Pediatric skin of color

123 Pediatric Skin of Color Nanette B Silverberg Carola Durán McKinster Yong Kwang Tay Editors Pediatric Skin of Color wwwwwwwwwwwwww Nanette B Silverberg • Carola Durán McKinster Yong Kwang Tay Edito.

Nanette B Silverberg Carola Durán-McKinster Yong-Kwang Tay Editors Pediatric Skin of Color 123 Pediatric Skin of Color wwwwwwwwwwwwww Nanette B Silverberg • Carola Durán-McKinster Yong-Kwang Tay Editors Pediatric Skin of Color Editors Nanette B Silverberg, M.D Department of Dermatology Mt Sinai St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital and Beth Israel Medical Centers New York, NY, USA Carola Durán-McKinster, M.D Department of Pediatric Dermatology National Institute of Pediatrics Mexico City, Mexico Yong-Kwang Tay, F.R.C.P Department of Dermatology Changi General Hospital Singapore, Singapore ISBN 978-1-4614-6653-6 ISBN 978-1-4614-6654-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6654-3 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2015930251 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) This book is dedicated to my family: Wan Ching, Ern Wei, and Ern Ying for their continuous love, support, patience, and understanding in allowing me time to write and edit, and make everything worthwhile Yong-Kwang Tay, FRCP This book is dedicated to the most important people in my life: my mentors, Prof Ramón Ruiz-Maldonado and Prof Lourdes Tamayo, and my daughters, Sofía and Natalia Deveaux-Durán From all of them I have learned the pleasure of teaching and sharing my experience and knowledge Carola Durán-McKinster, MD This book is dedicated to my family and dearest colleagues who have made this possible: my mentors who shared their skills with me and showed me a path of educational exploration and on-going learning But most importantly, this book is dedicated to my parents and Harry for their unconditional love, advice and support during the process and throughout my career Nanette B Silverberg, MD wwwwwwwwwwwwww Preface In the past, the majority of patients seen in the United States and Europe were fair-skinned individuals; up to the 1970s and the early 1980s, most of the published studies in dermatology were done in this population With globalization of the economy and the advance of convenient international travel, the proportion of people of color (POC) in North America and Europe are rapidly increasing Based on the latest (2010) US Census data, it has been estimated that by July, 2013, 63% of the US population would be non-Hispanic whites, while the rest would be POC, including Hispanic whites (1) The need for an increased understanding of skin conditions in POC is reflected by the formation of the Skin of Color Society by Susan Taylor, MD, in 2004, the establishment of centers in several academic institutions focusing on POC, and the publication of several general dermatology textbooks and atlases on this topic This demographic shift is most notably seen in the number of skin of color-related sessions at the annual meetings of the American Academy of Dermatology: in 1995, there were sessions; in 2005, sessions; and in 2015, 21 sessions Pediatric dermatology is an established subspecialty in dermatology The 13th World Congress of Pediatric Dermatology, currently being held every years, is scheduled for 2017 There are pediatric dermatology societies worldwide In the United States, there are 31 pediatric dermatology fellowship programs approved by the American Board of Dermatology (ABD), leading to subspecialty certification of the graduates by the ABD Drs Tay, Durán-McKinster and Silverberg are to be congratulated for editing this first textbook on skin of color in the pediatric patient population; they are eminently qualified to so Dr Tay practices in Changi General Hospital in Singapore, a city-state that is known for its multicultural and multi-ethnic population Dr Durán-McKinster practices in Mexico City, a city whose inhabitants have a wide range of skin phototypes Dr Silverberg practices in New York City, and is affiliated with the first Skin of Color Center in the United States They have organized an international group of authors to cover all aspects of pediatric dermatology This textbook would certainly appeal to a worldwide readership of dermatologists, pediatric dermatologists and pediatricians It will be a frequently used reference in the daily practice of all of us Chairman and C.S Livingood Chair Department of Dermatology Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, Michigan, USA December 2014 Henry W Lim, MD vii viii References Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Single Year of Age, Race Alone or in Combination, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013 Source: U.S Census Bureau, Population Division Release Date: June 2014 http://factfinder.census.gov/ (accessed Dec 29, 2014) Perface Contents Part I Biology of Normal Skin, Hair and Nails Development and Biology of East Asian Skin, Hair, and Nails Mark Jean-Aan Koh Developmental Biology of Black Skin, Hair, and Nails Nikki Tang, Candrice Heath, and Nanette B Silverberg 11 Pigmentary Development of East Asian Skin Kin Fon Leong 19 Part II Pigmentary Conditions in Children of Color Normal Color Variations in Children of Color Nanette B Silverberg 63 Hypopigmenting Disorders Joni M Mazza, Candrice Heath, and Nanette B Silverberg 69 Mongolian Spots Eulalia Baselga 89 Nevus of Ota and Nevus of Ito Eulalia Baselga 93 Pigmentary Mosaicism Eulalia Baselga 97 Ashy Dermatosis or Erythema Dyschromicum Perstans 101 Lynn Yuun Tirng Chiam 10 Confluent and Reticulate Papillomatosis (of Gougerot–Carteaud Syndrome) 105 Lynn Yunn Tirng Chiam 11 Idiopathic Eruptive Macular Pigmentation 109 Ramón Ruiz-Maldonado and Carola Durán-McKinster 12 Exogenous Ochronosis 113 Lynn Yuun Tirng Chiam 13 Metabolic Hyperpigmentation: Carotenemia, Pernicious Anemia, Acromegaly, Addison’s Disease, Diabetes mellitus, and Hemochromatosis 117 Luz Orozco-Covarrubias and Marimar Sáez-de-Ocariz ix 49 Skin Cancer Epidemic in American Hispanic and Latino Patients 459 Brenner M, Hearing VJ The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin Photochem Photobiol 2008;84: 539–49 Gloster HM, Neal K Skin cancer in skin of color J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:741–60 Ries LAG, Melbert D, Krapcho M, et al., editors SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2004 Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2004/ Accessed Mar 2008 Byrd KM, Wilson DC, Hoyler SS Advanced presentation of melanoma in African Americans J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50: 142–3 American Cancer Society Cancer Facts and Figures Available at: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/stt/content/stt_1x_cancer_facts figures_2002.asp Accessed 10 Mar 2003 Helfand M, Krages KP Counseling to prevent skin cancer: a summary of the evidence Guide to clinical preventive services, 3rd ed periodic updates 2003; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality resource page, Department of Health and Human Services Web site Available at: www.ahrq.gov/clinic/gcpspu.htm Accessed Nov 2004 10 Shoo BA, Kashani-Sabet M Melanoma arising in African-, Asian-, Latino- and Native-American populations Semin Cutan Med Surg 2009;28(2):96–102 11 Bradford PT, Goldstein AM, McMaster ML, Tucker MA Acral lentiginous melanoma: incidence and survival patterns in the United States, 1986-2005 Arch Dermatol 2009;145(4):427–43 12 Diepgen TL, Mahler V The epidemiology of skin cancer Br J Dermatol 2002;146 Suppl 61:1–6 13 Garbe C, Büttner P, Bertz J, Burg G, Hoedt B, Drepper H Primary cutaneous melanoma Prognostic classification of anatomic location Cancer 1995;75(10):2492–8 14 Zell JA, Cinar P, Mobasher M, Ziogas A, Meyskens Jr FL, AntonCulver H Survival for patients with invasive cutaneous melanoma among ethnic groups: the effects of socioeconomic status and treatment J Clin Oncol 2008;26(1):66–75 doi:10.1200/JCO 2007.12.3604 15 Erdei E, Torres SM A new understanding in the epidemiology of melanoma Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010;10:1811–23 16 Gallagher RP, Lee TK Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation: a brief review Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2006;92:119–31 17 Harris RB, Griffith K, Moon TE Trends in incidence of non melanoma skin cancers in southeastern Arizona, 1985-1996 J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:528–36 18 Halder RM, Ara CJ Skin cancer and photoaging in ethnic skin Dermatol Clin 2003;21:725–32 19 Crowson AN Basal cell carcinoma: biology, morphology and clinical implications Mod Pathol 2006;19 Suppl 2:S127–47 20 Halder RM, Bang KM Skin cancer in blacks in the United States Dermatol Clin 1988;6:397–405 21 Brady MS, Kaushal A, Ko C, et al Melanoma and other skin cancers Cancer Manage 2011;14:1–32 22 Copcu E, Aktas S, Sisman N, Oztan Y Thirty-one cases of Marjolin’s ulcer Clin Exp Dermatol 2003;28:138–41 23 Scotto J, Fears TR, Fraumeni JF Incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in the United States NIH Pub no 83-2433 24 Halder RM, Bridgeman-Shah S Skin cancer in African Americans Cancer 1995;75(2 Suppl):667–73 25 Edwards BK, Ward E, Eheman C, et al Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2006, featuring colorectal cancer trends and impact of interventions (risk factors, screening, and treatment) to reduce future rates Cancer 2010;116(3):544–73 26 http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-027766.pdf 27 Gross PE, et al Planning cancer control in Latin America and the Caribbean Lancet Oncol 2013;14(5):391–436 28 Roman C, Lugo-Somolinos A, Thomas N Skin cancer knowledge and skin self-examinations in the Hispanic population of North Carolina: the patient’s perspective JAMA Dermatol 2013;149(1): 103–4 29 Byrd-Miles K, Toombs EL, Peck GL Skin cancer in individuals of African, Asian, Latin-American, and American-Indian descent: differences in incidence, clinical presentation, and survival compared to Caucasians J Drugs Dermatol 2007;6:10–6 30 Byrd-Miles K, Toombs EL, Peck GL Skin cancer in individuals of African, Asian, Latin-American, and American-Indian descent: differences in incidence, clinical presentation, and survival compared to Caucasians J Drugs Dermatol 2007;1:10–6 31 Bradford PT Skin cancer in skin of color Dermatol Nurs 2009;21:170–7, 206 32 Hu S, Parmet Y, Allen G, Parker DF, Ma F, Rouhani P, et al Disparity in melanoma: a trend analysis of melanoma incidence and stage at diagnosis among Whites, Hispanics, and Blacks in Florida Arch Dermatol 2009;145:1369–74 33 Crane LA, Mokrohisky ST, Dellavalle RP, Asdigian NL, Aalborg J, Byers TE, et al Melanocytic nevus development in Colorado children born in 1998: a longitudinal study Arch Dermatol 2009;145(2):148–56 doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2008.571 34 Cress RD, et al Incidence of cutaneous melanoma among nonHispanic whites, Hispanics, Asians, and blacks: an analysis of California cancer registry data 1988-93 Cancer Causes Control 1997;8(2):246–52 35 Erdei E, Torres SM A new understanding in the epidemiology of melanoma Exp Rev Anticancer Ther 2010;10:1811–23 36 Davis SA, Narahari S, Feldman SR, Huang W, Pichardo-Geisinger RO, McMichael AJ Top dermatologic conditions in patients of color: an analysis of nationally representative data J Drugs Dermatol 2012;11(4):466–73 37 Hu S, Soza-Vento RM, Parker DF, et al Comparison of stage at diagnosis of melanoma among Hispanic, black, and white patients in Miami-Dade County, Florida Arch Dermatol 2006;142:704–8 38 Coups EJ, et al Skin cancer surveillance behaviors among US Hispanic adults J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68(4):576–84 39 National Cancer Institute: PDQ Melanoma Treatment Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute Date last modified 16 May 2013 Available at: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/melanoma/HealthProfessional Accessed 25 Aug 2013 40 National Cancer Institute: PDQ Melanoma Treatment Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute Date last modified 17 May 2013 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/melanoma/ Patient/page2 41 Merrill RM, Pace ND, Elison AN Cutaneous malignant melanoma among white Hispanics and non-Hispanics in the United States Ethn Dis 2011;20:353–8 42 Rouhani P, Hu S, Kirsner RS Melanoma in Hispanic and black Americans Cancer Control 2008;15:248–53 43 Ward E, Jemal A, Cokkinides V, Singh GK, Cardinez C, Ghafoor A, Thun M Cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status CA Cancer J Clin 2004;54:78–93 doi:10.3322/ canjclin.54.2.78 44 Bigler C, Feldman J, Hall E, et al Pigmented basal cell carcinoma in Hispanics J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34(5 pt 1):751–2 45 American Cancer Society Cancer Facts and Figures 2013 Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2013 http://www.cancer.org/acs/ groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/ acspc-036845.pdf Accessed 25 Aug 2013 46 Alam M, Ratner D Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma N Engl J Med 2001;344:975–83 47 Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day Jr CL Long-term recurrence rates in previously untreated (primary) basal cell carcinoma: implications for patient follow-up J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989;15:315–28 460 48 Coupe EJ, Slapleton JL, Hudson SV, Medina-Forrester A, Rosenberg SA, Gordon MA, Natale-Pereira A, Goydos JS Linguistic acculturation and skin cancer-related behaviors among Hispanics in the southern and western United States JAMA Dermatol 2013;149(6):679–86 49 Long-term recurrence rates in previously untreated (primary) basal cell carcinomas: Implications for patient follow-up J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989;15:315–328 50 Halder RM, Bridgeman-Shah S Skin cancer in African Americans Cancer 1995;75(2 suppl):667–673 51 Pipitone M, Robinson JK, Camara C, Chittineni B, Fisher SG Skin cancer awareness in suburban employees: a Hispanic perspective J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:118–23 B Baum and A.M Duarte 52 Clairwood M, Ricketts J, Grant-Kels J, Gonsalvez L Melanoma in skin of color in Connecticut: an analysis of melanoma incidence and stage at diagnosis in non-Hispanic blacks, nonHispanic whites, and Hispanics Int J Dermatol 2014;53(4): 425–33 53 Bristow BN, Casil J, Sorvillo F, Basurto-Dávila R, Kuo T Melanoma-related mortality and productivity losses in the USA, 1990-2008 Melanoma Res 2013;23(4):331–5 54 Bickers DR, Lim HW, Margolis D, Weinstock MA, Goodman C, Faulkner C, et al The burden of skin diseases, 2004: a joint project of the American Academy of Dermatology Association and the Society for Investigative Dermatology J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 55:490–500 Index A Abedeen, S.K., Acanthamoeba, 195–196 Acanthosis nigricans (AN), 121 Acitretin, 313 Acne adolescent, 344–345 epidemiology, 342 hair care practices, 346–347 infantile, 343–344 keloids formation, 346 mid-childhood, 344 neonatal, 343 pathogenesis, 342 postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, 345–346 preadolescent period, 344 skin-lightening practices, 347 treatment, 348 adjunctive therapies, 355–357 benzoyl peroxide, 350–351 combination topical products, 351 hormonal, 353–354 isotretinoin, 354–355, 358 oral antibiotics, 351–353 prognosis, 357 retinoids, 347, 349, 350 Acneiform eruptions, 346 Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) clinical appearance of, 142 clinical studies/workup, 144 comorbidities, 142 differential diagnosis, 143 epidemiology/demographics, 141–142 etiopathogenesis, 143 incidence, 141 treatment, 143–144 Acromegaly, 119–120 Acropustulosis of infancy, 323–324 Actinic lichen planus therapy, 300 Actinic prurigo (AP), 376–377 clinical presentation, 389–391 diagnosis, 393 differential diagnosis, 393 epidemiology, 387–388 histopathology, 391–393 pathophysiology, 388–389 polymorphous light eruption, 393 treatment, 393–394 Actinic prurigo cheilitis (APC), 390–393 Acupuncture, 434 Acute hemorrhagic edema (AHE), 415–416 Acute urticaria, 315–316 Acyclovir, 306 AD See Atopic dermatitis (AD) Adamson, J.E., 213 Addison’s disease, 120–121 Adjunctive therapies, acne, 355–357 Adolescent acne, 344–345 Adult-onset mastocytosis, 327–328 Aeroallergens, 273 Agar, N.S., 44 Age, mastocytosis, 328–329 Ahmed, M.A., 304 Albendazole, 199 Albinism, 31–33 Alkaptonuria See Ochronosis Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) allergens, 285 clinical presentation, 282–283 confounding factors, 285–286 delayed type hypersensitivity, 283 diagnosis/treatment, 283–284 fragrance, 285 pre-and post-patch testing counseling, 285 sensitization studies, 282–286 Allylamine, 169 Al-Owain, M., 130 Alvarez-Twose, I., 333 American Hispanics, skin cancer epidemic, 453–457 Amoebae, 195 Amphotericin B, 190, 196 Amyloidosis, 411 Anakinra, 412 Anogenital warts, 179 Antifungal shampoos, 161 AP See Actinic prurigo (AP) APC See Actinic prurigo cheilitis (APC) Arthritis mutilans, 311 Arthropods, TCM, 429 Ash leaf macule, 28 Ashy dermatosis See Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) Asial, R., 253 Asian paediatric psoriasis, 309–312 Aspergillus sp., 189 Atopic dermatitis (AD), 286 clinical features, 269–270 clinical presentation, 272 complications, 271–272 diagnosis, 269 environmental factors in, 268 epidemiology, 267–268 filaggrin in, 270–271 photoaggravated conditions, 382–383 prognosis, 276 N.B Silverberg et al (eds.), Pediatric Skin of Color, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6654-3, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 461 462 Atopic dermatitis (AD) (cont.) stages of, 268–269 TCM, 430–436 treatment allergen avoidance, 276 anti-inflammatory therapy, 274–275 antimicrobial therapy, 275 Chinese herbal therapy, 276 dietary lipid supplements, 276 food allergy testing, 276 immunomodulatory therapy, 275 molecular therapy, 275–276 phototherapy, 275 pruritus control, 275 skin hydration maintenance, 274 trigger factor avoidance, 273 Atrophic scarring, 357 Australia deliberate cultural trauma, 441 indigenous populations in, 440 scabies in, treatment approach, 444 Autosomal recessive woolly hair (ARWH), 133 Ayanlowo, O., 304 Azathioprine, 275 Azelaic acid (AA), 351, 356–357 Azole, 169 B Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection (BCGitis), 188 Bacterial infection, 169 clinical presentation, 167–168 epidemiology, 167 prognosis, 168 treatment, 168 Badalian-Very, G., 207 Badia, A.A., 223–226 Balamuthia infection, 195–196 Balasubramaniam, P., 297 Bartonella bacilliformis, 193 Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 454 Baselga, E., 89–90, 93–95, 97–99 Baum, B., 453–458 Becker, S.W., 261 Becker’s nevus (BN), 43–44 clinical presentation, 262–263 epidemiology/demographics, 261–262 prognosis, 263–264 syndrome, 262, 263 treatment, 262–263 Behcet’s syndrome, 427 Ben-Amitai, D., 330 Benzoyl peroxide (BP), 350–351 Berkowitz, A.C., 267–277 Beta-blockers, 242 Björnstad, R.T., 129 Björnstad syndromes, 129–130 Black skin dermatologic diseases, 15 diabetes mellitus, 15–16 dyschromia and alopecia, 16 genetics of pigmentation different types, of genes, 12 genes implication, 13 melanosome formation, 13–14 SNP, 13 Index hair (see Hair) keloids, 15 melanocyte biology, 12 sickle cell anemia, 15 vitiligo, 15 Blaschko lines, 98 Blau syndrome, 412 Blei, F., 231–243 Boccardi, D., 234 Bodemer, C., 328 Bonitsis, N.G., 285 Bradford, P.T., 456 Brockow, K., 332 C Cáceres-Ríos, H., 193–200 Café au lait macules (CALMs), 42–44 Calcineurin inhibitors, 274, 292 Calcitriol psoriasis, 312 Callender, V.D., 348, 349 CALMs See Café au lait macules (CALMs) Candida sp., 189 Cantharidin molluscum contagiosum, 173 molluscum contagiosum virus, 177 viral warts, 179 Caplan, R.M., 52 CAPS See Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) Carbon dioxide laser, 180 Carney complex, 49 Carotenemia causes, 117 clinical presentation, 117, 118 epidemiology, 117 pathogenesis, 117–118 prognosis, 118 treatment, 118 Carrion’s disease See Human bartonellosis (HB) Carteaud, A., 105, 106 Casal’s necklace, 382 Caspofungin, 190 Castells, M., 332, 334 CBGD, 366 CCLE See Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE) Chandran, N.S., 327–335 Chan, Y.-C., 175–182 Chaplin, G., 240 Charlin, R., 114 Chediak–Higashi syndrome, 32 Cheilitis APC, 390–393 follicular, 392 Chen, T.S., 235 Chen, X., 173 Cheng, H.M., 431 Cheong, W.K., 304 Cherif, F., 404, 406 Chia, S.E., Chiam, L.Y.T., 101–103, 105–106, 113–114 Chignon alopecia, 138 Chilblain lupus erythematosus (CHLE), 404–405 Childhood discoid lupus erythematosus, 375–376 psoriasis management, 311 systemic lupus erythematosus, 374–375 Index Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis (CGPD), 363 diagnosis, 366 epidemiology, 364 prognosis, 367 Children of color acral lentiginosis, 66 café au lait, 65 Fitzpatrick phototyping scale, 63, 64 frictional hyperpigmentation, 66, 67 hyperpigmentation, 64 hypopigmentation, 65 Mongolian spot, 64–65 mucosal surfaces, 66 newborn caucasian, 63 periocular hyperpigmentation, 67 with seborrheic dermatitis, 64 segmental hyperpigmentation, 66 trauma, 66 wood’s lamp examination, 65–66 Chinese herbal therapy, 276 Cho, K.H., 357 Choi, J.E., 263 Chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature (CANDLE) syndrome, 413 Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE) clinical features, 403–404 diagnosis and differential diagnoses, 405 prognosis, 406 Chuang, T.Y., 304 Chuh, A., 304 c-KIT mutations, 328, 335 CLE See Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) Clear cell papulosis clinical features/diagnosis, 229–230 epidemiology, 229 treatment, 230 Clindamycin phosphate (CP), 351 Clostridium C perfringens, 186 C septicum, 186 CM See Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) CMN See Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) Coal tar, 312 Coal tar shampoo, 292 Cobalt, 285 Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), 286 COCs See Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) Colchicine, FMF, 411 Collagen vascular diseases, 372 cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 402 CCLE (see Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE)) clinical features, 403–404 diagnosis, 405 epidemiology, 403 pathogenesis, 404–405 prognosis, 406 SCLE (see Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)) treatment, 405–406 discoid lupus erythematosus, 375–376 juvenile dermatomyositis, 372, 374 neonatal lupus erythematosus, 372–374 systemic lupus erythematosus, 374–375 Combined oral contraceptives (COCs), 353–354 Commonwealth working definition, 440 Confluent and reticulate papillomatosis (CRP) clinical presentation, 105–106 463 criteria for diagnosis, 106 epidemiology, 105 pathogenesis, 106 treatment, 106 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 344 Congenital heart block (CHB), 373, 400 Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN), 42 classification, 250, 251 clinical presentation, 250–253 definition, 249 dermatoscopy, 254, 258 epidemiology/demographics, 250 histopathological features, 253–254 incidence of, 250, 251 malignant potential of, 256 pathogenesis, 257–258 prognosis, 256–257 spontaneous regression, 252–253 treatment, 254–257 Congenital self-healing reticulo-histiocytosis (CSHRH), 209 Conjunctivitis of actinic prurigo, 390, 391, 393 Conradi–Hunermann syndrome, 48 Contact dermatitis, 428 ACD allergens, 285 clinical presentation, 282–283 confounding factors, 285–286 delayed type hypersensitivity, 283 diagnosis/treatment, 283–284 fragrance, 285 pre-and post-patch testing counseling, 285 sensitization studies, 282–286 ICD, 282 types, 283 Corcuff, P., Cordylobia anthropophaga, 197 Corn-row alopecia, 138 Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs), 423 Coronary artery lesion (CAL), 423 Corticosteroids atopic dermatitis, 274 lichen planus, 299 mastocytosis, 333 CP See Clindamycin phosphate (CP) Crandall syndromes, 129–130 Cromolyn sodium, 333 Crusted scabies, 190 Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), 410 clinical manifestations, 411 treatment, 412 Cryotherapy molluscum contagiosum virus, 177 viral warts, 179 Cupping, 435–436 Cusack, C., 252 Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), 402 CCLE (see Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE)) clinical features, 403–404 diagnosis, 405 epidemiology, 403 pathogenesis, 404–405 prognosis, 406 SCLE (see Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)) treatment, 405–406 464 Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM), 51–52, 327, 329–330 blister formation, 330 classification, 330 diagnosis, 335 maculopapular, 329–332 symptoms, 331 urticaria pigmentosa, 329 Cyclosporin, 313, 275 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 187 Cytoreductive therapy, 333 D Daivobet®, 312 Dapsone, 324 Darier’s sign, 330 Davis, E.C., 349 DCM See Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM) De Leo, V.A., 371–383 Decoctions, 430 Deficiencies of interleukin-36-receptor antagonist (DITRA), 412 Deficiencies of the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist (DIRA), 412 Degos, R., 109 Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), 343 Delayed type hypersensitivity, 283 del Carmen Boente, M., 249–258, 261–264 Del Pozzo-Magaña, D., 205–219 Demodex D brevis, 190 D folliculorum, 190 Depigmentation See Hypopigmentation Depigmenting agents, acne, 356 Dermal–epidermal junction (DEJ) development, embryonal, Dermatobia hominis, 197 Dermatoscopy, 254 Dermis of black children, 15 in East Asian skin, Desmoplastic hairless hypopigmented nevus (DHHN), 253 DHEAS See Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) DHS See Drug hypersensitivity (DHS) Diabetes mellitus clinical presentation, 121 epidemiology, 121 pathogenesis, 121 prognosis, 122 treatment, 121–122 Dickison, P., 234 Dietary lipid supplement, 276 Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM), 330, 332, 335 Diffuse hyperpigmentation endocrinological disorders, 119–122 metabolic causes, 122–123 nutritional diseases, 117–119 Dinitrochlorobenzene, 179 DIRA See Deficiencies of the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist (DIRA) Direct immunofluorescence (DIF), 405, 418 Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), 375–376 clinical features, 403–404 epidemiology, 403 Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), 374 Distal arthritis, 311 Dithranol psoriasis, 312 Index DITRA See Deficiencies of interleukin-36-receptor antagonist (DITRA) DLE See Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) Downey, A., 320 Doxycycline, 353 Drug eruptions, 315 FDE, 316–317 photosensitive, 317–318 Drug hypersensitivity (DHS), 353 Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, 319–320, 423 DSH See Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH) Duarte, A.M., 223–226, 453–458 DUH See Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH) Dupilumab, 275–276 Dupre, A., 133 Durán-McKinster, C., 109–111, 127–133 Dyschromatoses, 56–57 Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH), 56–57 Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH), 56–57 Dyspigmentation, 101, 102 acne, 356–357 causes, 77 discoid lupus erythematosus, 403 treatment, 94 E East Asian skin depigmented patch, 22 dermal–epidermal junction in, 5–6 dermis in, epidermis in, 4–5 of hair follicle units, light brownish patch, 22 nails in, nevus depigmentosus, 22–24 perifollicular hypopigmentation, 20 physiology and embryology, 19–20 in pigmentation, 3–4 skin pigmentation, 20–22 of sweat glands, 6–7 Eccrine sweat glands, Eczematous disorders, 281–282 EDP See Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) Eichenfield, L.F., 349, 352 Elewski, B.E., 160 EM See Erythema multiforme (EM) Emollients, atopic dermatitis, 274 Endocrinological disorders acromegaly, 119–120 Addison’s disease, 120–121 diabetes mellitus, 121–122 Endogenous ochronosis See Ochronosis Epidermis keratinocytes, stratum corneum, 4–5 thickness of, Epidermodysplasia verruciformis, 179, 187 Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD), 217 Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP), 52–54 clinical presentation, 101–102 describtion, 101 differential diagnosis, 111 epidemiology, 101 prognosis, 102 Index Erythema multiforme (EM), 318–319 Erythromycin, 306 Escalona, E., 387 Exogenous causes of photosensitivity, 382 Exogenous ochronosis agents associated with, 114 characteristics, 113 clinical presentation, 114 epidemiology, 113–114 pathogenesis, 114 stages, 114 F Facial Afro-Caribbean childhood eruption (FACE) See Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis (CGPD) Facial angiofibroma, 27 Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), 409, 411 Familial PMLE See Actinic prurigo (AP) FDE See Fixed drug eruption (FDE) Feely, M.A., 371–383 Feng, Y.G., 128 Ferrer, S., 223–226 Filaggrin, 270 Findlay, G.H., 114 Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), 218 Fitzpatrick phototyping scale, 63, 64 Fixed drug eruption (FDE), 316–317 Flores-Stadler, E., 217 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), 179 FMF See Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) Follicular cheilitis, 392 Follicular degeneration syndrome, 138 Folliculitis, 167–168 Folliculitis keloidalis See Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) Forehead fibrous plaque, 27 Fox, H., 32 Francesconi, F., 197 Free-living amoebae, 195, 447 Free-living amoebiasis (FLA), 194 cutaneous, 195 diagnosis, 196 epidemiology, 195 neurological, 195–196 pathogenesis, 196 therapeutics and prognosis, 196 Frieden, I.J., 233 Fringe sign, 138 Frumess, 363 Fungal disease, 448–449 Fusarium species, 189 Fusobacterium, 364 Futcher’s lines, 20 G García-Romero, M.T., 185–191 Generalized eruptive histiocytoma (GEH), 216 Genetic factor, mastocytosis, 329 Genetic hair disorders clinical presentation, 128 epidemiology/demographics, 128 pili torti, 128–130 prognosis, 133 trichorrhexis invaginata, 131–132 trichorrhexis nodosa, 130 465 trichoschisis, 130–131 without increased fragility loose anagen hair, 132 pili annulati, 132 uncombable hair, 133 woolly hair, 133 George, P.M., 405, 406 Gianotti, 212, 363 Giant melanocytic nevus, 51 Gilbert, C.M., 303 Glaich, A.S., 263 Glenn, M.J., 142 Glowacki, J., 231, 233 Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 433 Gnathostomiasis, 200 clinical presentation, 199 epidemiology, 198–199 prognosis, 199 treatment, 199 Goh, C.L., 5, 304 Gollnick, H., 348 Gontijo, B., 231–243 Gorlin, R.J., 48 Gougerot, H., 105 Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), 196 Gray to lead-colored patches affecting, 103 Griseofulvin, 159, 172 Guillett, 79 Gunduz, O., 304 Gutierrez, K., 168 Gypsum fibrosum, 432 H Habibi, S., 375 Haggstrom, A.N., 238 Hair of black skin, 14–15 cycle, density, follicle development, sebaceous glands, Hair shaft defects See Genetic hair disorders Halo nevus, 41, 253, 254 Handa, S., 297 Hand–Schüller–Christian disease, 207 Hanifin, J.M., 269, 271 Happle, R., 97, 99, 262 Harman, M., 304 Harms, D., 213 Hartmann, K., 330 Hashimoto–Pritzker disease, 209 Heath, C., 11–16, 69–85 Heide, R., 335 Helwing, 213 Hemangiomas of infancy (HI), 234 airway obstruction, 238–239 clinical course/presentation, 235–237 complication, 236 deep, 236 disfigurement, 239 epidemiology, 233, 235 growth phases and properties, 231, 232 hypothyroidism, 239 localized superficial, 236 mixed/compound, 236 466 Hemangiomas of infancy (HI) (cont.) multifocal superficial, 235, 237 segmental superficial, 235, 237 structural abnormalities, 239–240 superficial, 235–236 treatment, 240–243 ulceration, 236–237 visual impairment, 237–238 Hemochromatosis, 122–123 Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), 218 Henderson, M.D., 16 Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) acute hemorrhagic edema, 415, 416 clinical features, 417–418 differential diagnosis, 418 treatment, 418 Herald patch, in pityriasis rosea, 305 Herbs, TCM adverse effects, 434 treatment, 429–430 Hereditary PMLE See Actinic prurigo (AP) Hereditary recurrent fevers, 409 Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS), 78–79, 380 Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 186–187, 271, 318 Hess, A.F., 117 Heyes, C., 439–450 HI See Hypomelanosis of Ito (HI) Hidano, A., 234 Hillebrand, G.G., Histiocytosis, 412–413 classification of, 206 clinical manifestations, 206 with dendritic cell phenotypes, 217 Erdheim–Chester disease, 217 hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, 218 indeterminate-cell histiocytosis, 217 JXG (see Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG)) LCH (see Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)) multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, 218–219 Rosai–Dorfman disease, 218 xanthoma disseminatum, 216–217 HMF See Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (HMF) Ho, J., 427–436 Hoeger, P.H., 231 Hookworm, 447–448 Hoornweg, M.J., 234 Hormonal treatment of acne, 353–354 combined oral contraceptives, 353–354 spironolactone, 353 Hot tub folliculitis, 167 HPS See Hermansky–Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) HSP See Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) Hu, S., 456 Huang, S.A., 239 Huang, Y.Q., 431 Human bartonellosis (HB), 193–194 Human papillomavirus (HPV), 178, 187 Hydroa vacciniforme, 377–378 Hydroquinone, 113, 114 Hydroxychloroquine, 374 Hygiene, 161 Hyperkeratosis, 54–55 Hyperpigmentation, 21 in black patients, 66 blue-gray, 44–45 brown-black, 42–44, 48–51 causes of, 25 Index classification, 24 erythema dyschromium perstans, 52–54 frictional, 66, 67 hyperkeratosis, 54–55 and hypopigmentation, 56–57 LWNH, 46–48 periocular, 67 segmental, 66 skin thickening, 54–55 Hypochromic iris, 32 Hypomelanosis of Ito (HI), 24–27, 74–75 Hypopigmentation, 21 causes of, 23 children of color, 65 classification, 24 depigmented patch, 22 diagnosis, 70–72 diffuse and early-onset, 30–31 and hyperpigmentation, 56–57 hypomelanosis of Ito, 24–27, 74–75 incontinentia pigmenti, 75 lichen striatus, 74 menkes kinky hair carrier, 73–74 nevus depigmentosus, 22–24, 70, 73 nutritional deficiencies causing, 76 oculocutaneous albinism, 31–32, 78–80 pathophysiology, 69–70 piebaldism, 29–30, 78 pigmentary mosaicism, 74–75 pityriasis alba, 32–35 postinflammatory pigmentary alteration, 77 progressive macular hypomelanosis, 80 skin and hair, 34 TSC, 26–29 tuberous sclerosis, 83–84 vitiligo, 80–83 Waardenburg’s syndrome, 77–78 Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (HMF), 36–38 Hypotrichosis, 75, 133 I Ibuprofen, 316 Ichthyosis vulgaris, 270 Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation (IEMP) clinical presentation, 110–111 epidemiology/demographics, 109–110 prognosis, 111 Idiopathic nail atrophy, 296 Idiopathic photodermatoses, 372 actinic prurigo, 376–377 hydroa vacciniforme, 377–378 polymorphous light eruption, 378–379 Illig, L., 258 IL-36RN, 412 Imatinib, 333 Imidazole, 171, 182 Imiquimod molluscum contagiosum virus, 177 viral warts, 179 Immunocompromised children bacterial infections, 186–187 clinical presentation, 186–187 epidemiology, 186 fungal infections, 189–190 mycobacterial infections, 188 parasitic infections, 190–191 Index prognosis, 191 viral infections, 187–188 Impetigo, 167–168 clinical presentation, 167–168 epidemiology, 167 prognosis, 168 treatment, 168 Improper diets, TCM, 428 Incontinentia pigmenti (IP), 46, 47, 75 Indeterminate-cell histiocytosis (ICH), 217 Infantile acne, 343–344 Infantile acropustulosis, 323–324 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 355 Intense pulse light (IPL), 356 International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA), 231–232 Intralesional propranolol, infantile hemangiomas, 242 Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), 423 IP See Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), 282 Isotretinoin periorificial dermatitis, 367 treatment of acne, 354–355, 358 Itin, P., 130 Itraconazole, 182 Ivermectin, 198, 199 J Jablonski, N.G., 12, 240 Jacob, S.E., 281–287 Jacyk, W.K., 304 Jaffe, E.S., 210 Jaimes, N., 453 James, M.T., 197 Janssen, D., 213 JDMS See Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDMS) Jungersted, J.M., Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDMS), 372, 374 Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG), 210–213 clinical presentation, 214, 215 cutaneous non-LCH, 212–213 description, 213 diagnosis of, 214–215 epidemiology, 212 GEH, 216 pathogenesis of, 213–214 PNH, 216 subcutaneous and intramuscular, 214 variants, 214 K Kahana, M., 234 Kalter, 46 Kanada, K.N., 233, 234, 250, 251 Kanwar, A.J., 297 Kawahata, A., Kawasaki disease (KD) clinical manifestations, 422–423 complications, 423 epidemiology, 421 pathogenesis, 421–422 prognosis, 423 treatment, 423–424 Kawasaki, T., 421 Keloids, 15, 346 467 Keratinocytes, 111 Ketoconazole shampoo, 182, 292 Khumalo, N.P., 6, 14, 137 Kilcline, C., 233 Kim, S., 357 Kinsler, V.A., 250, 257 Kiszewski, A.E., 329 KIT, 328, 333 Knable, A.L., Jr., 142, 143 Koh, M.J.-A., 3–7 Kompaore, F., Koopman, R.J., 262 Krengel, S., 250, 251 Kumar, V., 297 Kwok, C., 309–313 Kyriakis, K.P., 304 L Lactic acid, 177 Lam, C., 341–358 Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 291 classification, 207 clinical presentation, 207 cutaneous non-LCH, 216–217 diagnosis of, 209–210 epidemiology of, 206–207 etiology of, 207 multisystemic, 209 prognosis, 210 single-system, 207–209 skin lesions in, 207, 209 systemic non-LCH, 217 treatment of, 210 Langton, A.K., 5, Lapidoth, M., 263 Lara-Corrales, I., 205–219 Larva migrans See Gnathostomiasis Laser treatment Becker’s nevus, 262–263 hemangiomas of infancy, 240–242 Latino, skin cancer epidemic, 453–457 Léauté-Labrèze, C., 231, 242 Lee, L.A., 404 Lee, S.-X., 295–300 Leong, K.F., 19–57 LEOPARD syndrome, 48–51 Leprosy, 38 Letterer–Siwe disease, 209 Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 415, 417, 418 Lewis, 363 Li, J., 235 Lichenoid drug eruptions (LDE), 299 Lichen planus (LP) clinical presentation, 296–299 diagnosis, 298–299 epidemiology, 295 nail, 296 pigmentosus, 53 prognosis, 300 treatment, 299–300 types, 296 variants, 299 Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, 41 Lichen striatus, 74 Lim, Y.L., 434 Linea nigra, 21 468 Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis (LWNH), 46–48, 98 Linear epidermal nevus, 46 Lip hyperpigmentation, 21 Liquid nitrogen, 179 Liver biopsy, 313 Londoño, F., 387, 393 Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), 354–355 Loose anagen hair, 132 López González, G., 387 Luis-Montoya, P., 297 Lupi, O., 197 Lupus erythematosus (LE) CHLE, 404–405 CLE, 402 CCLE (see Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE)) clinical features, 403–404 diagnosis, 405 epidemiology, 403 pathogenesis, 404–405 prognosis, 406 SCLE (see Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)) treatment, 405–406 DLE, 375–376, 403–404 NLE, 372–374, 399–402 panniculitis/profundus, 404 SLE, 374–375 tumidus, 404 Lupus-like syndrome (LLS), 353 Luu, M., 231 Luz, O.-C., 399–406 LWNH See Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis (LWNH) M Macknay, 213 Macrolides, 353 Maculopapular CM, 329–332 Maitz, C., 285 Malassezia sp., 180, 289, 291 M furfur, 105, 291 M globosa, 291 Mancini, A.J., 352 Marghoob, A.A., 250 Marhoob, A.A., 257 Marimar, S.-de-O., 399–406 Massage therapy, 434–435 Mast cells, 328 actinic prurigo, 389 degranulation, 331–334 Mastocytoma, 330 Mastocytosis clinical presentation, 329–332 CM (see Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM)) DCM (see Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM)) epidemiology, 328–329 four-grade scale, 332 heterogeneity, 327 prognosis, 334–335 treatment, 332–334 WDSM, 328, 330, 334 WHO classification, 328, 329 Mazza, J.M., 69–85 Mc Donagh, 213 McCuaig, C.C., 153–162 McCune Albright syndrome, 65 MED See Minimal erythema dose (MED) Index Meester, A.A., 263 Melanin, 20 Melanocytes, 20 density, 12 ultrastructural differences in, 12 Melanoma, 454, 455 Melanosomes biology, in black skin, dispersion pattern of, of East Asian subjects, MED, sun exposure, Melioidosis, 446 Menkes kinky hair syndrome, 129 clinical presentation, 74 epidemiology, 73 treatment, 74 Mepolizumab, 275 Messenger, A.G., 304 Metabolic hyperpigmentation endocrinological disorders, 119–122 metabolic causes, 122–123 nutritional diseases, 117–119 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 167, 168 Methotrexate (MTX) atopic dermatitis, 275 psoriasis, 313 systemic lupus erythematosus, 374 Meyers, V.C., 117 Microsporum ectothrix infection, 290 Mid-childhood acne, 344 Minimal erythema dose (MED), atopic dermatitis, 382 polymorphous light eruption, 379 Minocycline, 353 Moises-Alfaro, C., 406 Mokhtar, I., 403 Molluscum contagiosum, 172–173, 188 Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) clinical presentation, 176 epidemiology, 175 management, 176–177 Moncada, B., 389 Mongolian spots, 44–45 children of color, 64–65 clinical features, 89–90 epidemiology, 89 pathogenesis, 90 prognosis, 90 treatment, 90 Monilethrix, 128 Monteagudo, B., 234 Moore, J.A., 263 Moreno-Arias, G.A., 263 Morphea, 40–41 Mosaicism, 262, 263 Moscarella, E., 254 Mucopolysaccharidosis type I, 89 Mucosal disease, 207 Muizzuddin, N., Müller, 216 Mulliiken, 231, 232 Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH), 218–219 Munro’s microabscesses, 309 Index Mycobacterium M leprae, 34, 446 M scrofulaceum, 446 M tuberculosis, 188 M ulcerans, 446 Mycophenolate mofetil, 275 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 320 Myiasis anatomical classification, 197 clinical presentation, 197–198 epidemiology, 197 prognosis, 198 treatment, 198 Myroxylon pereirae, 285 N NA See Nevus anemicus (NA) Naegleria encephalitis, 196 Naegleria fowleri, 196 Nails development, disease, 207 Nanda, A., 297, 304 National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP) III, 313 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) guidelines, 276 Navas, J.M.J., 234 ND See Nevus depigmentosus (ND) Neonatal acne, 343 Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE), 372–374 clinical features, 400–401 diagnosis and differential diagnoses, 401 epidemiology, 399–400 pathogenesis, 401 prognosis, 402 treatment, 401–402 Neonatal onset multisystemic inflammatory disorder (NOMID), 411 Netherton syndrome (NS), 131 Neutrophilic dermatosis, 323–324 Nevi, 249 See also Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) Nevus anemicus (NA), 24, 26 Nevus depigmentosus (ND), 22–24, 26 black macule, 23 blue-gray patch, 23 clinical presentation, 70 epidemiology, 70 treatment, 73 Nevus of Ito, 45, 93–94 Nevus of Ota, 44–45 clinical features, 93–94 distribution, 93, 94 epidemiology, 93 pathogenesis, 94 prognosis, 94 Nevus spilus, 42 Ng, S.S.-Y., 303–306 Nickel, 285 NLE See Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) Nnoruka, E.N., 297 Nocardia species, 187 Noguera, L., 409–413, 415–418, 421–424 NOMID See Neonatal onset multisystemic inflammatory disorder (NOMID) Non-pigmenting FDE (NPFDE), 317 469 Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), 188 North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG), 284 North, P.E., 231 Norwegian, 190 NPFDE See Non-pigmenting FDE (NPFDE) NRAS, 258 Nutritional deficiencies, 76, 381–382 Nutritional diseases carotenemia, 117–118 pernicious anemia, 118–119 O OCA See Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) Ochronosis classification, 113 clinical presentation, 114 epidemiology, 113–114 pathogenesis, 114 treatment, 114 Ocular albinism (OA), 79 Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), 31–32, 78–80, 379, 381 Oligoarthritis, 311 Olumide, Y., 304 Omalizumab, 275, 333 Ong, P.H., 427–436 Oroya fever, 194 Orozco-Covarrubias, L., 117–122 P Paller, A., 352 Palpable purpura, 417, 418 Pandhi, D., 297 Para-phenylenediamine, 284, 285, 287 Parasites, TCM, 429 Patch test, 284 Patrizi, A., 261 Patterned hyperpigmentation, 45–48 PDL See Pigmentary demarcation lines (PDL) Pediatric-onset mastocytosis, 327 Pellagra, 382 Pemphigus neonatorum, 223 PentaHerbs, 432 Periderm, Perifollicular hypopigmentation, 20 Periodic fever syndromes (PFS), 410 Periorificial dermatitis, 363 clinical presentation, 364–365 epidemiology, 364 ethnic/racial groups, 364 etiologic factors, 365 prognosis, 366 treatment, 365–366 Periungual fibroma, 28 Permanent alopecia, 139 Pernicious anemia clinical presentation, 118 epidemiology, 118 pathogenesis, 118–119 prognosis, 119 treatment, 119 vitamin B12 plays, 118 Pestilence, TCM, 429 Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS), 50–51 Phakomatosis pigmentopigmentalis/pigmentovascularis, 45, 89, 90 470 Phenytoin, 319 Photoaggravated conditions atopic dermatitis, 382–383 psoriasis, 383 seborrheic dermatitis, 383 Photodermatoses, idiopathic See Idiopathic photodermatoses Photodynamic therapy (PDT), 356 Photoprotection, 401, 405 Photosensitive drug eruption, 317 Photosensitivity/photoreactions, 371 collagen vascular diseases, 372–376 exogenous causes, 382 genetic/metabolic conditions, 379–381 idiopathic photodermatoses, 376–379 nutritional deficiencies, 381–382 photoaggravated conditions, 382–383 Phototherapy, psoriasis, 312–313 Pick, L., 113 Piebaldism, 29–30, 78 Pigmentary demarcation lines (PDL), 20 Pigmentary mosaicism clinical features, 97–98 clinical presentation, 75 definition, 97 epidemiology, 74, 97 pathogenesis, 98, 99 patterns of, 99 prognosis, 99 treatment, 75, 99 Pigmentation East Asian skin, 3–4 genetics melanosome formation, 13–14 SNP, 13 types, 12 hyperpigmentation (see Hyperpigmentation) hypopigmentation (see Hypopigmentation) PIH See Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) Pili annulati (PA), 132 Pili torti (PT), 128–130 Pimecrolimus, 274, 292, 293 Pite, H., 316 Pityriasis alba, 32–35, 272 Pityriasis capitis, 289, 290 Pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC), 37 Pityriasis rosea clinical presentation, 305–306 collerette scaling, 305 epidemiology, 303, 304 herald patch in, 305 pathophysiology, 303, 305 prognosis, 306 treatment, 306 Pityriasis versicolor (PV) See Tinea versicolor (TV) Pityrosporum orbiculare, 170 Plantar warts, 178 PLC See Pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC) PMH See Progressive macular hypomelanosis (PMH) PMLE See Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) Polyarthritis, 311 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), 344 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 162 Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE), 376 actinic prurigo, 393 clinical presentation, 378–379 epidemiology/demographics, 378 Index hereditary/familial, 376–377 treatment, 379 Pomade acne, 347 Posaconazole, 190 Positive patch test (PPT), 283–286 Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), 52, 53, 317 acne, 345–346, 356–357 and scarring, 357 Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation, 26, 35, 38 Postinflammatory pigmentary alteration, 77 Potassium hydroxide, 177 PPT See Positive patch test (PPT) Pratt, A.G., 233, 234 Preadolescent acne, 344 Price, V.H., 132 Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), 196 Progressive macular hypomelanosis (PMH), 38, 80 Progressive nodular histiocytosis (PNH), 216 Propionibacterium acnes benzoyl peroxide, 350–351 light-based therapies, 356 Propranolol, 242, 243 Proteasome instability disorders, 413 Protein contact dermatitis (PCD), 283 Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) clinical and pathogenesis, 147, 148 epidemiology, 147, 148 topical therapy, 148 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 168, 186 Psoralen with UVA (PUVA), 333 PSOR1 gene, 309 Psoriasis clinical presentation, 310–311 epidemiology, 309–310 photoaggravated conditions, 383 phototherapy, 312–313 susceptibility genes, 309–310 systemic therapy, 313 topical steroids, 312 topical treatment, 311–312 Psoriatic arthritis, 311 Pulsed dye laser hemangiomas of infancy, 241 viral warts, 180 Pyoderma clinical presentation, 443–444 epidemiology/demographics, 442–443 treatment, 444–446 Pyogenic disorders, 412 R Rajka, C., 269, 271 Ramírez, C.O., 52, 101, 111 Razor bumps, 148 Reed, J.T., Rehmannia glutinosa, 433 Reja, M., 141–144 Research associates laboratories (RAL), 162 Retinoids treatment of acne, 347, 349, 350 viral warts, 179 Rifampicin, 194 Rituximab, 374 Rivers, J.K., 234 Rosai–Dorfman disease, 218 Index Rosenblatt, A.E., 363–367 Ruiz-Maldonado, R., 109–111, 230, 253 Ryan, E.A., 36 S SA See Salicylic acid (SA) Sáez-de-Ocariz, M., 117–122 Salicylic acid (SA) molluscum contagiosum virus, 177 of nongenital cutaneous warts, 179 treatment of acne, 351, 355–356 Saramoto, A., Scabies clinical presentation, 443–444 epidemiology/demographics, 442–443 in immunocompromised children, 190 infantile acropustulosis, 323–324 treatment, 444–446 Scalp psoriasis, 310 Scarring alopecia, 142, 143, 147, 172, 298, 330, 405 SCF See Stem cell factor (SCF) SCLE See Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) Seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD), 293 clinical features, 290–291 epidemiology, 289–290 pathogenesis, 291 photoaggravated conditions, 383 prognosis, 292 self-limiting, 291 treatment, 291–292 Segmental pigmentation disorder (SegPD), 42 Selenium sulfide, 182 Selenium sulphide shampoo, 292 Sex, mastocytosis, 329 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), 354 Shagreen patch, 28 Shah, S.K., 137–139 Shapero, J., 143 Sharma, L., 304 Sharma, R., 297 Shi, Y.J., 431 Shih, I.H., 234 Sickle cell anemia, 15 Silverberg, J.I., 267–277 Silverberg, N.B., 11–16, 63–67, 69–85, 141–144, 147–48, 229–230, 323–324 Simonsen, A.B., 284 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), 13 Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML), 218 SJS See Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) Skin aboriginal children environment, 441–442 genetic, 440 infection, 442–449 nutrition, 442 physical, 440–441 disease, 427–429, 435 pigmentation, 20–22 prick test, 276 thickening, 54–55 Skin cancer epidemic clinical presentation, 456 common forms of, 454 epidemiology/demographics, 455–456 471 melanin helps protect, 453 prognosis, 457 treatment, 456–457 Slate-gray patches affecting, 101–102 SLE See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Small congenital melanocytic nevi (SCMN), 254 Solitary mastocytoma, 328 Sontheimer, R.D., 403 Sperling, L.C., 143 Spironolactone, 353 Spondyloarthropathy, 311 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 454–455, 457 Squaric acid, 179 Srivastava, K., 304 Staphylococcal aureus, 271 Stein, S.L., 363–367 Stem cell factor (SCF), 328 Steroid-induced acne, 347 Steroids hemangiomas of infancy, 242 lichen planus, 300 Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), 319–321 Su, J., 439–450 Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), 399 clinical features, 403 diagnosis and differential diagnoses, 405 epidemiology, 403 pathogenesis, 404–405 prognosis, 406 Sulfamethoxazole, 353 Sweat glands, 6–7 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 374–375 Systemic therapy mastocytosis, 332–333 for multifocal/multisystemic disease, 210 psoriasis, 313 T Tacrolimus, 292 atopic dermatitis, 274, 275 lichen planus, 299 Tang, N., 3, 11–16 Tannous, Z.S., 253 Tay, Y.-K., 289–293, 295–300, 303–306 Tazarotene acne, 350, 357 lichen planus, 300 psoriasis, 312 Telangiectasia, 400 Teoh, Y.-L., 289–293 Terbinafine, 159–160 Tetracyclines, 367 Thalidomide, 393–394 Tinea capitis anthropophilic dermatophyte infections, 155 asymptomatic carriers, 155 clinical presentation, 155–156 cutaneous infections clinical presentation, 171 epidemiology, 171 prognosis, 172 treatment, 171–172 epidemiology/demographics, 153–155 investigations, 156–158 prognosis, 162 472 Tinea capitis (cont.) treatment antifungal therapy, 158–159 azoles, 160 complementary topical therapy, 161 griseofulvin, 159 measures of hygiene, 161 practice guidelines for, 161 reasons for, failure, 161 terbinafine, 159–160 viable fungal spores, 161 Tinea corporis, 169–170 Tinea versicolor (TV), 35–36, 38 clinical features, 181 cutaneous infections, 170–171 epidemiology, 180–181 hypopigmented macules of, 180–181 management, 181–182 prognosis, 182 TNF-α See Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) Torrelo, A., 111, 330, 409–413, 415–418, 421–424 Tosti, A., 296 Toussaint-Caire, S., 387–394 Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), 320, 321 Toyama, 56 TPNM See Transient pustular neonatal melanosis (TPNM) Traction alopecia (TA) clinical presentation, 138 differential diagnosis, 138–139 epidemiology/demographics, 137–138 prognosis, 139 treatment, 139 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) atopic dermatitis acupuncture, 434 adverse effects, 434 clinical efficacy, 431–432 cupping, 435–436 historical perspective, 430–431 massage therapy, 434–435 in vitro studies, 432–433 historical perspective, 427–428 modernization, 436 pathogenic factors, 428–429 principles, 428 treatment, 429–430 Transient neonatal pustular melanosis (TNPM) clinical presentation, 224–225 diagnosis, 225–226 epidemiology, 223–224 Transient pustular neonatal melanosis (TPNM), 49 Treadwell, P.A., 167–173, 315–321 Trelles, M.A., 263 Tretinoin molluscum contagiosum virus, 177 viral warts, 179 Tretinoin microsphere gel, 350 Trichloroacetic acid, 177 Trichophyton T rubrum, 169 T tonsurans, 171 Trichorrhexis invaginata (TI), 131–132 Trichorrhexis nodosa, 130 Trichoschisis, 130–131 Trichothiodystrophy (TTD), 130 Trimethoprim, 353 Index T.R.U.E™ test, 284 Tryptase, 331–332 TSC See Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) Tuberculoid leprosy, 35 Tuberous sclerosis (TS) clinical criteria, 84 epidemiology, 83–84 minor criteria, 84 treatment, 84 Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), 26–29 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), 389 Tunnessen, W.W., 406 U Ultraviolet A, 181 Ultraviolet B phototherapy, 300 Ultraviolet light therapy, 275 Uncombable hair syndrome (UHS), 133 Unwala, R., 281–287 Urticaria, 315–316 Urticaria multiforme, 315 Urticaria pigmentosa (UP) See Cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) V Vano-Galvan, S., 330 Varicella zoster virus (VZV), 187 Vascular anomalies/birthmark ISSVA classification, 231, 232 laser treatment, 240–242 nomenclature of, 233 Vega-Memije, M.E., 393 Velásquez, F., 193–200 Verruca plana, 179 Verruca vulgaris, 178 Verruga peruana, 194 Vilarrasa, E., 253 Viral warts clinical features, 178–179 epidemiology, 178 management, 179–180 prognosis, 180 Vitamin D analogues, 312 Vitiligo, 24, 29–30, 38–41 clinical presentation, 81–82 epidemiology, 80–81 facial, 42 generalized, 40 guttate/punctate, 39 peri-orbital, 39 segmental, 40 treatment, 82–83 Voight’s lines, 20 Von Grafe, 217 von Recklinghausen, F.D., 26 Voriconazole, 190 W Waardenburg’s syndrome (WS), 30 clinical presentation, 77 epidemiology, 77 treatment, 77 Walsh, S., 320 Walther, 48 Walton, K.E., 297 Index WDSM See Well-differentiated systemic mastocytosis (WDSM) Weitzman, S., 210 Well-differentiated systemic mastocytosis (WDSM), 328, 330, 334 Westerhof, W., 80 Wet wrap therapy, 274 Wickham’s striae, 296 Willan, R., 303 Williams, H.C., 269, 363 Wilson, E., 295 Winkelman, 216 Wong, K.S., 304 Wood, 217 Wood’s light, 290 Woolly hair (WH), 133 World Health Organization (WHO) mastocytosis, 328–330, 334 TCM, 436 Worms, 447–448 WS See Waardenburg’s syndrome (WS) Wu, M.L., 434 473 X Xanthoma disseminatum (XD), 216–217 Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), 49–50 Xerosis, for atopic dermatitis, 270 X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata, 46–47 XP See Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) Xu, Y.H., 434 Y Yamamoto, A., Yuen, A.W., 12 Z Zaenglein, A.L., 341–358 Zinc, viral warts, 179 Zug, K.A., 284 Zygomycosis infection, 190 .. .Pediatric Skin of Color wwwwwwwwwwwwww Nanette B Silverberg • Carola Durán-McKinster Yong-Kwang Tay Editors Pediatric Skin of Color Editors Nanette B Silverberg, M.D Department of Dermatology... People of skin of color comprise the majority of the world’s population and Asian people comprise more than half of the total population of the world East Asia encompasses a subregion of Asia... Thermoregulation A discussion of the origins of dark skin should include that of its opposite: the development of fairer skin The main theory that complements the positive correlation of skin pigmentation