Influence of anion size and electronic structure on the gas separation performance of ionic liquid/ZIF-8 composites

We investigated the influences of the changes in the electronic structure and size of the anion of an imidazolium ionic liquid (IL) on gas adsorption and separation performance of the IL/ZIF-8 (zeolitic imidazolate framework) composites

Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 306 (2020) 110446 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Microporous and Mesoporous Materials journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/micromeso Influence of anion size and electronic structure on the gas separation performance of ionic liquid/ZIF-8 composites Muhammad Zeeshan a, b, Harun Kulak a, b, Safiyye Kavak b, c, H Mert Polat b, c, Ozce Durak a, b, Seda Keskin a, b, *, Alper Uzun a, b, d, ** a Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey d Koỗ University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koỗ University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey b c A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Keywords: Ionic liquids (ILs) Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) Gas adsorption Porous material Hybrid composites We investigated the influences of the changes in the electronic structure and size of the anion of an imidazolium ionic liquid (IL) on gas adsorption and separation performance of the IL/ZIF-8 (zeolitic imidazolate framework) composites We studied four different imidazolium ILs having the same cation, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, [BMIM]ỵ, with anions having structures allowing a systematic comparison of the changes in the electronic structure and size To examine the influence of changes in the electronic structure, we considered anions rep­ resenting the fluorination on the anion, methanesulfonate, [MeSO3]À , and trifluoromethanesulfonate, [CF3SO3]À To investigate the change in the anion size, methyl sulfate, [MeSO4]À , and octyl sulfate, [OcSO4]À , were studied Characterization of IL/ZIF-8 composites demonstrated successful incorporation of each IL in ZIF-8 without causing any detectable changes in the crystal structure and morphology of ZIF-8 Thermogravimetric analysis and infrared (IR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of direct interactions between ILs and ZIF-8, which directly control gas separation performance of the composite Gas adsorption measurements illustrated that incorporation of ILs significantly improves the gas separation performance of the pristine ZIF-8 [BMIM] [MeSO4]/ZIF-8 composite had 3.3- and 1.8-times higher CO2/N2 and CH4/N2 selectivities compared to ZIF-8, respectively, at bar When the IL has a fluorinated anion, CO2/CH4 selectivity improved 3-times compared to its non-fluorinated counterpart Upon the incorporation of IL with a small anion, IL/ZIF-8 composite showed higher CO2/N2 and CH4/N2 selectivities compared to the composite having an IL with a bulky anion These results will contribute in guiding rational design of IL/MOF composites for different gas separations Introduction Excessive combustion of fossil fuels led to a significant increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere This increase is the main reason for the climate change and global warming [1–4] Moreover, purifica­ tion of natural gas is a crucial process because the presence of impurities, such as CO2, reduces the total calorific value of natural gas and promotes the corrosion in pipelines and equipment [5] Among the existing CO2 capture and separation technologies, adsorption-based gas separation process by nanoporous materials has emerged as an energy- and cost-effective technology [6,7] Thus, it is critical to design and syn­ thesize novel microporous materials that have a potential to selectively capture CO2 from a mixture of gas streams, such as CH4 and N2 Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), a novel class of porous crystalline mate­ rials, have been recently considered for the capture and separation of CO2 from gas mixtures containing CH4 and N2 as alternatives to tradi­ tional adsorbents, such as zeolites, alumina, silica gels, carbon molec­ ular sieve, and carbon nanotubes [8–11] Furthermore, owing to the ability of changing the metal nodes and linkers, MOFs offer large surface areas, high pore volumes, variety of pore sizes and shapes, and reason­ able chemical and thermal stabilities [12,13] Several studies demon­ strated tuning of the physicochemical properties of a parent MOF by various post-synthesis modification techniques, such as amine func­ tionalization, metal, and ligand exchange, and surface functionalization * Corresponding author Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey ** Corresponding author Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail addresses: skeskin@ku.edu.tr (S Keskin), auzun@ku.edu.tr (A Uzun) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110446 Received 25 May 2020; Received in revised form 25 June 2020; Accepted 28 June 2020 Available online July 2020 1387-1811/© 2020 The Authors Published by Elsevier Inc This is (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license M Zeeshan et al Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 306 (2020) 110446 [14–17] Among these approaches, post-synthesis modification of MOFs by combining them with ionic liquids (ILs) has offered a broad prospect in tuning gas adsorption and separation performance of a parent MOF [18–20] ILs are novel solvents that are composed of cations and anions, and generally have lower melting points than 100 � C [21] The unique properties of ILs, such as low vapor pressure, high thermal stability, and tunable physicochemical properties, offer a broad potential for various applications, such as catalysis [22], lubricants [23], electrolytes [24], sensors [25], and gas adsorption and separation processes [26,27] Among these applications, post-synthesis modifications of MOFs by combining them with ILs offer opportunities especially for designing novel materials having a high performance in CO2 adsorption and sep­ aration because of the high solubility of CO2 in most ILs Several studies reported that upon the incorporation of ILs into the pores of a MOF, gas adsorption and separation performance of the parent MOF improved significantly [28–37] For instance, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]) was incorporated into copper benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (CuBTC) and zeolite imidazolate framework, ZIF-8 [28,29] Results showed im­ provements in gas separation performance of both MOFs Mohamedali et al [30–32] reported impregnation of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([BMIM][Ac]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][Ac]) into CuBTC, ZIF-8, and MOF-77 Results demonstrated an improved CO2 adsorption capacity and CO2/N2 separation performance for each IL/MOF composite Our group reported that incorporation of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]) and 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate ([BMIM][SCN]) resul­ ted in enhanced CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and CH4/N2 separation perfor­ mances of ZIF-8 [33,34] Ma et al [35] studied incorporation of a task-specific IL 1-(3-aminopropyl)-2-butylimidazolium tris(tri­ fluoromethanesulfonyl)methide ([C3NH2BIM][Tf2N]) into chromium 1, 4-benzenedicarboxylate (NH2-MIL-101(Cr)) and reported an improve­ ment in CO2/N2 selectivity In a similar study, Ding et al [36] explored the incorporation of imidazolium-based poly (ionic liquid)s (polyILs) into MIL-101 and reported an improvement in both CO2 uptake capacity and CO2/N2 separation performance Besides, our group recently examined six different imidazolium-based ILs by incorporating them into aluminum 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (MIL-53(Al)) and reported increased CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivities compared to those of parent MOF [37,38] Studies discussed above imply that gas adsorption capacity and gas separation performance of IL/MOF composites are significantly controlled by the IL‒MOF interactions Furthermore, these studies also suggest that anion part of the IL is dominant in controlling the IL‒MOF and IL‒adsorbate interactions None of these studies, however, focused on systematically investigating the structural changes on the individual components of IL/MOF composites and their consequences on the gas separation performance of the materials Such investigations potentially provide insights on the structure-performance relationships of these composites and, therefore, they are crucial for the rational design of IL/ MOF composites with a high gas separation performance To contribute into this field, in this work, we geared at examining the impact of sys­ tematic changes on the electronic structure and size of the anion of an imidazolium-type IL on the gas separation performance of the corre­ sponding IL/MOF composite We studied four different imidazolium ILs having the same [BMIM]ỵ cation and different anions (methanesulfonate, [MeSO3] ; triư fluoromethanesulfonate, [CF3SO3]À ; methyl sulfate, [MeSO4]À ; octyl sulfate, [OcSO4]À ) and incorporated them into ZIF-8 at comparable IL loadings We chose ZIF-8, as this MOF offers a versatile platform for the incorporation of ILs [33,34,39] The composites were prepared by the post-synthesis modification as before [29] and characterized in detail by combining different experimental techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron mi­ croscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and infrared spectroscopies (IR) Afterward, to examine the gas adsorption and separation performance of the pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites, volumetric adsorption measurements for CO2, CH4, and N2 were performed Results showed that IL/ZIF-8 composite with a fluorinated anion led to an improved CO2/CH4 separation performance, whereas incorporation of the IL with a smaller anion into ZIF-8 resulted in a superior CO2/N2 and CH4/N2 separation performance Character­ ization data indicated that these changes in separation performance are directly related with the changes in the interactions between the IL molecules and the ZIF-8 cage These results illustrate that the changes in both the electronic environment and the size of the IL’s anion play a significant role in determining the interactions and their consequences on the separation performance Thus, they provide much needed in­ sights for the rational design of IL/MOF composites having improved gas separation performances Materials and methods 2.1 Materials All the ILs, ZIF-8 (Basolite Z1200, 2-methylimidazole zinc salt), and acetone were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich and stored in an Ar-filled glove box (Labconco) CH4 (99.95%), CO2 (99.9%), N2 (99.998%), and He (99.999%) were purchased from Air Liquide 2.2 Sample preparation Pristine ZIF-8 was first activated at 105 � C overnight under vacuum prior to incorporation of the IL Each IL/ZIF-8 composite was prepared by wet impregnation, as previously reported [33] The IL/ZIF-8 com­ posites with a targeted IL loading of 30 wt% were prepared by dissolving 300 mg of IL in 20 mL of acetone by stirring for h under ambient conditions Then 700 mg of dehydrated ZIF-8 powder was added to the solution and the mixture was stirred at 35 � C in an open atmosphere allowing the solvent to evaporate itself at a slow pace After the solvent was completely evaporated, the resulting IL/ZIF-8 composites were further dried at 105 � C overnight The synthesized IL/ZIF-8 composites were stored in a desiccator 2.3 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy The elemental analyses of the IL/ZIF-8 composites were conducted on a Bruker S8 Tiger spectrometer The analyses were performed under He atmosphere and an X-ray tube with kW Rh anode was used to generate X-rays SpectraPlus Eval2 V2.2.454 software was used for the interpretation of obtained data 2.4 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis A Micromeritics ASAP 2020 was utilized to determine the surface area and pore volume from the N2 adsorption isotherms obtain at À 196 � C for pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites Prior to each measure­ ment, 150 mg of sample was degassed at 125 � C for 12 h under vacuum N2 adsorption isotherm was obtained between the pressure range of 10À and bar The BET equation and the t-plot method were used to calculate surface area and pore volume of the samples in the relative pressure range 0.05–0.65 2.5 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) SEM images of the pristine ZIF-8 and its composites with the ILs were obtained with a Zeiss Evo LS 15 using an accelerating voltage of kV under vacuum The sample surfaces were sputtered with gold prior to each measurement The SEM images were obtained at two different magnifications (100 k� and 25 k� ) M Zeeshan et al Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 306 (2020) 110446 2.6 X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy error range of XRF measurements are presented in Table Data showed that each IL/ZIF-8 composite had an IL loading of 25.5 � 1.5 wt% This amount matches the amount reported to be the highest IL loading on IL/ ZIF-8 composites that can be achieved before overfilling the pores of ZIF8 to exceed the wetness point [28,29] Fig represents the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of the pristine ZIF-8 and the IL/ZIF-8 composites measured at À 196 � C The results presented in Fig showed typical type-I isotherms without any profound hysteresis loop for pristine ZIF-8 and IL-incorporated com­ posites These observations suggest that upon the incorporation of ILs, ZIF-8 retains its microporous feature in each IL/ZIF-8 composite BET surface areas and pore volumes obtained from the correspond­ ing N2 isotherms for pristine MOF and IL-incorporated MOF composites are summarized in Table The data showed that the BET surface areas and pore volumes of IL/ZIF-8 composites are notably lower than those of the pristine ZIF-8, as observed in previous reports [33] This difference can be attributed to the successful incorporation of IL molecules into MOF pores, thereby reducing the overall N2 uptake However, it is noteworthy that overall N2 uptake is also dependent on the solubility of N2 in the ILs Thus, because of the poor solubility of N2 in the IL, espe­ cially at the measurement conditions, some IL molecules located at the gate openings of the ZIF-8 might block the accessibility of N2 molecules into the completely/partially available MOF pores [45] Therefore, we note that the BET measurements of IL/ZIF-8 composites are not very reliable even though they consistently present a decrease in surface area upon the incorporation of IL Fig shows the SEM images of the pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites demonstrating the surface morphologies of the materials Accordingly, SEM images of IL-incorporated ZIF-8 composites clearly show that the rhombic dodecahedron structure of pristine ZIF-8 was preserved upon the incorporation of IL To further evaluate the crystal structure of the samples, XRD patterns of the pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites were obtained as shown in Fig Results showed that all the characteristics peaks of ZIF-8 were intact for each IL/MOF composite, thus, it can be inferred that the crystallinity of ZIF-8 was well-maintained upon the incorporation of ILs However, compared to pristine ZIF-8, the intensities of the diffraction peaks were slightly different in the IL-incorporated MOF composites, implying the presence of possible changes in the electronic structure inside the MOF pores or in the crystal orientation Next, we investigated the thermal stabilities of the IL/MOF com­ posites TGA measurements were performed for the pristine MOF, the bulk ILs, and the IL/MOF composites as shown in Fig The derivative onset temperatures (T0 onset) for pristine ZIF-8, bulk ILs, and IL/ZIF-8 composites were determined from the derivative TG curves Results presented in Fig showed a typical one-step decomposition for ZIF-8 and bulk ILs, whereas a two-step decomposition mechanism was observed in the TGA curves of IL/ZIF-8 composites The initial weight loss between 100 and 150 � C observed on each TGA curve can be attributed to the evaporation of the moisture content in each sample Accordingly, the T0 onset of pristine ZIF-8, bulk [BMIM][MeSO3], [BMIM] [CF3SO3], [BMIM][MeSO4], and [BMIM][OcSO4] were found as 375, 278, 324, 302, and 252 � C, respectively Upon incorporation of the ILs into ZIF-8, thermal stability of each IL/ZIF-8 decreased compared to that of pristine ZIF-8 Accordingly, T0 onset for [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8, [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8, [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8, and [BMIM][OcSO4]/ ZIF-8 composites were found to be 257, 315, 241, and 242 � C, respec­ tively Thus, these changes in T0 onset values and in the total weight losses indicate changes in the decomposition mechanisms in the composites, which confirm the presence of IL‒MOF interactions These results are consistent with a comprehensive report on the structural factors deter­ mining the thermal stabilities of the IL/MOF composites, reported pre­ viously [41] To further identify these IL‒MOF interactions, IR spectra of the pristine MOF, bulk IL, and the IL/ZIF-8 composite were acquired and examined in detail Fig shows the IR spectra of pristine ZIF-8, bulk IL, and IL-incorporated ZIF-8 composites in the spectral regions of XRD pattern of pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites were obtained using a Bruker D8 Advance instrument with Cu-Kα1 radiation (λ ¼ 1.5406 Å) operating at a voltage of 30 kV and a current of 10 mA Each diffraction pattern was collected in a 2θ range of 5–50� , with a step size of 0.0204� 2.7 Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) TGA of the pristine ZIF-8, bulk ILs, and IL/ZIF-8 composites were performed on a TA Instruments Q500 thermogravimetric analyzer The analysis was carried under N2 atmosphere of 40 and 60 mL minÀ for balance and purge gases, respectively After taring the pan, approxi­ mately 10 mg of each sample was loaded into a platinum pan and temperature was increased from room temperature to 100 � C at a ramp rate of � C minÀ After an isothermal treatment for h at 100 � C, temperature was further increased at a ramp rate of � C minÀ to 700 � C For comparing thermal decomposition temperature of the samples, the thermal decomposition temperatures, the onset (Tonset) and deriva­ tive onset (T0 onset) temperatures were determined from the thermogra­ vimetric (TG) and derivative TG curves In this study, derivative onset temperatures (T0 onset) were considered for comparison analysis, because onset temperature values (Tonset) generally overestimate the decompo­ sition temperature, as previously reported [40,41] 2.8 Infrared spectroscopy (IR) IR spectra of the pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites were recorded using a Bruker Vertex 80v FTIR spectrometer averaging 512 scans collected at a spectral resolution of cmÀ Sample was loaded between two potassium bromide (KBr) windows in an IR cell, and ana­ lyses were performed under vacuum at room temperature to obtain IR spectra between 650 and 4000 cmÀ in transmission mode IR bands deconvolution was performed using Fityk software by employing the Voigt function [42] 2.9 Conductor-like screening model for realistic solvents (COSMO-RS) calculations To predict the CO2, CH4, and N2 solubilities, we used the COSMO­ ThermX software, version C30_160 [43] The gas solubilities were calculated in a pressure range of 0.1–1 bar at 25 � C These calculations were performed using the TZVP parameterizations, whereas the solu­ bility values were obtained from the activity coefficients 2.10 Gas adsorption measurements A High-Pressure Volumetric Analyzer (Micromeritics HPVA II-200) was used to perform single-component gas adsorption measurements of samples for CO2, CH4, and N2 gases For each measurement, approximately 300 mg of sample was loaded into the sample holder and degassed overnight at 150 � C under vacuum After degassing, the system was purged with He gas three-times to remove the unwanted residual gases from the previous measurement Afterward, adsorption isotherm of CO2, CH4, and N2 gases were obtained in a pressure range of 0.1–1 bar at 25 � C Gas adsorption isotherms were fitted to the dual-site Langmuir (DSL), Langmuir-Freundlich (LF), and dual-Site Langmuir-Freundlich (DSLF) models using Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST)ỵỵ [44], software to calculate the ideal and mixture CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and CH4/N2 selectivities Fitting parameters for gas adsorption isotherms are provided in Table S1 of Supporting Information (SI) Results and discussion The elemental composition of the composites determined within the M Zeeshan et al Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 306 (2020) 110446 Table Zn and S amount in IL/ZIF-8 composites determined from XRF analysis Sample Zn Concentration [wt%] S Concentration [wt%] Corresponding IL Loading [wt%] [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8 [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8 [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8 [BMIM][OcSO4]/ZIF-8 13.44 14.20 15.91 16.79 2.16 2.05 2.46 1.73 25 27 26 24 Fig N2 isotherms of pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites at À 196 � C these interactions were shared with the MOF However, in the case of the composite involving the IL with a fluorinated anion, the interionic in­ teractions between the sulfonate groups become stronger as evidenced by a major blue-shift This increase in strengthening of the interionic interaction can be attributed to the presence of highly electronegative character of fluorine atoms, which probably attracts electrons from the MOF Furthermore, we note that these shifts in the IR features of the bulk ILs upon the incorporation of ILs into ZIF-8 are consistent with a pre­ vious report, where [BMIM][CF3SO3] was incorporated into MIL-53(Al) [38] Likewise, to demonstrate the influence of IL’s anion size on the IL‒ MOF interactions, we examined the IR spectra of bulk [BMIM][MeSO4], [BMIM][OcSO4], and the corresponding IL/ZIF-8 composites in detail The peaks at 1009 and 1218 cmÀ correspond to νas (—SO3) and νs (—SO3) stretching modes of bulk ILs, respectively The peak at 1009 cmÀ red-shifted to 1003 and 1006 cmÀ in the IR spectra of [BMIM] [MeSO4]/ZIF-8 and [BMIM][OcSO4]/ZIF-8 composites, respectively However, the peak at 1218 cmÀ did not exhibit any shifts Here, we infer that the change in the anion size of imidazolium ILs have no sig­ nificant impact on IL‒MOF interactions Furthermore, to investigate any evidence of the IL‒MOF interactions in the higher IR region, we considered ν(C2H) band related to the ring structure of IL’s cation The corresponding bands were located at 3109, 3117, 3105, and 3107 cmÀ in the bulk IR spectra of [BMIM][MeSO3], [BMIM][CF3SO3], [BMIM] [MeSO4], and [BMIM][OcSO4], respectively [46] These bands exhibi­ ted blue-shifts of 7, 12, 8, and 10 cmÀ in the corresponding IR spec­ trums of IL/ZIF-8 composites, respectively As the interionic interaction energies between cation and anion of the bulk IL is probed by the ν(C2H) band, a major blue-shift in the band position of this feature implies the weak interactions between the cation and anion of the IL when it is confined in the MOF cage [47,48] As most of these shifts were observed in the IR spectra of IL’s anion, we infer that incorporation of the IL into MOFs’ pores leads to the direct interactions between IL’s anion and MOF surface These shifts in the IR features of bulk IL indicate the possibility of electron sharing between the IL and MOF, defined the nature of IL‒ Table BET surface area and pore volume of pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites Sample SBET [m2gÀ 1] Vpore [cm3gÀ 1] ZIF-8 [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8 [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8 [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8 [BMIM][OcSO4]/ZIF-8 1208 195 362 233 195 0.63 0.09 0.16 0.12 0.08 2800–3200 cmÀ and 650–1800 cmÀ Appearance of all of the characteristic peaks of each IL in the IR spectra of the IL/ZIF-8 composites in Fig further confirms the suc­ cessful incorporation of ILs into framework To examine the influence of the fluorination and size change of the IL’s anion on the IL‒MOF in­ teractions, we thoroughly analyzed the changes in the band positions of the IR features related to the corresponding anion First, we investigated the influence of fluorination of IL’s anion on the IL‒MOF interactions, comparing the data related with [BMIM][MeSO3] and its counterpart with the fluorinated anion, [BMIM][CF3SO3] In the lower region of the IR spectrum of bulk [BMIM][MeSO3], the peaks at 1037 and 1170 cmÀ correspond to asymmetric νas (—SO3) and symmetric νs (—SO3) stretching modes of the anion of IL, respectively; whereas the corre­ sponding peaks for [BMIM][CF3SO3] were located at 1224 and 1250 cmÀ [37] In the case of non-fluorinated anion, both νas (—SO3) and νs (—SO3) modes presented red-shifts of and cmÀ in the IR spectra of [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8 composite, respectively; whereas no shifts were observed in the corresponding IR bands for the composite containing the fluorinated IL However, the band at 1154 cmÀ corresponding to νas (—CF3) in [BMIM][CF3SO3] presented a major blue-shift of 12 cmÀ in the IR spectra of [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8 composite From these obser­ vations, we infer that incorporation of IL with a non-fluorinated anion, the interionic interaction between the sulfonate groups of IL’s anion becomes weaker as indicated by red-shifts, as the electrons involving in M Zeeshan et al Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 306 (2020) 110446 Fig XRD patterns of pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites ([BMIM][CF3SO3]) and non-fluorinated ([BMIM][MeSO3]) anions have similar CO2 uptakes; however, significant differences were observed in their CH4 and N2 uptakes CH4 uptake significantly decreased in the case of the composite having the IL with the fluorinated anion, whereas the composite having the IL with the non-fluorinated anion was measured to have a lower N2 uptake Such differences in gas uptakes could be attributed to the higher affinity of the fluorinated anion towards CO2 and N2 molecules, which have quadrupole moments, while having a comparatively weak attraction towards non-polar CH4 Furthermore, it is well-known that CO2 has a great affinity towards fluorine moieties, thus the presence of C–F bond in a highly fluorinated anion may act as Lewis base to interact with acidic carbon atom of CO2 Such interactions improves the CO2-philicity by providing preferential adsorption sites for CO2 molecules compared to CH4 [49,50] We also calculated CO2, CH4, and N2 solubilities of bulk ILs using COSMO-RS, which is widely used to estimate the solubilities of various hydrocarbons and gases in ILs [51–53] The stronger interactions between CO2 and N2 with the fluo­ rinated anion are in agreement with the gas solubilities estimated by COSMO-RS calculations, where bulk [BMIM][CF3SO3] has higher CO2 and N2 solubilities compared to the bulk IL having a non-fluorinated anion ([BMIM][MeSO3]) as shown in Fig S1 Thus, the lower CH4 up­ take of [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8 composite can be attributed to the weak interactions between the fluorinated anion and CH4, which is also consistent with the poor solubility of CH4 in the bulk ([BMIM][CF3SO3]) as predicted by COSMO-RS calculations In addition to the IL‒MOF surface interactions with the adsorbate molecules, the size of the IL’s anion significantly influences the adsorption capacity of the corresponding IL/ZIF-8 composite The data showed that incorporation of the IL having a bulky anion ([OcSO4]À ) into ZIF-8 led to the lowest uptakes for each gas compared to the gas uptakes of [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8 composite Here, we note that the gas solubilities in bulk ILs generally increase with the increase in alkyl chain length or electronic environment of cation/anion [54,55] However, when the anion size of the IL increased, we observed a different trend in the gas uptakes of the corresponding IL/ZIF-8 composite This opposite trend between the bulk ILs’ gas solubilities and their gas uptakes in the corresponding IL/ZIF-8 composite can be attributed to the change in the affinity of the corresponding IL towards the adsorbate molecules [38] Furthermore, we note that when a bulky IL is incorporated into ZIF-8, less pore volume is available for the adsorbate molecule in the corre­ sponding composite compared to the composite having an IL with a small anion Thus, [BMIM][OcSO4]/ZIF-8 composite having an IL with a Fig SEM images of (a) ZIF-8, (b) [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8, (c) [BMIM] [CF3SO3]/ZIF-8, (d) [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8, and (e) [BMIM][OcSO4]/ZIF-8 at magnifications of 100 k� and 25 k� MOF interactions in the composites To examine the influence of these interactions on the gas adsorption and separation performance of the materials, single-component gas adsorption isotherms for CO2, CH4, and N2 were measured in a pressure range of 0.1–1 bar for pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites at 25 � C The gas adsorption isotherms for pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites are presented in Fig As demonstrated in Fig 6, the gas uptake capacity of each IL/MOF composite reduced compared to that of pristine ZIF-8 This decrease in the uptake capacity of the IL-incorporated ZIF-8 composites can be attributed to the reduced available surface area and pore volume by the presence of the IL molecules in the cages of the ZIF-8 Furthermore, the data showed that the IL/MOF composites with ILs having a fluorinated M Zeeshan et al Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 306 (2020) 110446 Fig TGA curves of pristine ZIF-8, bulk ILs, and IL/ZIF-8 composites: (a) [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8, (b) [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8, (c) [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8, and (d) [BMIM][OcSO4]/ZIF-8 bulky anion showed the lowest uptake for each gas compared to [BMIM] [MeSO4]/ZIF-8 composite Finally, to assess the influence of the differences in the gas uptakes on the gas separation performance of the IL/MOF composites, we fitted the individual single-component gas adsorption isotherms of pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites to dual-site Langmuir, Langmuir-Freundlich, and dual-site Langmuir-Freundlich models and calculated their ideal and mixture selectivities Ideal CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and CH4/N2 selec­ tivities were calculated from the fitted adsorption isotherms, whereas mixture selectivities were calculated using the Ideal Adsorption Solution Theory (IAST) for pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites [38] IAST is an effective method to predict the gas mixture adsorption data by using experimentally measured single-component gas adsorption isotherms Fig shows the ideal and mixture (CO2/CH4:50/50, CO2/N2:15/85, and CH4/N2:50/50) selectivities of IL/ZIF-8 composites normalized by their corresponding values on the pristine ZIF-8 at the same condition Thus, having a normalized value higher than unity for any selectivity value indicates an improvement in the corresponding selectivity of ZIF-8 upon the incorporation of IL According to Fig 7(a–c), [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8, having an IL with the fluorinated anion, exhibited 3-times higher ideal selectivity than that of [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8 at a low pressure range for CO2/CH4 separation In addition, IL/ZIF-8 composites with both fluorinated and non-fluorinated anions showed 2.5- and 2-times higher ideal CO2/CH4 selectivities, respectively, than those of the pristine ZIF-8 at bar However, an opposite trend was observed for the ideal CO2/N2 and CH4/ N2 selectivities of the composites At low pressures, [BMIM][MeSO3]/ ZIF-8 exhibited 3-times higher ideal CO2/N2 selectivity compared to [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8 Furthermore, as the pressure increases, ideal CO2/N2 selectivity of [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8 decreased; however, the selectivity remains 2-times higher compared to that of [BMIM] [CF3SO3]/ZIF-8 at bar Similarly, [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8 having a non-fluorinated anion exhibited 4.3-times higher ideal CH4/N2 selec­ tivity than that of [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8 at 0.01 bar Here, we conclude that high electronegativity of the fluorinated anion promotes the IL interactions with the surface electrons of ZIF-8 cage as discussed in the IR analysis, where a major blue-shift was observed for νas(—CF3) band in the IR spectra of [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8 composite Presence of such strong interactions between the IL and MOF cage favors the pref­ erential adsorption of CO2 compared to CH4, leading to an improvement in the CO2/CH4 separation performance On the other hand, because of the very poor solubility of N2 compared to CO2 and CH4 in a nonfluorinated bulk IL ([BMIM][MeSO3]), the corresponding IL/ZIF-8 composite showed significantly improved CO2/N2 and CH4/N2 separa­ tion performances compared to those of the [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8 composite Furthermore, it is noteworthy here that when ZIF-8 was incorporated with an IL having either a fluorinated or bulky anion, the corresponding IL/ZIF-8 composite becomes N2 selective over CH4, which is the opposite of the separation performance of the pristine ZIF-8 Thus, we infer that by changing the electronic structure or size of the IL anion, ZIF-8 separation characteristics can be switched from being CH4 selective to N2 selective in the IL/ZIF-8 composite This observation further demonstrates the broad potential of incorporating ILs into MOFs in tuning the adsorption and separation characteristics of MOF Next, we compared the selectivities of [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8 with those of [BMIM][OcSO4]/ZIF-8 to investigate the impact of the changes in the anion size of IL on the corresponding CO2 separation performance of the composites At low pressures, [BMIM][OcSO4]/ZIF-8 composite presented 2-times higher CO2/CH4 separation performance than [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8 composite Moreover, both [BMIM][MeSO4]/ ZIF-8 and [BMIM][OcSO4]/ZIF-8 composites showed approximately 1.5-times higher CO2/CH4 separation performance compared to pristine ZIF-8 at bar Furthermore, [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8 showed 1.5- and 3.3-times higher ideal CO2/N2 selectivity than that of the [BMIM] [OcSO4]/ZIF-8 composite at 0.01 and bar Likewise, [BMIM][MeSO4]/ ZIF-8 composite having a small anion showed approximately 1.8-times higher CH4/N2 separation performance compared to [BMIM][OcSO4]/ ZIF-8 in the whole pressure range (0.01–1 bar) These results demon­ strate that incorporation of IL with a small anion ([MeSO4]À ) into ZIF-8 significantly improved CO2/N2 and CH4/N2 separation performance of the composite Next, we considered another structural change in the anion by comparing the ILs having sulfite and sulfate groups in their anions to demonstrate their impact on CO2 separation of the composites M Zeeshan et al Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 306 (2020) 110446 Fig IR spectra of pristine ZIF-8, bulk IL, and IL-incorporated ZIF-8 composite: (a) [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8, (b) [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8, (c) [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8, and (d) [BMIM][OcSO4]/ZIF-8 M Zeeshan et al Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 306 (2020) 110446 Fig Excess adsorption isotherms of (a) CO2, (b) CH4, and (c) N2 in pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ZIF-8 composites at 25 � C Accordingly, IL/ZIF-8 composites ([BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8 and [BMIM] [MeSO4]/ZIF-8) having ILs with sulfite and sulfate groups in their an­ ions, respectively, have almost similar CO2/CH4 and CH4/N2 separation performances; however, the IL/ZIF-8 composite with an IL having a sulfate group in its anion presented 2-times higher ideal CO2/N2 selec­ tivity than IL/ZIF-8 composite with sulfite anion at bar Furthermore, for a qualitative comparison between the separation performances of the bulk ILs and their corresponding IL/ZIF-8 com­ posites, CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and CH4/N2 selectivities of bulk ILs based on the ratios of the corresponding gas solubilities determined from the COSMO-RS calculations were estimated as presented in Fig S2 Accordingly, fluorination of the anion led to an improvement in CO2/ CH4 separation performance, whereas the corresponding CO2/N2 and CH4/N2 selectivities were lower than those of composites having the IL with a non-fluorinated anion On the other hand, an increase in the anion size of the IL leads to a decrease in both ideal CO2/CH4 and CO2/ N2 selectivities; however, the ideal CH4/N2 selectivity was improved Similarly, the bulk IL with a sulfate anion has higher CO2/CH4 and CO2/ N2 selectivities compared to those of the IL with a sulfite anion These trends in CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and CH4/N2 separation performances of bulk ILs are consistent with their corresponding IL/ZIF-8 composites Gases exist as mixtures in real processes, therefore, we performed IAST calculations to predict the corresponding mixture selectivities for CO2/CH4:50/50, CO2/N2:15/85, and CH4/N2:50/50 separations as presented in Fig 7(d–f) Accordingly, the highest improvement in CO2/ CH4:50/50 separation was observed for [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8 fol­ lowed by [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8, [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8, and [BMIM] [OcSO4]/ZIF-8 At bar, the corresponding mixture selectivities were 3.7-, 2.7-, 2-, and 1.3-times higher than the CO2/CH4 separation per­ formance of pristine ZIF-8, respectively Likewise, CO2/N2 mixture se­ lectivities of [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8 and [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8 were calculated to be 2.3- and 1.7-times higher than those of pristine ZIF-8 at bar, respectively Furthermore, at low pressure (0.01 bar), [BMIM] [MeSO3]/ZIF-8 exhibited 5.5-times higher CH4/N2:50/50 separation performance compared to its fluorinated counterpart composite ([BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8) Similarly, a 1.4-times improvement in CH4/ N2:50/50 separation performance was observed in the whole pressure range of 0.01–1 bar for IL/ZIF-8 composite with small anion ([MeSO4]À ) compared to [BMIM][OcSO4]/ZIF-8 As a result, we can conclude that IL/MOF composites with a fluorinated anion offer significantly improved the CO2/CH4 mixture separation performances especially at low pressures Whereas the IL/MOF composite having an IL with a nonfluorinated anion led to improvements in CO2/N2:15/85 and CH4/ N2:50/50 separation performances On the other hand, IL/ZIF-8 com­ posite with a small anion ([MeSO4]À ) demonstrated improvements in CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and CH4/N2 mixture selectivities compared to pris­ tine ZIF-8 In contrast, an increase in the anion size improved the CO2/ CH4 mixture selectivity of IL/ZIF-8 composite at low pressures; however, CO2/N2 and CH4/N2 selectivities of the composite were adversely affected compared to pristine ZIF-8 Furthermore, IL/ZIF-8 composite having a sulfate anion ([BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8) showed approximately 1.5-times higher CO2/CH4:50/50 separation performance in the whole pressure range compared to IL/ZIF-8 composite having an IL with a sulfite anion ([BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8) Likewise, CO2/N2:15/85 and M Zeeshan et al Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 306 (2020) 110446 Fig Normalized ideal and mixture selectivities of IL/ZIF-8 composites at 25 � C CH4/N2:50/50 separation performance of IL/ZIF-8 composite having a sulfate anion was only 0.6- and 0.4-times of those of the IL/ZIF-8 com­ posite with a sulfite anion at bar These results suggest that changes in both electronic environment and the size of the IL’s anion have a sig­ nificant impact on both the ideal and mixture selectivities of IL/ZIF-8 composites Conclusions In this study, four different imidazolium ILs having the same cation, [BMIM]ỵ, and different anions ([MeSO3]À ; [CF3SO3]À ; [MeSO4]À ; and [OcSO4]À ) were incorporated into ZIF-8 to demonstrate the impact of changes in the electronic structure and the size of the anion on the gas adsorption and separation performance of the corresponding IL/ZIF-8 composites The resultant IL/MOF composites were characterized in detail by using various techniques The characterization results of the M Zeeshan et al Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 306 (2020) 110446 composites illustrated the successful incorporation of ILs in ZIF-8, while the crystal structure and morphology of the ZIF-8 were well-maintained TGA and IR data confirmed the presence of IL‒MOF interactions that were accompanied by the changes in the decomposition temperature and shifts in IR features of bulk ILs in composite samples Finally, to investigate the gas adsorption and separation performance, CO2, CH4, and N2 adsorption isotherms were measured for pristine ZIF-8 and IL/ ZIF-8 composites and their corresponding ideal and mixture selectiv­ ities were determined Accordingly, [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8 and [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8 composites exhibited 2.5- and 3.3-times higher ideal CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivities compared to pristine ZIF-8 at bar [BMIM][MeSO3]/ZIF-8 composite showed a 4.3-times higher ideal CH4/N2 selectivity than that of the pristine ZIF-8 at 0.01 bar, which was the highest level of improvement among all the IL/ZIF-8 composites examined in this work Similarly, CO2/CH4:50/50 mixture selectivities of [BMIM][CF3SO3]/ZIF-8 and [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8 were improved 3.7- and 2.7-times compared to those of pristine ZIF-8 at bar, respec­ tively CO2/N2:15/85 and CH4/N2:50/50 mixture selectivities of [BMIM][MeSO4]/ZIF-8 improved 2.3- and 1.8-times compared to those of pristine ZIF-8 at bar, respectively In summary, we demonstrate that the ILs with a fluorinated anion significantly improved the CO2/CH4 separation performance, owing to a stronger affinity of C–F bond to­ wards CO2 compared to that of C–H The poor solubility of N2 in the IL with a non-fluorinated anion led to improved CO2/N2 and CH4/N2 separation performance of the corresponding IL/ZIF-8 composite On the other hand, change in IL anion size did not have a significant impact on CO2/CH4 separation performance, however, remarkable improve­ ments in the CO2/N2 and CH4/N2 separation performance were observed for the composites having ILs of small anion These results demonstrated that the change in electronic environment and anion size of ILs alter the IL-MOF interactions, which have significant impacts on the gas separation performances of the IL/MOF composites Appendix A Supplementary data Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110446 References 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interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper CRediT authorship contribution statement Muhammad Zeeshan: Methodology, Investigation, Writing - orig­ inal draft, Writing - review & editing Harun Kulak: Investigation, Validation Safiyye Kavak: Investigation, Validation H Mert Polat: Investigation, Validation Ozce Durak: Investigation, Validation Seda Keskin: Conceptualization, Supervision, Methodology, Writing - orig­ inal draft, Writing - review & editing Alper Uzun: Conceptualization, Supervision, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing Acknowledgments This work is supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under 1001-Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding Program (Project Number 114R093) and by Koç University Seed Fund Program S.K acknowledges ERC-2017Starting Grant This 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in the composites To examine the influence of these interactions on the gas adsorption and separation performance of the materials, single-component gas. .. examine the influence of the fluorination and size change of the IL’s anion on the IL‒MOF in­ teractions, we thoroughly analyzed the changes in the band positions of the IR features related to the. .. illustrate that the changes in both the electronic environment and the size of the IL’s anion play a significant role in determining the interactions and their consequences on the separation performance