCE AND STRUCTURE
18.1.1 Sequence
18.1.2 Secondary Structure
18.1.3 Tertiary Structure
18.1.4 Quaternary Structure
18.2 PROTEIN STRUCTURE REPRESENTATIONS
18.2.1 Representation Symbols
18.2.2 Representations of Whole Molecule
18.3 PROTEIN FOLDING AND REFOLDING
18.3.1 Computer Simulation
18.3.2 Homolog Modeling
18.3.3 De Novo Prediction
18.4 PROTEIN MISFOLDING
18.4.1 Biological Factor: Chaperones
18.4.2 Chemical Factor: Intra- and Intermolecular Interactions
18.4.3 Brain Diseases
18.5 GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS, AND BIOINFORMATICS
18.6 RIBOSOMES: SITE AND FUNCTION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
REFERENCES
19 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
19.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
19.1.1 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Moment
19.1.2 Magnetic Properties of Nuclei
19.1.3 Resonance
19.1.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
19.2 CHEMICAL SHIFT (d) AND SPIN–SPIN COUPLING CONSTANT (J)
19.3 RELAXATION PROCESSES
19.3.1 Spin–Lattice Relaxation and Spin–Spin Relaxation
19.3.2 Nuclear Quadrupole Relaxation and Overhauser Effect
19.4 NMR SPECTROSCOPY
19.4.1 Pulsed Fourier Transform Method
19.4.2 One-Dimensional NMR
19.4.3 Two-Dimensional NMR
19.5 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
19.6 NMR SPECTRA OF MACROMOLECULES
19.6.1 Poly(methyl methacrylate)
19.6.2 Polypropylene
19.6.3 Deuterium NMR Spectra of Chain Mobility in Polyethylene
19.6.4 Two-Dimensional NMR Spectra of Poly-c-benzyl-L-glutamate
19.7 ADVANCES IN NMR SINCE 1994
19.7.1 Apparatus
19.7.2 Techniques
19.8 TWO EXAMPLES OF PROTEIN NMR
19.8.1 Membrane Protein
19.8.2 A Brain Protein: Prion
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
20 X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
20.1 X-RAY DIFFRACTION
20.2 CRYSTALS
20.2.1 Miller Indices, hkl
20.2.2 Unit Cells or Crystal Systems
20.2.3 Crystal Drawing
20.3 SYMMETRY IN CRYSTALS
20.3.1 Bravais Lattices
20.3.2 Point Group and Space Group
20.4 FOURIER SYNTHESIS
20.4.1 Atomic Scattering Factor
20.4.2 Structure Factor
20.4.3 Fourier Synthesis of Electron Density
20.5 PHASE PROBLEM
20.5.1 Patterson Synthesis
20.5.2 Direct Method (Karle–Hauptmann Approach)
20.6 REFINEMENT
20.7 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MACROMOLECULES
20.7.1 Synthetic Polymers
20.7.2 Proteins
20.7.3 DNA
20.8 ADVANCES IN X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY SINCE 1994
20.8.1 X-Ray Sources
20.8.2 New Instruments
20.8.3 Structure of Proteins
20.8.4 Protein Examples
APPENDIX NEUTRON DIFFRACTION
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
AUTHOR INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX
COLOR PLATES
FIGURE 5.9
FIGURE 18.6
FIGURE 18.7
FIGURE 18.9
FIGURE 18.10
FIGURE 18.14 Pro
FIGURE 19.18
FIGURE 19.19
FIGURE 20.21
FIGURE 20.22A
FIGURE 20.22B
Back Page
Nội dung
[...]... FIRST EDITION Physical chemistry of macromolecules is a course that is frequently offered in the biochemistry curriculum of a college or university Occasionally, it is also offered in the chemistry curriculum When it is offered in the biochemistry curriculum, the subject matter is usually limited to biological topics and is identical to biophysical chemistry When it is offered in the chemistry curriculum,... which chapters belong to biophysical chemistry and which chapters belong to polymer chemistry Roughly speaking, unit 1 may be considered to consist of the core materials of polymer chemistry Unit 2 contains materials belonging both to polymer chemistry and biophysical chemistry Unit 3, which covers the structure ofmacromolecules and their separations, is relatively independent of units 1 and 2 These materials... of diffusion is often complementary to knowledge of sedimentation and vice versa It should be pointed out that all the chapters in unit 2 (Chapters 6 through 12) so far deal with methods for determining molecular weight and the configuration ofmacromolecules They are standard chapters for both a course of polymer chemistry and a course of biophysical chemistry Chapters 13 through 17 describe some of. .. electrophoresis In conclusion, the organization of this book covers the basic ideas and issues of the physicalchemistryofmacromolecules including molecular structure, physical properties, and modern experimental techniques Mathematical equations are used frequently in this book, because they are a part of physical chemistry We use mathematics as a language in a way that is not different from our other... and macromolecules are different entities, many of the same laws that govern colloids also govern macromolecules For this reason, the study of the physical chemistry of macromolecules often extends to the study of colloids Although the main topic of this book is macromolecules, we are also interested in colloids Since colloids were known first, we will describe them first 1.1 COLLOIDS When small molecules... mg) The surface of the micelle liposome is similar to that of membrane lipids; it does no harm to the body when administered 1.2 MACROMOLECULES The physical properties of macromolecules, such as sedimentation, diffusion, and light scattering, are very similar to those of colloids For generations macromolecules have been regarded as associated colloids or lyophilic colloidal systems But macromolecules. .. X-Ray Crystallography Since the completion of the first edition in 1994, important developments have been going on in many fields ofphysical chemistry of macromolecules As a result, two new disciplines have emerged: materials science and structural biology The traditional field of polymers, even though already enlarged, is to be included in the bigger field of materials science Together with glasses,... note of thanks goes to Mr Christopher Frank who drew the figures in chapter 11 and provided comments xxiv PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION on the appendix, and to Mr Anthony DeLuca and Professor Andrew Taslitz, for improving portions of this writing Most parts of the manuscript were painstakingly typed by Ms Terry Cognard For many years, students and faculty members of the Department of Chemistryof Liberal... polarization of a molecule, and so on The English letter c can represent the concentration of a solution (for example, g/ mL, mol/L), the unit of coordinates (such as a, b, c), and so on To avoid confusion, some authors use different symbols to represent different kinds of quantities and provide a glossary at the end of the book The advantage of changing standard notation is the maintenance of consistency... binding of small molecules to macromolecules The second part, electrophoresis, describes the classical theory of ionic mobility and various types of modern techniques used for the separation and characterization of biological materials Chapter 17 ends with an additional section, field-flow fractionation, which describes the combined methods of HPLC and electrophoresis In conclusion, the organization of this .