EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS Edited by Ru-Band Lu Effects of Antidepressants Edited by Ru-Band Lu Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romina Skomersic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published June, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Effects of Antidepressants, Edited by Ru-Band Lu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0663-0 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Evaluation of the Humoral Immune Response of Wistar Rats Submitted to Forced Swimming and Treated with Fluoxetine 1 Eduardo Vignoto Fernandes, Emerson José Venancio and Célio Estanislau Chapter 2 Effects of Antidepressants on Inhibitory Avoidance in Mice: A Review 23 Concepción Vinader-Caerols, Andrés Parra and Santiago Monleón Chapter 3 Participation of the Monoaminergic System in the Antidepressant-Like Actions of Estrogens: A Review in Preclinical Studies 47 Carolina López-Rubalcava, Nelly Maritza Vega-Rivera, Nayeli Páez-Martínez and Erika Estrada-Camarena Chapter 4 Antidepressants and Morphological Plasticity of Monoamine Neurons 73 Shoji Nakamura Chapter 5 Serotonin Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) 91 Ipek Komsuoglu Celikyurt, Oguz Mutlu and Guner Ulak Chapter 6 Antidepressants Self-Poisoning in Suicide and Suicide Attempt: Acute Toxicity and Treatment 109 Sara Santos Bernardes, Danielle Ruiz Miyazawa, Rodrigo Felipe Gongora e Silva, Danielle Camelo Cardoso, Estefânia Gastaldello Moreira and Conceição Aparecida Turini Chapter 7 Rational Polypharmacy in the Acute Therapy of Major Depression 131 Per Bech and Claudio Csillag VI Contents Chapter 8 Antidepressant Drugs and Pain 143 Blanca Lorena Cobo-Realpe, Cristina Alba-Delgado, Lidia Bravo, Juan Antonio Mico and Esther Berrocoso Chapter 9 Antidepressant Drug Use in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 – The Effect of Medication on Mental Problems and Glycemic Control 163 Jana Komorousová and Zdeněk Jankovec Chapter 10 Effects of Fluoxetine and Venlafaxine on the Salivary Gland – Experimental Study 181 Silvana da Silva, Luciana Reis de Azevedo, Antônio Adilson Soares de Lima, Beatriz Helena Sottile França, Maria Ângela Naval Machado, Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues Johann and Ana Maria Trindade Grégio Preface Depression could be called the black death of the twenty-first century due to its high prevalence (life time prevalence could be 10-15% or higher). It often occurs in people during their middle age, 30-50 years old, and costs much because of the medical resources used to treat it and the higher suicide and rate of recurrence. In addition, people with depression are often comorbid with anxiety disorders and lack of efficient treatment. Even for the patients with anxiety disorders, the most useful medications are antidepressants. From 1970 to 1990, antidepressants drug delivery has developed rapidly, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tetracyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), being the most commonly used. These medications are among the most commonly prescribed by psychiatrists and other physicians, and their effectiveness and adverse effects are the subject of many studies and competing claims. As more studies are carried out more evidence of the other effects of antidepressants have been reported; antidepressants are no longer anti-depressant/mood only, but provide other effects. The editor tried to integrate various aspects of treatment for depression and the effects of antidepressants. In recent years, more and more researchers are exploring the mechanisms in psychiatry and psychopharmacology of treating psychiatric illnesses. Some hypotheses have been challenged through various points of view, but, the hypothesis on monoamine still plays an important role in treating depression. From the viewpoint of traditional psychopharmacology, animal models to clinical trials in humans, a comprehensive review was carried out to understand the possible pathology of depression. In addition, the other therapeutic effects of antidepressants, as well as side effects, are also reported in this book. Moreover, psychotherapy has also been reported to have similar effects, especially cognitive-behavioural therapy; these treatments are also reported to work for depression. On the fundamental understanding of pharmacological effects and the relationship with depression, the therapeutic effect of psychotherapy could be more applicable. X Preface The editor tried to help the readers who are beginners in this field to have a comprehensive and basic knowledge of antidepressants and further, have inspiration for their future studies. Ru-Band Lu Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University & Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan [...]... mg/kg/day of fluoxetine for 21 days and observed no changes in the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) 14 Effects of Antidepressants The production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines due to stress plus fluoxetine is dependent on the type of stress and route of drug administration Sprague-Dawley strain rats, after 21 days of restraint stress and chronic oral treatment with fluoxetine... changes in the levels of anticollagen antibodies (IgG1 and IgG2a) (Sacre et al., 2010) This result is at odds with the Evaluation of the Humoral Immune Response of Wistar Rats Submitted to Forced Swimming and Treated with Fluoxetine 13 findings of this study since the time/effect analysis of fluoxetine showed immunosuppression of all studied classes of antibodies after twenty-four days of treatment These... combination of their neuropharmacological properties, including anticholinergic, antihistaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic activity (Monleón et al., 2008) We have previously reviewed studies of the effects of antidepressants on animal memory (Monleón et al., 2008) These studies provide several valuable insights into the effects of antidepressants on memory: 1 2 3 4 The memory impairment produced by. .. preclinical evaluation of the possible effects of antidepressant drugs (Porsolt et al., 1977) Its widespread use is mainly due to its ease of implementation, the reliability of its results confirmed in various laboratories and its ability to detect the action of almost all classes of currently available antidepressants (Borsini & Meli, 1988) In this study we evaluated the humoral immune response of rats chronically... of the session, each animal was removed from the cylinder and dried The cylinder was cleaned and the water replaced between use by different groups 2.3 Fluoxetine: Dilution and application We used the drug Daforin® (fluoxetine hydrochloride 20mg/ml) diluted 1:2 in saline solution for the experiment Thirty minutes after the end of each forced swimming session, the animals received 10 mg/kg/day of fluoxetine... were used To evaluate antibody production (IgM, IgG1 IgG2a), four-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed including the effects of the swimming sessions (Ctl X Swm), fluoxetine treatment (sal X fxt), immunization (n-Im X Im) and repeated measurement factor of blood sampling time Evaluation of the Humoral Immune Response of Wistar Rats Submitted to Forced Swimming and Treated with Fluoxetine 7 (preImmunization... impairment produced by several antidepressants is not confined to those with anticholinergic properties Although there are relatively few studies involving chronic antidepressant administration, they reveal an absence of tolerance, which is present regardless of the mechanism responsible for the therapeutic effects of antidepressants This lack of tolerance suggests that the influence of antidepressants on memory... two seemingly opposite effects of fluoxetine: in the presence of severe stressors known to induce mass reduction, the drug prevents such losses, while in the presence of mild stressors, the drug leads to weight loss, which suggests an anorexic effect Human studies have confirmed the anorectic effect of fluoxetine in that reductions in body mass from the chronic administration of fluoxetine were observed... depression Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Vol.35, pp 581-587, ISSN 1678-4510 Page, M E.; Detke, M J.; Kirby, A D L G & Lucki, I (1999) Serotonergic mediation of the effects of fluoxetine, but not desipramine, in the rat forced swimming test Psychopharmacology, Vol.147, pp 162–167, ISSN 1432-2072 Pellegrino, T C & Bayer, B M (2002) Role of Central 5-HT2 Receptors in FluoxetineInduced Decreases... Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder American Journal of Psychology, Vol.149, No.8, pp 999-1010, ISSN 0002-9556 Evaluation of the Humoral Immune Response of Wistar Rats Submitted to Forced Swimming and Treated with Fluoxetine 21 Rammal, H.; Bouayed, J.; Falla, J.; Boujedaini, N & Soulimani, R (2010) The Impact of High Anxiety Level on Cellular and Humoral . EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS Edited by Ru-Band Lu Effects of Antidepressants Edited by Ru-Band Lu Published by InTech. Edited by Ru-Band Lu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0663-0 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Evaluation of the Humoral Immune Response of Wistar