SUSTAINABLE FOREST CASE STUDIES MANAGEMENT Edited by Jorge Martín-García and Julio Javier Diez SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT – CASE STUDIES Edited by Jorge Martín-García and Julio Javier Diez Sustainable Forest Management – Case Studies Edited by Jorge Martín-García and Julio Javier Diez Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. 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Publishing Process Manager Romina Skomersic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Sustainable Forest Management – Case Studies, Edited by Jorge Martín-García and Julio Javier Diez p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0511-4 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Africa 1 Chapter 1 Methodology for Forest Ecosystem Mediating Indicator – Case Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 3 John Eilif Hermansen Chapter 2 Obstacles to a Conceptual Framework for Sustainable Forest Management Under REDD in Central Africa: A Two-Country Analysis 27 Richard S. Mbatu Chapter 3 Collaborative Forest Management in Uganda: Benefits, Implementation Challenges and Future Directions 51 Nelson Turyahabwe, Jacob Godfrey Agea, Mnason Tweheyo and Susan Balaba Tumwebaze Part 2 America 75 Chapter 4 Sustainable Forest Management of Native Vegetation Remnants in Brazil 77 André Eduardo Biscaia de Lacerda, Fausto Weimar Acerbi Junior, José Roberto Soares Scolforo, José Márcio de Mello, Antônio Donizette de Oliveira, Luis Marcelo Tavares de Carvalho, Natalino Calegário and Antônio Carlos Ferraz Filho Chapter 5 Sustainable Forest Management in Rural Southern Brazil: Exploring Participatory Forest Management Planning 97 André Eduardo Biscaia de Lacerda, Maria Augusta Doetzer Rosot, Afonso Figueiredo Filho, Marilice Cordeiro Garrastazú, Evelyn Roberta Nimmo, Betina Kellermann, Maria Izabel Radomski, Thorsten Beimgraben, Patricia Povoa de Mattos and Yeda Maria Malheiros de Oliveira VI Contents Chapter 6 Sustainable Forest Management in a Disturbance Context: A Case Study of Canadian Sub-Boreal Forests 118 X. Wei and J. P. Kimmins Part 3 Asia 141 Chapter 7 Sustainability of an Urban Forest: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Singapore 143 Kalyani Chatterjea Chapter 8 Recent Problems and New Directions for Forest Producer Cooperatives Established in Common Forests in Japan 161 Koji Matsushita Chapter 9 Conflict and Corollaries on Forest and Indigenous People: Experience from Bangladesh 183 Nur Muhammed, Mohitul Hossain, Sheeladitya Chakma, Farhad Hossain Masum, Roderich von Detten and Gerhard Oesten Chapter 10 Setting Up Locally Appropriate Ecological Criteria and Indicators to Evaluate Sustainable Forest Management in Dinh Hoa District (Northern Vietnam) 203 Anna Stier, Jutta Lax and Joachim Krug Part 4 Europe 219 Chapter 11 Sustainable Forest Management in Galicia (Spain): Lessons Learned 221 Edward Robak, Jacobo Aboal and Juan Picos Chapter 12 Can Forest Management in Protected Areas Produce New Risk Situations? A Mixed-Motive Perspective from the Dadia-Soufli-Lefkimi Forest National Park, Greece 239 Tasos Hovardas Preface The concept of forest sustainability dates from centuries ago, although the understanding of sustainable forest management (SFM) as an instrument that harmonizes ecological and socio-economic concerns is relatively new. The change in perspective occurred at the beginning of the 1990s in response to an increased awareness of the deterioration of the environment, in particular of the alarming loss of forest resources. The main and most striking cause of this deterioration is the deforestation occurring in some areas of the world. Nevertheless, deforestation is not the only reason for the environmental deterioration, since even in regions in which the forest area has increased, other ecological and socioeconomic functions of forests, such as biodiversity, regulation of water cycles, landscape, recreational functions, etc., have been undermined. In the face of such different conditions it is no wonder that a large number of criteria and indicators (C&I) are established in regional and international processes aimed at sustainable forest management. The aim of this book is to gather together the experiences of different countries where SFM is being implemented. The book is divided into four sections, each corresponding to a different continent, and results from Africa, America, Asia and Europe are reported. Four case studies are presented from the African continent. The chapter by Hermansen presents a case study from the forest reserve of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) where a catchment forest ecosystem mediating indicator was developed. The purpose of this instrument is to achieve a balance between nature and social values, in which the views of local people must be taken into consideration in the decision-making process. The author concludes that a system based only on measurable indicators does not meet the requirement for local participation and proposes the use of an open, conceptual, learning-oriented systems engineering approach. The paper by Mbatu combines the topic of SFM with that of climate change, and the author reports a case study comparing the current situations in Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The paper by Turyahabwe et al. concerns collaborative forest management (CFM) in Uganda and considers the benefits, implementation challenges and future directions. It gives a good description of the use of CFM in this part of Africa and provides very useful information for forest management in other parts of the world. X Preface The second section is focused on America and includes three papers from North and South America. Two case studies are presented from Brazil. Gomide et al. provide an overview of SFM in this country and present two case studies involving savanna and candeia forests, respectively. The authors conclude that sustainable management of the savanna and candeia forests can be economically viable, although several ways of increasing the profitability are proposed. The other case study was carried out by Lacerda et al. who examine some of the legal, social, economic and environmental issues related to the reduction in the forests in Southern Brazil and propose the implementation of a “locally adapted participatory sustainable forest management” system focusing on reducing both rural poverty and deforestation. These authors discuss two case studies involving participatory forest management in the south of Brazil. This study aims to deliver scientific expertise translated into practical solutions related to land use and participatory SFM, considering a landscape approach for both large and small properties. The study by Wei and Kimmins assesses whether or not two types of timber harvesting at various rotation lengths would have effects on biogeochemical and biomass that are within the natural range of variation caused by wildfire in Canada. The practical objective of this study was to identify management strategies that would sustain or improve long-term site productivity. Four studies carried out in Asia are presented. An experience from Bangladesh is reported by Muhammed et al., who review the root causes of the conflicts between the indigenous people and forest department with regard to land ownership or resource use, in a region of Bangladesh. The authors also describe the efforts invested in solving these conflicts and propose a model whereby all relevant parties must reach a final agreement under the premise that indigenous people and the migrant population must be equal importance. Implementation of this model may help to solve the conflict and achieve SFM in this region of Bangladesh. The paper by Stier et al. reports that a national set of C&I has not yet been finalized or accepted in Vietnam because of a lack of local consultation. The authors consider whether local perceptions differ from the national C&I in a district in northern Vietnam and whether they differ among different local communities according to different types of forest management. The authors conclude that a combination of expert consultations and local perceptions is required to ensure both scientific validity and the recognition of local values. The paper by Matsushita describes how Japanese forests are considered as an essential resource for agriculture, energy and daily life. The origin of the forest cooperative is described, and the authors report how a small number of people living in a specific area have carried out SFM by following local rules and excluding outsiders. Finally, Chartterjea consider the sustainability of an urban forest in a Nature Reserve in Singapore. The final section includes two experiences from Europe. The first experience is from Spain, specifically Galicia, a region where fragmented ownership hinders SFM. The paper by Edward et al. describes the Galician SFM strategy framework, its evolution and implementation. The authors conclude by describing five lessons learned from the entire process, which may be useful as regards avoiding the same mistakes being Preface XI made in other regions. In the final paper, Hovardas reports an experience from a national forest park in Greece. The author presents a case study exemplifying how forest management can help rural development and biological conservation, although new risk situations, such as fire and ecotourism, may arise. These studies represent a wide variation of experiences from developing and developed countries, and should shed some light on the current status of SFM worldwide and the problems associated with its implementation. We thank all authors who submitted manuscripts for consideration for publication in this book. We also thank the editorial team at Intech for their support and assistance. Jorge Martín-García Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid – INIA. Palencia Forestry Engineering, University of Extremadura, Plasencia Spain Julio Javier Diez Forestry Engineering, University of Extremadura, Plasencia Spain [...]... construction of the index and calculation 8 Sustainable Forest Management – Case Studies of indicators, deciding on norms and target values, and finally the presentation of the proximity-to-target performance indicator 2.1 Management of the catchment forest Forest reserves in Tanzania have for more than 100 years been under different forest and forestry administration and management regimes from the German... support a balanced and mediating management concept in order to increase the influence of local 22 Sustainable Forest Management – Case Studies interests on vital and ecological valuable forest resources, and to encourage knowledge insertion to achieve a proactive approach to sustainable forest management contributing to enlightenment and democratizing of ecological resource management Further work should... international bodies and business FEMI is meant to adjust the management attitude in MA to facilitate a stronger local participation Assessments of the ecological status and trends require a set of indicator systems The Driving force–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework (Smeets & Wetering, 1999) 20 Sustainable Forest Management – Case Studies is often used However, Niemeijer and de Groot (2008)... of the forest by aerial survey New national forest polices over the last 15 years have as a goal to improve the effectiveness and promote local responsibility towards a sustainable forest management practise (MNRT, 1998, 2001, 2006) with the development of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management in Tanzania (MNRT, 1999) Local participatory forestry (Blomley, 2006), forest management. .. diversity, forest structure and species composition in Tanzanian tropical forests Forest Ecology and Management 173: 11-34 Jakko Pöyry (1978) Report on the industrial forest inventory in part of the Kilimanjaro Forest Reserve, Tanzania TWICO Dar es Salaam Kashenge, S.S (1995) Forest Division – Catchment Plan for Catchment Forests Kilimanjaro Forest Reserve, Kilimanjaro Region 1st July 1999 – 30th June... the management and utilization of catchment forest reserves A case study of Kilimanjaro Catchment Forest Reserve, Tanzania M.Sc thesis Agricultural University of Norway Ås, Norway Akitanda, P C (2002) South Kilimanjaro Catchment Forestry Management Strategies – Perspectives and Constraints for Integrated Water Resources Management in Pangani Basin In: J.O Ngana (ed.) Water Resources Management - The Case. .. third group is connected to the globalization of environmental management standards including sustainable forest management under the International Tropical Timber Organization A fourth group is NGOs and research institutes working with tropical forest politics, management and forestry Examples include the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Rainforest Alliance, Social Accountability International (SAI)... the asymmetry between stakeholders of tropical forest at Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Doctoral thesis NTNU 2008: 284 Trondheim, Norway 24 Sustainable Forest Management – Case Studies Howell, K M (1994) Selected Annotated Bibliography on Biodiversity of Catchment Forest Reserves in Arusha, Iringa, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga Regions, Tanzania Catchment Forestry Report 94.3 Dar es Salaam Huang, W., Pohjonen,... stakeholders) respectively (Hermansen, 2010 18 Sustainable Forest Management – Case Studies The corresponding influence of how the understanding of ecology (scientific) and nature, and the epistemological and ontological approach, are also illustrated in Fig 3, and derives from the case study work in which the indicator was designated to be the core element in the forest management system in order to strengthen... Kilimanjaro Forest Reserve in Tanzania, 39 pp Forest and Beekeeping Division, South Kilimanjaro Catchment Forest Project FORCONSULT Morogoro, Tanzania Mariki, S W (2000) Assessment of stakeholders participation in forest conservation programmes: A case of Kilimanjaro Catchment Forest Management Project – Tanzania M Sc thesis NORAGRIC, Agricultural Univ of Norway Ås, Norway Methodology for Forest Ecosystem . SUSTAINABLE FOREST CASE STUDIES MANAGEMENT Edited by Jorge Martín-García and Julio Javier Diez SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT – CASE STUDIES. knowledge. CFEMI is designed for communication and management Sustainable Forest Management – Case Studies 4 of forest ecosystem values where there is a need