Articles about east africas second swarm of locusts on CNN com, the guardian com, CBN com on august 2020

ACADEMY OF JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATION Faculty of Foreign Languages Articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts on CNN.com, the guardian.com, CBN.Com on August 2020 (An Assignment on Translate Practice) By: La Chi Cuong – ETE 39 Supervisor: Assoc Prof, Dr Nguyen Thanh Huong HANOI, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION: 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aim of the study 1.3 Limitation of the study 1.4 Method of the study 1.5 Design of the study TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF AN ARTICLE ON THE GUARDIAN, BBC AND CBN 2.1 Headlines 2.2 Leads 2.3 Bodies 2.4 Endings 2.5 Conclusion 10 LEXICAL FEATURES OF SELECTED ARTICLES ABOUT EAST AFRICA'S SECOND SWARM OF LOCUSTS ON THE GUARDIAN AND CBN, CNN 10 3.1 Word formation in article articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts 2020 10 3.1.1 Affixes 10 3.1.2 Compound 13 3.1.3 Shortening 16 3.1.4 Back formation 17 3.1.5 Conversion or functional shift 19 3.1.6 Borrowed words 20 3.2 Types of relationships between words in selected articles 20 3.2.1 Hyponymy 20 3.2.2 Part/ whole relationships 22 3.2.3 Synonymy 23 3.2.4 Antonymy 24 3.2.5 Converseness 25 3.2.6 Polysemy and homonymy 25 3.2.7 Metaphorical extension 26 3.3 Syntactical features of selected articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts 2020 on theguardian, CBN, CNN 26 3.3.1 Typical sentence patterns of selected articles 26 3.3.2 Noun phrases in articles selected articles and Vietnamese equivalent 33 3.3.3 Nominalization in selected articles and their Vietnamese equivalents 38 3.3.4 Headline interpreting 39 3.4 Terms and expressions about locust plague in Africa and their Vietnamese equivalents 42 TRANSLATION OF SELECTED ARTICLES 43 4.1 Article 43 4.2 Article 46 4.3 Article 47 4.4 Article 49 4.5 Article 51 4.6 Article 52 4.7 Article 13 54 4.8 Article 15 59 4.9 Article 16 61 4.10 Article 18 63 CONCLUSION 66 APENDIX 67 REFERENCES 93 ABBREVIATION Proper Noun N.prop Common Noun N.com Common Noun + -ed N-ed2 Abbreviation of Noun N.abbr Verb to infinitive V.to.inf Bare Infinitive V.bare Past Participle V.ed2 Present Participle -ing Adjective Adj Adverb Adv Number Num Prefix Pref Suffix Suff INTRODUCTION: 1.1 Rationale In the process of globalization, the frequent contact demands required global citizens to be able to deliver their message adequately, thus, the importance of language is put to the front Language and culture are mutual support of each other The culture engaged in the message that people in one culture convey to others in another culture One of the common representations of language and culture is literature or in journalism papers such as articles Therefore to achieve the target, most of linguistic aspects and their implementation would finally be well mastered This was due to the fact that each language has some differences and similarities dealing with linguistic aspects Then, later on the language competence of the learners would finally be getting better and better because they find it easier to learn the new language if there are similarities of linguistic aspects between the source language and the target language being learnt Hence finally, a translator would find it easier also to translate a text if the the source text being translated had similarities of linguistic aspects with those of the target one 1.2 Aim of the study This study aims at describing the relationship between contrastive analysis and translation study between English and Vietnamese equivalent The first sematic elemnt referred to the language study which is analyzed in accordance with the rule and structure of the language itself Meanwhile the second one is concerned with the relationship between the language and some other related factors, such as in analyzing the text 1.3 Limitation of the study Among various kinds of literary works, the researcher uses 20 English articles about second wave of locust swarms in East Africa 2020 on the guardian.com, CNN.com, CBN.com The reason to choose material: CBN, CNN, The guardian that one of the world‟s leading online news sectors – in the form of successful global champions is CNN, CBN and the guardian The research is based on the corpus of newspapers drawn from online British newspaper BBC in mid – September, 2019 and in 2020 Next are 12 online newspapers on the guardian and feature-story forms CBN 1.4 Method of the study This study is based on the method of aggregating, analyzing available materials to conclude and to bring the most thorough understanding of Articles about second wave of locust swarms in East Africa 2020, bring new knowledge and hone existing knowledge to the researchers 1.5 Design of the study This study is designed as an academic study, aiming to understand News articles in English language; lexical, syntactical features of how to correctly use them, and analyzing example as well as exercises to further consolidate the knowledge of researchers TYPICAL STRUCTURE OF AN ARTICLE ON THE GUARDIAN, CNN AND CBN 2.1 Headlines Headlines are regarded as one of the most eye-catching aspects of newspaper stories, and they are frequently read first, along with graphics Headlines are important elements that draw readers' attention immediately after they purchase a newspaper Only eye-grabbing headlines can capture the reader's attention and persuade him or her to read They are similar to tale leads, but with fewer words and in larger print Headlines have two main purposes;  To grab the reader‟s attention  To tell the reader what the story is about  Almost articles‟s headlines The guardian and CNN.com are in form of brief sentences: “Locust crisis poses a danger to millions, forecasters warn” -The guardian.com Headlines grab the reader‟s attention ”Huge locust swarms raise fears of food shortages in South Sudan” -The guardian.com“Locust swarms spread across Ethiopia aided by heavy rains and Covid pandemic” -CNN.World„Make noise and don‟t panic‟: India tries to ward off locust invasion” -The guardian.com-  In general, the headline must tell the news What they say is the single most urgent news point, accurately, intelligibly and impartially 2.2 Leads A lead paragraph (shortened lead) is the introductory paragraph of an article that outlines its key points The emphasis of article leads is on capturing the reader's attention It provides readers with the most important information in a clear, succinct, and fascinating manner Most conventional news leads feature quick answers to the 5WH questions "What, where, when, who, why, and how" the important event in the article occurred Experienced reporters always ask these questions:  The “who”, noun, can refer to a person, a group, a building, an institution, a concept anything about which a story can be written  What is the action taking places It is a verb that tells what the who is doing Reporters should always use active voices and action verbs for the what because they make the wording direct and lively When tells the time the action is happening It is an adverb or an adverb phrase  Where is the place the action is happening Again, it is an adverb or adverb or adverb phrase  Why, another adverb, explains the action in the lead  How usually describes the manner in which action occurs  The Leads in CNN , CBN and The guardian are the first sentences or the first paragraphs in the articles For example, in the guardian news the leads is bolded UN warns of „alarming and unprecedented threat‟ to food security and livelihoods in the region  “Who” in the lead above? It‟s said UN is take action in warning  “What” is the alarming and unpreceden threat? “What” is UN‟s warning? The lead said that food security and livelihoods in the region  “Where”? – In the region/UN  “Why?” Because It‟s threat to food security and livelihoods [Art.11] There are many ways to begin a feature story: The descriptive lead, the narrative, summary lead, the contrast/ comparison lead, the shocking statement lead, the suspense or teaser lead, the literary of historical allusion lead 2.3 Bodies The primary news piece is written from the bottom up In other words, the most relevant information is presented first, and each paragraph provides fewer and fewer details In news story writing, putting the most important information first The author begins with the six questions that have already been answered in the leads The inverted pyramid is used commonly on 20 articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts in 2020 on the guardian.com, CNN.com, CBN Inverted pyramid serves readers who want the high-lights right away For those who want to know more, additional details follow later 2.4 Endings The closing paragraphs of the articles are crucial as lead paragraphs The most important material is placed at the beginning of the story and the less important information follows, It is effective because it tells the reader quickly what they want to know, but can make the ending boring, with no suspens Ending or conclusion is the paragraph of the article The purpose of the ending is to sums up everything within the article It might include a final quote, a descriptive scene, a play on the title or lead, a summary statement, or some of the writer's personal opinions Example of an ending: “The World Bank has said the insects could cost East Africa and Yemen $8.5 billion this year, and the FAO's Ethiopia representative Fatouma Seid fears the pattern of destruction will be repeated next year "Infestation will continue into 2021 We are being re-invaded and the swarms will then go to Kenya," she said.” 2.5 Conclusion After analyzing the typical structure of 20 articles about second wave of locust swarms in East Africa 2020 on the guardian and CBN, CNN These articles both have four main sections: Headline, lead, body and ending Beside these parts, articles include other illustrated parts such as: Photo for illustration, subtitle, caption, highlighted idea, etc LEXICAL FEATURES OF SELECTED ARTICLES ABOUT EAST AFRICA'S SECOND SWARM OF LOCUSTS ON THE GUARDIAN AND CBN, CNN 3.1 Word formation in article articles about East Africa's second swarm of locusts 2020 3.1.1 Affixes As a bound morpheme that connects to bases, 'affix' although this appears to be a straightforward concept, there are at least two fundamental issues First, it is not always clear if something is a bound morpheme or a free morpheme, and it is not always clear whether something is a root or an affix 10 From Somalia to South Sudan, torrential rains have devastated crops and made roads impassable, sending the cost of food soaring Before the floods hit her village, crumpling buildings, ripping out pathways and submerging swathes of land, Nurto Mohamed Hassan could buy a kilogram of rice for the equivalent of about 70p Now the cost is more than £1 This may not seem a lot in isolation but, for people with little money and families to feed, it is a significant rise “Almost all the foodstuffs, in terms of prices, shot up It became a big im,” said Hassan, who chairs a community group in the village of Sheikh Aweys, in the Bakool region of south-west Somalia “People are struggling to survive.” A series of floods across east Africa has been the latest shock to the region‟s food supply, wiping out crops and raising prices in the areas most heavily affected The floods, resulting from unusually heavy seasonal rains from August to December, have had a devastating impacts More than 280 people have reportedly been killed, hundreds of thousands have been displaced, and infrastructure across the region has been destroyed, according to the UN But people now face a longer-term effect, one that has been snowballing around the region for years: food insecurity The rains have drowned or destroyed hundreds of thousands of hectares of cropland in Somalia, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya They have flooded roads, making it difficult to transport surviving crops, and forced many farmers to abandon their homes and fields Once a population is displaced, there‟s little incentive to return The floods are emptying the breadbasket region Hajir Maalim, Action Against Hunger These countries were already reeling from extended periods of drought in previous years that caused poor harvests and depleted reserves Some have also had to contend with factors like inflation and conflict Hassan said her monthly income of about £75 used to cover all her family‟s expenses Since the floods, however, rising food prices and slowing business in the village have meant her salary barely lasts until the middle of the month Hajir Maalim, east Africa director for Action Against Hunger, said 60% of Somalis polled by the NGO reported eating less each day because of inflated food prices In Kenya, too, prices for staples like maize and beans are high In comparison with the region‟s five-year average, maize prices were up from 14% to 41% in November, and bean prices up from 9% to 25%, according to data from the Famine Early Warning System network (Fewsnet), a USAid-backed information provider And maize “prices are higher now than they were in November,” said JB Ohaga, communications officer at the One Acre Fund “And we expect them to go even higher as a result of the river flooding.” Even countries that weren‟t hit as hard by floods and rains, such as Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda, are facing higher prices Fewsnet reported in November that “the regional maize market is expected to be tight and prices will remain high” Higher prices are also impacting humanitarian groups that buy in bulk to feed people, like those who have been internally displaced 81 While the floods have weakened the purchasing power of aid groups, they have increased the number of people in need of their support Although in some areas the floods have actually revitalised grazing land, according to Fewsnet‟s decision support adviser Vanessa Roy, large areas of South Sudan, Somalia, Kenya and Ethiopia have nonetheless reached a “crisis” level of food insecurity, meaning they require immediate humanitarian assistance The situation is expected to worsen in South Sudan through until May, while improving in the other countries Farmers are among those who have had to abandon their homes, and if they don‟t come back their land could go uncultivated in future seasons, reducing production capacity “What we‟ve seen over many years in Somalia is, once a population gets displaced, there‟s little incentive to return,” Maalim said “[The floods are] emptying the breadbasket region of people.” Each time disaster hits, it gets harder to recover In Somalia, “even people who had capacity to withstand previous shocks have now been impacted by the floods,” Maalim said Hassan leads the Baeqaaqo village savings and loan association group, which allows people to pool a portion of their monthly income These savings can then be used as an emergency fund, for individuals to take out a loan in case of a personal crisis But after the floods destroyed infrastructure, houses and farms in the village, Hassan said there‟s now concern that everyone in the group will need a loan – something the savings couldn‟t support In Kenya, farmers have warned of a likely maize shortage in 2020, after only harvesting 33m bags the grain last year year compared with the usual 43m “Some farmers are purchasing maize, because they didn‟t have enough for food security for themselves,” said Isaiah Mboya Sakasa, a farmer and field officer for the One Acre Fund in Kakamega, west Kenya The One Acre Fund works with farmers to practice “climate-smart agriculture”, using techniques like predictive weather data to determine when to plant instead of relying on traditional knowledge of rain schedules Sakasa said they expect an early rainy season in 2020, which would help But as the past few years have shown, no one can wholly predict the weather “If it‟s the way we expect, then we think everything will be OK,” Sakasa said “But we depend on the rain.” Art 13 Uganda's 'locust commander' leads the battle against a new enemy https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/26/ugandas-locust-commander-leads-the-battleagainst-a-new-enemy The army has been called in to eliminate the insects swarming across Africa, but their mission is dangerous and unending sitting at a plastic table in the garden of Timisha hotel in Soroti, eastern Uganda, Major General Samuel Kavuma takes a drag of his cigarette and looks down at his phone, which has barely stopped ringing for the past hour 82 A military figure for nearly 40 years, Kavuma fought the Lord‟s Resistance Army insurgent group Now, he‟s become the “locust commander”, the man leading the fight against the country‟s worst locust outbreak in decades Swarms of locusts – billions in total – have spread to eight countries in east Africa, after they crossed the Red Sea from Yemen at the end of last year The insects can travel roughly 90 miles a day and eat their own body weight in crops The UN has warned the locust swarms could increase 500 times by June, posing a major threat to the region In response, Uganda has deployed its army Kavuma, 59, doesn‟t know why he was put in charge, but he sees the locusts as a formidable enemy “When we started two weeks ago we did not know much about these creatures,” Kavuma says “Now I am a professor I know how they behave, the pattern of their movements.” Locusts are highly mobile, he notes “[But] after 6.30pm or 7pm they don‟t move, they don‟t fly at night.” Food fears grow as swarms of locusts reach Uganda and Tanzania That gives him time to focus operations Between 7pm and 9pm Kavuma verifies information from civilians who have spotted locusts in their neighbourhoods, and deploys troops Dozens of soldiers travel through the night, so they can begin spraying pesticide before sunrise “This work is done in two phases Phase number one is to kill these mature locusts They don‟t eat a lot but they lay eggs,” Kavuma explains “Phase two is mapping the areas they land and sleep [in] After this then we shall embark on locating and identifying the places where they lay eggs Then we destroy eggs.” Soldiers are travelling through the night so they can begin spraying pesticide before sunrise Kavuma sleeps less than three hours each day, going to bed around 1am and waking again between 3–4am, often flying to the location of that morning‟s operation He won‟t confirm how many soldiers are working on the response, although local media put the figure at 2,000 In early February, Uganda said it had set aside 15 billion Ugandan shillings (around £3.16m) to combat the locusts “I have enough soldiers to the work I may not give you the number, but the operation has been successful We have killed and killed millions of these locusts,” says Kavuma, who describes some of the operations as “massacres” One operation starts long before dawn on Sunday morning, in Biloyoro village, in Kitgum district, more than 200km (124 miles) from Kavuma‟s base Around 100 soldiers and wildlife rangers stumble bleary-eyed from military trucks, putting on protective gear – plastic trousers, jackets, gloves, boots and face masks “They‟re there, they‟re there,” shouts an officer as soldiers use UN-branded buckets to mix water and bottles of a pesticide containing chlorpyrifos Spraying the ground, crops and trees is helping, but reaching airborne locusts is tricky There has been some concern around the longterm impacts of chlorpyrifos In 2015, the Obama administration announced the pesticide would be banned because of evidence it affects the development of children‟s brains This decision was reversed by Trump 83 “It‟s very powerful,” says one soldier Kavuma says the insecticide is “harmless” The soldiers fan out across the land, spraying the ground, crops and aiming for the trees, locusts flying through the air around them The motorised sprayers are unable to reach the higher tree branches “[The soldiers] are working but these things, they need airplanes,” says Omony Charles, a 24-year-old boda boda motorbike driver who lives nearby, watching the operation unfold “The machines are not reaching the top.” Sprayers struggle to reach higher tree branches, many of which are coated in insects “They are dormant, they are confused, they are very drunk,” a soldier replies, arguing that it takes time for the locusts to die “But there‟s not enough manpower And when we can‟t spray high enough, they get away.” Other soldiers complain that their masks don‟t work, that the protective gear is ripped, and that they are exhausted “Transport is a problem,” one says, describing the cramped trucks they are moved around in, too packed to sleep Some of their backpacks leak, dripping pesticide down the legs of soldiers as they spray Watching the commotion is a local farmer and mother of six children, Abonyo Shantina, who says she is grateful for the fast military response The 40-year-old, who grows maize, sorghum, millet and cotton, is worried about the locusts spreading “We will suffer,” she says “I‟ll struggle to look for food for my children.” Charles Kama, a 54-year-old civil servant in Kitgum, drives out a water tank to help with the operation “I think the war has started,” he says “The locusts will be defeated because I‟ve seen the effort [the military is] making.” Farmers growing maize, sorghum, millet and cotton, say they are worried about the locusts spreading “This is a crazy situation but thank God we shall fight it slowly,” says Abitegeka Gerald, a commander in the Ugandan Wildlife Authority, sitting in the front of a military truck as it ploughs through crops to a new position, yellow locusts smashing against the windscreen Later, he stands in the middle of soldiers shouting orders, holding a plastic bag of live locusts he says he will present to his seniors to show the job has been done By 10am, the operation winds down Gerald calls it a “successful” morning, though as he talks clouds of locusts continue to fly in circles behind him “By coming here very early we made sure that we did a massive job of killing … We are making sure that we deter them before they spread all over the country.” Still, he says, they need assistance “We are thin on the ground in fighting these locusts You saw the big swarms, you saw our gadgets and equipment, we definitely need help.” Art 14 Scientists turn to tech to prevent second wave of locusts in east Africa https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/mar/04/scientists-turn-to-tech-to-prevent-second-waveof-locusts-in-east-africa Researchers use supercomputer to predict potential breeding areas as food security fears grow Scientists monitoring the movements of the worst locust outbreak in Kenya in 70 years are hopeful that a new tracking programme they will be able to prevent a second surge of the crop-ravaging insects The UN has described the locust outbreak in the Horn of Africa, and the widespread breeding of the insects in Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia that has followed, as “extremely alarming” 84 The UN‟s Food and Agriculture Organization has warned that an imminent second hatch of the insects could threaten the food security of 25 million people across the region as it enters the cropping season Kenneth Mwangi, a satellite information scientist, based at the Intergovernmental Authority on Development climate prediction and applications centre, based in Nairobi, said researchers were running a supercomputer model to predict breeding areas that may have been missed by ground monitoring These areas could become sources of new swarms if not sprayed The model will be able to tell us the areas in which hoppers are emerging,” said Mwangi “We will also get ground information These areas can become a source of an upsurge, or a new generation of hoppers It becomes very difficult and expensive to control, which is why we are looking to prevent an upsurge “The focus will be on stopping hoppers becoming adults, as that leads to another cycle of infestation We want to avoid that We want to advise governments early, before an upsurge happens.” So far, the supercomputer, funded by £35m of UK aid as part of its Weather and Climate Information Services for Africa programme, has successfully forecast the movement of locusts using data such as wind speed and direction, temperature, and humidity The model has achieved 90% accuracy in forecasting the future locations of the swarms, Mwangi said Researchers are now inputting data on soil moisture and vegetation cover to help predict where eggs have been laid and are likely to hatch and thrive This will then provide data on where African governments can direct their spraying efforts, helping to control the hoppers before they swarm “So far, we‟ve been able to catch where the swarms are going to be,” he said “We were able to tell the government of Uganda that locusts are expected to come through and they mobilised the army, and that worked well Now we can focus on the areas that locusts have reproduced “Governments are working, spraying in areas that hoppers have been reported So now, the governments might be able to catch areas they have missed and haven‟t been reported.” Mwangi added: “Hopefully, based on current intervention, the worst case scenario can be avoided The Kenyan government is on high alert and effective control measures have been put in place.” Billions of locusts have already devastated crops in Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya, countries with fragile food security Swarms have also been spotted in Uganda, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan A single swarm can contain up to 150 million locusts per sq km of farmland Hoppers or young juveniles, which look for vegetation to eat, thrive in 50–70% humidity and temperatures of between 30C and 40C (86F and 104F) The last locust surge in Africa, in 2003–04, involved two or three generations of the insects across 23 African countries and took two years to control, Mwangi said “Effective control is estimated to be around $60m (£47m) but, if an upsurge occurs, the cost will soar to $500m.” Now is the most “critical period” for control of the desert locusts, because any eggs laid in the past month coincide with the cropping season Abubakr Salih Babiker, a climate scientist at Nariobi‟s climate and prediction centre, said: “The risk for us is that this is the beginning of a new growing season, from Somalia and Uganda, and if the desert locusts are not controlled it can be a huge crisis in food security of the whole region.” 85 Laura Paterson, the coordination officer for the UN World Meteorological Organization in New York, said: “We have been receiving the model output showing where the locusts are expected to spread This type of prediction analysis means the UN is on the front foot to know what‟s coming, and the UN system on the ground is able to deal with it.” Art 15 Second wave of locusts in east Africa said to be 20 times worse UN warns of ‘alarming and unprecedented threat’ to food security and livelihoods in the region https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/apr/13/second-wave-of-locusts-in-east-africa-saidto-be-20-times-worse A second wave of desert locusts is threatening east Africa with estimates that it will be 20 times worse then the plague that descended two months ago The locusts present “an extremely alarming and unprecedented threat” to food security and livelihoods, according to the UN A swarm of just more than a third of a square mile can eat the same amount of food in one day as 35,000 people This second invasion from breeding grounds in Somalia includes more young adults which are especially voracious eaters In its latest locust watch update, the UN said the situation was “extremely alarming” as an increasing number of new swarms form in north and central Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia Uganda reported two swarms arriving last week from neighbouring Kenya, further destabilising food security and the livelihoods of people in the east and north of the country The insects follow spring rains, seeking emerging crops and other vegetation Hellen Adoa, a minister at Uganda‟s agriculture department, said: “This is very active, destructive and we are worried it has come at the time of lockdown We are a bit overwhelmed “The moment they arrive in a place the first thing they is to eat anything green They have destroyed some fields of crops and vegetation,” she said Kenyan officials have said coronavirus crackdowns have slowed efforts to fight the infestation, as crossing borders has become eaters and pesticide deliveries are held up Aerial spraying is the only effective means of controlling locusts but there have been complaints that the pesticides are affecting livestock In February, eight east African countries experienced the worst outbreak in 70 years, exacerbated by climate change and war in Yemen The insects can travel about 90 miles a day and eat their own body weight in crops “Heavy rains in late March established favourable breeding conditions for yet another generation of locusts in the Horn of Africa These will emerge as young swarms in June, just as many farmers start to harvest,” said Antonio Querido of the UN‟s food and agriculture agency in Uganda 86 “By now, most farmers have planted the first season annual crops If the locust swarms persist and control operations are not effectively undertaken the food crops will be lost and agriculture-based livelihoods will be impacted upon “Immature swarms are the most voracious stage of locust development They are aggressive feeders and as such can cause a lot of damage to crops and forage.” Christine Apolot, the chairperson for Uganda‟s Kumi district, which was hit by a swarm last week, said people were filled with despair, having already endured flooding and the previous swarm: “This is seriously going to bring food insecurity It‟s the fear we have at hand right now “As we were hopeful of to receive some relief food to support the situation on ground, the locust invaded and Covid-19 lockdown is moving towards devastating the economy “We expect government, number of partners and World Food Programme to come to our rescue with relief food Otherwise our people will end with starvation.” Art 16 Kenya's pastoralists face hunger and conflict as locust plague continues https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/15/kenyas-pastoralists-face-hunger-and-conflict-aslocust-plague-continues As herds are devastated and crops destroyed across east Africa, there are fears of violence as competition for grazing increases Tiampati Leletit had heard tales of massive desert locust swarms darkening Kenya‟s horizon But when they hit his farm the devastation was all too real They ate everything “I have never seen anything like this When the swarms of locust invaded, they consumed everything and all the vegetation was gone The livestock had nothing to eat,” says the 32-year-old In January, he had 80 goats Today he has four Only seasonal rains have brought brief respite, forcing the insects to leave temporarily He does not know what to next A Samburu herdsman, Leletit belongs to the semi-nomadic pastoralist community Livestock are woven into the social fabric of life here; animals are an essential source of food, nutrition and financial security and the herders take great pride in their animals With a wife and four children to feed, after the first invasion he started growing leafy green vegetables and crops But last week the locusts came back and ate them as well Now he has been forced to send two children to live with his brother, and his four goats have moved in with a neighbour‟s herd 87 He is thinking of turning to illegal charcoal burning to make ends meet as he waits to harvest the crops he has just replanted – if they survive “I don‟t know what else I can to support my family,” he says A three-hour drive north-east of Isiolo, the centre of the recent desert locust invasion, the terrain around his village in Samburu county is much like 80% of Kenya‟s landscape: dry, ideal for grazing animals but reliant on rain for crops Kenya is experiencing its worst locust invasion for 70 years The World Bank warns that regional locust swarms could swell current numbers 400-fold by June, causing livestock-related costs and damages of $8.5bn by the end of 2020 Pastoralists in Ethiopia, Sudan and Kenya will be worst hit The UN Food and Agriculture Organization, which sounded the alarm in January on the unprecedented food security threat, is racing to stop the locusts breeding Cyril Ferrand, the FAO‟s resilience team leader for east Africa, says: “The generation we are combating now is the most damaging in terms of food security impact.” About 20 million people are already severely food insecure in the region There is a direct correlation between livestock feed shortages and malnutrition in children under five, he says, adding that plans are under way to support the worst-hit communities with cash transfer schemes in June, when food and pasture will be scarcest The Covid-19 pandemic is exacerbating the problem After hampering efforts to bring the locusts under control, the health crisis has the potential to stir conflict That is something Josephine Ekiru, a Turkana pastoralist and peace-builder for the Northern Rangelands Trust, knows all about Economic insecurity caused by the pandemic is already fuelling pastoralist attacks, she says “There will be an increase in resource-based conflict … people will be moving towards areas where there will be grass We need to prepare for conflict.” Erupe Lobun, a 40-year-old Turkana herder and father of 13 children, watches over an acacia-thorn cattle pen filled with baby goats His home in Isiolo county was spared total devastation due to control efforts But he says his goats have become sick from the pesticide used to deter locusts Some of the goats have bloated stomachs and can‟t produce enough milk “because there‟s not enough pasture” It there is no milk, there will be nothing to eat, he says Ferrand said the FAO is investigating potential negative impacts of pesticides on biodiversity The ones used are not specific to desert locusts and should evaporate after 24 hours “It‟s a very complex operation to be frank,” he says Efforts to make communities aware of spray operations so they can move animals may have “gaps”, he adds “We have to be on board with that and we don‟t consider the job done, we are still working on it.” 88 Part of the problem is that locusts move fast and often Wind shifts their direction, with swarms of 40 million travelling up to 150km and eating 80 tonnes of vegetation daily Ambrose Ng‟etich, who is managing FAO control operations for the vast areas of Samburu, Isiolo, Laikipia and Meru, has his work cut out Each morning, as light falls across the plains, he sets out in a helicopter to track swarms “It‟s mind-boggling how these [locusts] can be so destructive,” he says “It gives you shivers “If [adults] are not spotted in time, they can lay eggs and take us back to square one So, enhanced surveillance and treatment will be key.” Like yellow specks of dust rising above the trees, a new swarm hovers over the plains Ng‟etich and the helicopter captain note the coordinates, wait for a signal, then dispatch spray planes to destroy it “It‟s also about confirming [their location] so we don‟t waste the resources we have,” he says The World Bank has distributed $13.7m in emergency funding to the Kenyan government to help tackle the swarms, and the FAO confirms that another $118m has been pledged to help with control efforts But appeals for support like cash transfers for those facing food shortages next month are only 54% funded The shortfall will be hard to find amid the global coronavirus pandemic Meanwhile, pastoralists such as Moses Lomooria, 34, from Isiolo county, are bracing for new enemies Drought and disease are familiar, he says, and are slowly diminishing his herds “This is just an additional burden If the locusts feed on vegetation now, there will be no rain to bring it back until the end of the year.” The only thing he can is wait Art 17 Thomas G., Like a Page Out of the Bible: Locust Swarms 'as Big as Major Cities' Raid Africa, Threatening Millions of Lives https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2020/february/locust-swarms-as-big-as-major-cities-invade-africathreatening-crops-millions-of-lives KANCHOMBA, Zambia- One of the world's oldest and most destructive insects is wreaking havoc in Africa Hundreds of millions of locusts are eating their way through the continent, putting crops, food security and millions of lives at risk It's almost like a page out of the Bible's Old Testament book of Exodus Authorities are calling it the worst outbreak in decades as billions of desert locusts swarm across a large part of East Africa 89 "Today locust swarms are as big as major cities and this is getting worse by the day," warned Antonio Guterres, secretary-general of the United Nations "I ask the international community to respond with speed and generosity to ensure an effective response and control the infestation while we still have the chance Experts say the average swarm can contain up to 150 million locusts, travel 100 miles in a single day and grow as large as 250 football fields "That swarm in one day can eat the same amount of food as the entire population of Kenya," said Keith Cressman, an expert with UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) "That swarm in one day can eat the same amount of food as everybody here in the tri-state area – New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York." Desperate farmers in rural eastern Kenya are using blankets and other clothing or beating on pots and pans to chase away the hungry pests But it's doing very little to stop them from devouring crops "We know that in Ethiopia there are about 420 square kilometers that have been affected so far," said Rosanne Marchesich, an emergency response team leader with the United Nations "There has been extensive crop damage in those areas and as it moves to other parts of the country, we expect that the impact it will have on food security and agricultural livelihoods, both for the farmers and the pastoralists, can be significant," added Marchesich And now the UN is warning the swarms of the fast-breeding insects could grow more than 500 times between now and June "I'm seeing a big catastrophe ahead and a very big food security concern if we don't address this problem immediately," said a worried farmer in rural Kenya Caught in the path are some 19 million people, who've already dealt with severe food shortages Now they face another looming catastrophe "The window to contain this crisis is closing fast," warned Qu Dongyu, FAO's director-general "The swarms are highly mobile; the terrain often difficult; the logistical challenges immense But left unchecked – and with expected additional rains – locust numbers in East Africa could increase 500 times by June." The United Nations is sending urgent appeals while infected countries deploy thousands of troops and use planes to spray pesticides against the destructive bugs "It gives you a sense of the scale of the crisis we are facing and we need to address it immediately," said Dominique Burgeon with FAO 90 The countries of Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya are facing what experts say is the worst locust infestation in nearly 70 years Earlier in the week, authorities spotted locust swarms crossing the border into Uganda and Tanzania South Sudan is also at risk For local farmers further south in countries like Zambia, they are facing another crisis the lack of water Two years of little to no rain and failed harvests have forced 28-year-old Consepter Hamalambo to abandon her cornfields again this year She's among some million in this country facing food insecurity "I didn't harvest any crops last year or this year due to the drought which forced me to look for work elsewhere," Hamalambo told CBN News "I've been going door-to-door asking people in my village for work just so I can buy some food." World Vision, the Christian aid group, is distributing maize meal, drought-resistant maize seed, and cowpeas to families hardest hit by the drought "There's not enough water to generate electricity so businesses and companies have 15 hours, 16 hours of no electricity a day," Mark Kelly with World Vision Zambia told CBN News "That also has an impact on people being able to earn money, that has an impact on being able to buy food." While locusts haven't hit Zambia yet, farmers here worry the massive swarm sweeping across much of east Africa could fly further south bringing destruction to a region already reeling from extreme weather Art 18 Locust swarms spread across Ethiopia aided by heavy rains and Covid pandemic https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/20/africa/locust-swarms-ethiopia-intl/index.html Widow-of-ten Marima Wadisha screamed, threw rocks and in her desperation even fired bullets at the locusts that descended on her sorghum fields in northeast Ethiopia But the insect swarms were so relentless that her entire crop her family's only source of income was destroyed "They never left for a week We are left with an empty harvest, we tie our waist and cry day and night How can (I) feed my children like this," she said, surrounded by five of them as she held a bundle of damaged sorghum The locust invasion is Ethiopia's worst in 25 years, United Nations food agency FAO says 91 It has damaged an estimated 200,000 hectares of land there since January, threatening food supplies a single square kilometre swarm can eat as much food in a day as 35,000 people and the livelihoods of millions It is part of a once-in-a-lifetime succession of swarms that have plagued East Africa and the Red Sea region since late 2019, with the coronavirus pandemic exacerbating the crisis this year by disrupting the FAO's supply chain of pesticides and other equipment to fight them off "The biggest challenge now in the region is here, in Ethiopia and we are working on that together with our partners like the FAO," said the Desert Locust Control Organization's Eastern Africa Director for Eastern Africa Stephen Njoka Conflict and chaos in Yemen, where some of the swarms originated, have made spraying pesticide by airplane at source impossible That combined with unusually heavy rains have swelled the swarms spreading across Ethiopia The World Bank has said the insects could cost East Africa and Yemen $8.5 billion this year, and the FAO's Ethiopia representative Fatouma Seid fears the pattern of destruction will be repeated next year "Infestation will continue into 2021 We are being re-invaded and the swarms will then go to Kenya," she said 92 REFERENCES Book  English Newspaper Style by Nguyen Thanh Huong PhD  Constastive English by by Nguyen Thanh Huong PhD  Learning languages of AngloAmerican Newspapers (Tìm hiểu Ngơn ngữ Báo Chí Anh - Mỹ), Hochiminh: NXB Văn Nghệ TPHCM, 2002  Fromkin et al (2011) An Introduction to Language Canada: Cengage Learning Jackson, H and Amvela, E.Z (2000)  Words, meaning and vocabulary: An introduction to modern English Lexicology London, UK: Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd Kavcic, Andrej (2004) Compounding Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana Articles for illustration Ahmed K (2020) Locust crisis poses a danger to millions, forecasters warn https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/mar/20/locust-crisisposes-a-danger-to-millions-forecasters-warn Ahmed K (2020) Rolling emergency‟ of locust swarms decimating Africa, Asia and Middle East https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jun/08/rollingemergency-of-locust-swarms-decimating-africa-asia-and-middle-east Associated Press (2020) Kenya suffers worst locust infestation in 70 years as millions of insects swarm farmland https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/26/kenya-suffers-worst-locustinfestation-in-70-years-as-millions-of-insects-swarm-farmland Associated Press (2020) Billions of Locusts Descend on East Africa, and the Outbreak Could Grow 500 Times Bigger https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2020/february/billions-of-locusts-descend- 93 on-east-africa-and-the-outbreak-could-grow-500-times-bigger Beaumont P (2020) Huge locust swarms raise fears of food shortages in South Sudan https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/20/huge-locustswarms-raise-fears-of-food-shortages-in-south-sudan CBN News (2020) Swarms of Devastating Locusts Still Threaten Kenya's Food Supplies https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2020/july/swarms-of-devastating-locustsstill-threaten-kenyas-food-supplies CBN News (2020) Billions of Locusts Invade in New, Larger Wave as Second Swarm Threatens Africa: 'Extremely Alarming' https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2020/april/billions-of-locusts-invade-innew-larger-wave-as-second-swarm-threatens-africa-extremely-alarming Dhillon A (2020) „Make noise and don‟t panic‟: India tries to ward off locust invasion https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/28/make-noise-anddont-panic-india-tries-to-ward-off-locust-invasion Dongyu Q and Lowcock M (2020) A humanitarian crisis looms in Africa unless we act fast to stop the desert locust https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/12/a-humanitariancrisis-looms-in-africa-unless-we-act-fast-to-stop-the-desert-locust Feleke B (2020) East Africa is suffering its worst invasion of desert locusts in 25 10 years https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/24/africa/kenya-locust-swarms/index.html 11 Hervey G (2020) Locusts swarm into Kenya as UN warns of 'extreme danger' to food supply https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jan/17/locusts-swarminto-kenya-as-un-warns-of-extreme-danger-to-food-supply 12 Hervey G (2020) Food prices shot up': floods spark a scramble for survival in 94 east Africa https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jan/24/food-prices-shotup-floods-spark-a-scramble-for-survival-in-east-africa 13 14 Hayden S (2020) Uganda's 'locust commander' leads the battle against a new enemy https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/26/ugandas-locustcommander-leads-the-battle-against-a-new-enemy McVeigh K (2020) Scientists turn to tech to prevent second wave of locusts in east Africa https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/mar/04/scientists-turn-totech-to-prevent-second-wave-of-locusts-in-east-africa Okiror S (2020) Second wave of locusts in east Africa said to be 20 times worse 15 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/apr/13/second-wave-oflocusts-in-east-africa-said-to-be-20-times-worse 16 17 Smith G and Kayama R (2020) Kenya's pastoralists face hunger and conflict as locust plague continues https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/15/kenyaspastoralists-face-hunger-and-conflict-as-locust-plague-continues Thomas G (2020) Like a Page Out of the Bible: Locust Swarms 'as Big as Major Cities' Raid Africa, Threatening Millions of Lives https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2020/february/locust-swarms-as-big-asmajor-cities-invade-africa-threatening-crops-millions-of-lives Reuters (2020) Locust swarms spread across Ethiopia aided by heavy rains and 18 Covid pandemic https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/20/africa/locust-swarms-ethiopia-intl/index.html 95 ... works, the researcher uses 20 English articles about second wave of locust swarms in East Africa 2020 on the guardian .com, CNN. com, CBN. com The reason to choose material: CBN, CNN, The guardian. .. FEATURES OF SELECTED ARTICLES ABOUT EAST AFRICA''S SECOND SWARM OF LOCUSTS ON THE GUARDIAN AND CBN, CNN 10 3.1 Word formation in article articles about East Africa''s second swarm of locusts. .. with the six questions that have already been answered in the leads The inverted pyramid is used commonly on 20 articles about East Africa''s second swarm of locusts in 2020 on the guardian .com, CNN. com,