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POWER
ADVANCES
IN WIND
Edited by
Rupp Carriveau
ADVANCES IN WIND
POWER
Edited by Rupp Carriveau
Advances in Wind Power
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3376
Edited by Rupp Carriveau
Contributors
Hengameh Kojooyan Jafari, Mostafa Abarzadeh, Hossein Madadi Kojabadi, Liuchen Chang, Daniel MATT, Emilio
Gomez-Lazaro, Sergio Martín Martínez, Angel Molina-Garcia, Antonio Vigueras Rodriguez, Michael Milligan, Eduard
Muljadi, Adrian Ilinca, David Wood, Ed Nowicki, Mohamed Fahmy Aner, Samer El Itani, Géza Joós, Mahmoud Huleihil,
Karam Youssef Maalawi, Fernando Ponta, Alejandro Otero, Lucas Ignacio Lago, Wenping Cao, Ying Xie, Zheng Tan,
Horizon Gitano, João Paulo Vieira, Rupp Carriveau, Tim Newson, Philip McKay, David S-K Ting
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those
of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published
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use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic
Technical Editor InTech DTP team
Cover InTech Design team
First published November, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Advances in Wind Power, Edited by Rupp Carriveau
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0863-4
Contents
Preface VII
Section 1 Inflow and Wake Influences on Turbine Performance 1
Chapter 1 Wind Turbine Power: The Betz Limit and Beyond 3
Mahmoud Huleihil and Gedalya Mazor
Chapter 2 Effect of Turbulence on Fixed-Speed Wind Generators 31
Hengameh Kojooyan Jafari
Chapter 3 Turbine Wake Dynamics 65
Phillip McKay, Rupp Carriveau, David S-K Ting and Timothy Newson
Section 2 Turbine Structural Response 85
Chapter 4 Aeroelasticity of Wind Turbines Blades Using
Numerical Simulation 87
Drishtysingh Ramdenee, Adrian Ilinca and Ion Sorin Minea
Chapter 5 Structural Analysis of Complex Wind Turbine Blades: Flexo-
Torsional Vibrational Modes 123
Alejandro D. Otero, Fernando L. Ponta and Lucas I. Lago
Section 3 Power Conversion, Control, and Integration 151
Chapter 6 Recent Advances in Converters and Control Systems for Grid-
Connected Small Wind Turbines 153
Mohamed Aner, Edwin Nowicki and David Wood
Chapter 7 Wind Turbine Generator Technologies 177
Wenping Cao, Ying Xie and Zheng Tan
Chapter 8 A Model for Dynamic Optimization of Pitch-Regulated Wind
Turbines with Application 205
Karam Y. Maalawi
Chapter 9 Comparative Analysis of DFIG Based Wind Farms Control Mode
on Long-Term Voltage Stability 225
Rafael Rorato Londero, João Paulo A. Vieira and Carolina de M.
Affonso
Chapter 10 Design of a Mean Power Wind Conversion Chain with a
Magnetic Speed Multiplier 247
Daniel Matt, Julien Jac and Nicolas Ziegler
Chapter 11 Low Speed Wind Turbine Design 267
Horizon Gitano-Briggs
Chapter 12 Wind Power Variability and Singular Events 285
Sergio Martin-Martínez, Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez, Emilio
Gómez-Lázaro, Angel Molina-García, Eduard Muljadi and Michael
Milligan
Chapter 13 Power Electronics in Small Scale Wind Turbine Systems 305
Mostafa Abarzadeh, Hossein Madadi Kojabadi and Liuchen Chang
Chapter 14 Advanced Wind Generator Controls: Meeting the Evolving Grid
Interconnection Requirements 337
Samer El Itani and Géza Joós
ContentsVI
Preface
Today’s wind energy industry is at a crossroads. Global economic instability has threatened
or eliminated many financial incentives that have been important to the development of
specific markets. Such economic sponsorship of energy generation is not unique to
renewables; fossil based sources are also subsidized in many different countries. However,
for a technology like wind energy whose markets are still developing, incentives can be
critical for industry growth. Industry proponents have decreed that long-term energy policy
that survives financial swings and changes in government is what is needed to provide the
stability that market investors seek. While this may be the case, in the mean time, the
pressure is on wind industry designers, manufacturers, and operators to seek the most
effectual measures for wind power production.
Like the wind itself, the industry operates on large and small scales. While large commercial
wind has traditionally received the most coverage in the literature and the media, small
wind has recently established itself as a major player in distributed energy systems. This
will become increasingly important as micro grids rapidly find their place in both the
developed and developing worlds. In urban and isolated rural settings, small wind is
growing rapidly. It is important to emphasize this multi-scale resilience that wind
generation provides as an energy solution. The broad range of scales within wind energy is
only surpassed by the expansive scope of technologies that cover the spectrum from
resource assessment to grid integration. Specialized sub-topics continue to emerge that
provide focus for improving critical links in the wind chain. This sort of specificity can be
vital for isolating technical elements from the complexity of interconnected wind energy
systems. A brief list of emerging specific interest fields include aerodynamic interaction of
wind turbine groups, computational modeling of complex composite blades, magnetic
speed multiplying converters, generator controls optimized for small wind, disturbance
tolerant generators, micro and smart grid integration.
This text details topics fundamental to the efficient operation of modern commercial farms
and highlights advanced research that will enable next-generation wind energy
technologies. The book is organized into three sections, Inflow and Wake Influences on
Turbine Performance, Turbine Structural Response, and Power Conversion, Control and
Integration. In addition to fundamental concepts, the reader will be exposed to
comprehensive treatments of topics like wake dynamics, analysis of complex turbine blades,
and power electronics in small-scale wind turbine systems.
Dr. Rupp Carriveau
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Windsor, Canada
Section 1
Inflow and Wake Influences on Turbine
Performance
[...]... feasibility of wind turbine installation was presented, and the potential of wind power generation was statistically analyzed [12] 1.5 Types of wind turbines There are different types of wind turbines: bare wind turbines, augmented wind turbines, horizontal axis wind turbines, and vertical axis wind turbines, just to mention a few 1.5.1 Bare wind turbines According to research findings as given by [13],... numerical simulation tools for wind turbine rotors and wakes were reviewed, in cluding rotor predictions as well as models for simulating wind turbine wakes and flows in wind farms [3] 1.3 Wind power density Concerning power density and its relation to wind speed, the report given in [4] pre‐ sented the features of wind power distributions that were analytically obtained from wind distribution functions... within more realistic limits, including an approximate limit to the maximum power from a wind turbine, was obtained In addition, different equations were obtained establishing relationships between mean power density and mean wind speed These equations are simple and useful when discarding locations for wind tur‐ bine installation [4] 1.4 Wind power applications The range of wind power usage is scarce One... establishing a relationship between mean power density and wind speed have been obtained for a given location and wind tur‐ bine Different concepts relating to wind power distribution functions were shown— among them the power transported by the wind and the theoretical maximum converti‐ ble power from wind, according to the Betz’ law Maximum convertible power from the wind was explained within more... coefficient CF, with different values 4 Wind turbine arrangements One could suggest ideas to increase power extraction from the wind, thus decreasing the overall cost One suggestion is the bottoming wind turbine; another is the flower leaves ar‐ rangement of wind turbines Both are discussed in the following sections 4.1 Bottoming wind turbines According to Betz, the maximal power extraction efficiency is 16/27... of a wind turbine was introduced [41] and the efficiency at maximum power output ηmp was derived Although the power de‐ veloped in a wind turbine derives from kinetic energy rather than from heat, it was possible to view the basic model of the wind turbine in a schematic way, which is similar to the heat engine picture After the wind turbine accepts energy input in its upstream side, it extracts power. .. highlighted by [2], wind provides an inter‐ mittent but environmentally friendly energy source that does not pollute atmosphere Wind power calculations are initiated from the kinetic energy definition, and wind power is found to be proportional to half the air density multiplied by the cube of the wind velocity When seeking to determine the potential usage of wind energy, wind power formulation is... attractiveness of this idea is to gain more output with the same tower installation, reducing the inherently larger cost of erecting multiple towers 23 24 Advances in Wind Power 4.2 Flower leaves arrangement of wind turbines Considering the shrouded wind turbine as being a relatively small device is given (some‐ times called flower power while searching the web), one could suggest installing different devices on... many wind turbines together, several issues should be considered [33] Other research studies discussed the issue of optimizing the placement of wind turbines in wind farms [34] Factors consid‐ ered included multidirectional winds and variable wind speeds, the effect of ambient turbu‐ lence in the wake recovery, the effect of ground, variable hub height of the wind turbines, and different terrains [34]... the bottoming wind turbine, the attractiveness of the flower leaves configuration is that many small‐ er turbines can be accommodated on a single tower, with significant cost reductions 5 Summary and conclusions In this study, wind turbine power was reconsidered At the beginning, a literature review was given with relation to the potentiality of wind power, worldwide applications of wind power, and . POWER
ADVANCES
IN WIND
Edited by
Rupp Carriveau
ADVANCES IN WIND
POWER
Edited by Rupp Carriveau
Advances in Wind Power
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3376
Edited. [12].
1.5. Types of wind turbines
There are different types of wind turbines: bare wind turbines, augmented wind turbines,
horizontal axis wind turbines, and vertical
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