Ebook Fundamentals of building construction: Materials and methods (Fifth edition) - Part 2

Continued part 1, part 2 of ebook Fundamentals of building construction: Materials and methods (Fifth edition) provide readers with content about: light gauge steel frame construction; concrete construction; sitecast concrete framing systems; precast concrete framing systems;... Please refer to the part 2 of ebook for details!

12 Light Gauge Steel Frame Construction • The Concept of Light Gauge Steel Construction CONSIDERATIONS SUSTAINABILITY IN LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAMING OF • Framing Procedures • Other Common Uses of Light Gauge Steel Framing • Light Gauge Steel Framing and the Building Codes • Finishes for Light Gauge Steel Framing METALS IN ARCHITECTURE FROM CONCEPT TO REALITY Camera Obscura at Mitchell Park, Greenport, New York FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF A LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAME STRUCTURE • Advantages and Disadvantages of Light Gauge Steel Framing Driving self-drilling, self-tapping screws with electric screw guns, framers add diagonal bracing straps to a wall frame made from light gauge steel studs and runner channels (Courtesy of United States Gypsum Company) 489 JWBK274_Ch12.indd 489 10/30/08 4:30:34 AM To manufacture the members used in light gauge steel frame construction, sheet steel is fed from continuous coils through machines at room temperature that cold-work the metal (see Chapter 11) and fold it into efficient structural shapes, producing linear members that are stiff and strong Thus, these members are referred to as cold-formed metal framing to differentiate them from the much heavier hot-rolled shapes that are used in structural steel framing The term “light gauge” refers to the relative thinness (gauge) of the steel sheet from which the members are made The Concept of Light Gauge Steel Construction Light gauge steel construction is the noncombustible equivalent of wood light frame construction The external dimensions of the standard sizes of light gauge members correspond closely to the dimensions of the standard sizes of nominal 2-inch (38-mm) framing lumber These steel members are used in framing as closely spaced studs, joists, and rafters in much the same way as wood light frame members are used, and a light gauge steel frame building may be sheathed, insulated, wired, and Þnished inside and out in the same manner as a wood light frame building The steel used in light gauge members is manufactured to ASTM standard A1003 and is metalliccoated with zinc or aluminum-zinc alloy to provide long-term protection against corrosion The thickness of the metallic coating can be varied, depending on the severity of the environment in which the members will be placed For studs, joists, and rafters, the steel is formed into C-shaped cee sections (Figure 12.1) The webs of cee members are punched at the factory to provide holes at 2-foot (600mm) intervals; these are designed to allow wiring, piping, and bracing to pass through studs and joists without the necessity of drilling holes on the construction site For top and bottom wall plates and for joist headers, channel sections are used The strength and stiffness of a member depend on the shape and depth of the section and the gauge (thickness) of the steel sheet from which it is made A standard range of depths and gauges is available from each manufacturer Commonly used metal thicknesses for loadbearing members range from 0.097 to 0.033 inch (2.46Ð0.84 mm) and are as thin as 0.018 inch (0.45 mm) for nonloadbearing members (Figure 12.2) At least one manufacturer produces nonloadbearing light gauge steel members by passing steel sheet through rollers with mated patterned surfaces, producing a dense array of dimples in the metal of the formed members The additional cold working of the metal that occurs during the forming process and the Þnished Figure 12.1 Typical light gauge steel framing members To the left are the common sizes of cee studs and joists In the center are channel studs To the right are runner channels 490 JWBK274_Ch12.indd 490 10/30/08 4:30:36 AM The Concept of Light Gauge Steel Construction / 491 CONSIDER ATIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY IN LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAMING In addition to the sustainability issues raised in the previous chapter, which also apply here, the largest issue concerning the sustainability of light gauge steel construction is the high thermal conductivity of the framing members If a dwelling framed with light gauge steel members is framed, insulated, and Þnished as if it were framed with wood, it will lose heat in winter at about double the rate of the equivalent wood structure To overcome this limitation, energy codes now require light gauge steel framed buildings constructed in cold regions, including most of the continental United States, to be sheathed with plastic foam insulation panels in order to eliminate the extensive thermal bridging that can otherwise occur through the steel framing members patterned surface result in members made from thinner sheet stock that are equal in and strength and stiffness to conventionally formed members produced from heavier gauge material For large projects, members may be manufactured precisely to the required lengths Otherwise, they are furnished in standard lengths Members may be cut to length on the construction job site with power saws or special shears A variety of sheet metal angles, straps, plates, channels, and miscellaneous shapes are manufactured as accessories for light gauge steel construction (Figure 12.3) Light gauge steel members are usually joined with self-drilling, selftapping screws, which drill their own holes and form helical threads in the holes as they are driven Driven rapidly by hand-held electric or pneumatic tools, these screws are plated with cadmium or zinc to resist corrosion, and they are available in an assortment of diameters and lengths Figure 12.2 Minimum thicknesses of base sheet metal (not including the metallic coating) for light gauge steel framing members Traditional gauge designations are also included (note how lower gauge numbers correspond to greater metal thickness) Gauge numbers are no longer recommended for specification of sheet metal thickness due to lack of a uniform standard for the translation between these numbers and actual metal thickness Sheet metal thickness may also be specified in mils, or thousandths of an inch For example, a thickness of 0.033 inch can be expressed as 33 mils JWBK274_Ch12.indd 491 Even with insulating sheathing, careful attention must be given to avoid undesired thermal bridges For example, on a building with a sloped roof, a signiÞcant thermal bridge may remain through the ceiling joist-rafter connections, as seen in Figure 12.4b Foam sheathing on the inside wall and ceiling surfaces is one possible way to avoid this condition, but adding insulation to the inside of the metal framing exposes the studs and stud cavities to greater temperature extremes and increases the risk of condensation It also still allows thermal bridging through the screws used to fasten interior gypsum wallboard to the framing Though small in area, these thermal bridges can readily conduct heat and result in spots of condensation on interior Þnish surfaces in very cold weather to suit a full range of connection situations Welding is often employed to assemble panels of light gauge steel framing that are prefabricated in a factory, and it is sometimes used on the building site where particularly strong connections are needed Other fastening techniques that are widely used include hand-held clinching devices that join members without screws or welds and pneumatically driven pins that penetrate the members and hold by friction Minimum Thickness of Steel Sheet Gauge 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 Loadbearing Light Gauge Steel Framing 0.097Љ (2.46 mm) 0.068Љ (1.73 mm) 0.054Љ (1.37 mm) 0.043Љ (1.09 mm) 0.033Љ (0.84 mm) Nonloadbearing Light Gauge Steel Framing 0.054Љ (1.37 mm) 0.043Љ (1.09 mm) 0.030Љ (0.75 mm) 0.027Љ (0.69 mm) 0.018Љ (0.45 mm) 10/30/08 4:30:39 AM 492 / Chapter 12 • Light Gauge Steel Frame Construction Figure 12.3 END CLIPS WEB STIFFENER Standard accessories for light gauge steel framing End clips are used to join members that meet at right angles Foundation clips attach the ground-floor platform to anchor bolts embedded in the foundation Joist hangers connect joists to headers and trimmers around openings The web stiffener is a two-piece assembly that is inserted inside a joist and screwed to its vertical web to help transmit wall loads vertically through the joist The remaining accessories are used for bracing FOUNDATION CLIP V-BRACING FLAT STRAP BRACING JOIST HANGER 1/2" COLD ROLLED CHANNEL Framing Procedures The sequence of construction for a building that is framed entirely with light gauge steel members is essentially the same as that described in Chapter for a building framed with nominal 2-inch (38-mm) wood members (Figure 12.4) Framing is usually constructed platform fashion: The ground ßoor is framed with steel joists Mastic adhesive is applied to the upper edges of the joists, and wood panel subßooring is laid down and fastened to the upper ßanges of the joists with screws Steel studs are laid ßat on the subßoor and joined JWBK274_Ch12.indd 492 to make wall frames The wall frames are sheathed either with wood panels or, for noncombustible construction, with gypsum sheathing panels, which are similar to gypsum wallboard but with glass mat faces and a water-resistant core formulation The wall frames are tilted up, screwed down to the ßoor frame, and braced The upper-ßoor platform is framed, then the upperßoor walls Finally, the ceiling and roof are framed in much the same way as in a wood-framed house Prefabricated trusses of light gauge steel members that are screwed or welded together are often used to frame ceilings and roofs (Figures 12.15 and 12.16) It is possible, in fact, to frame any building with light gauge steel members that can be framed with nominal 2-inch (38-mm) wood members To achieve a more Þre-resistive construction type under the building code, ßoors of corrugated steel decking with a concrete topping are sometimes substituted for wood panel subßooring Openings in ßoors and walls are framed analogously to openings in wood light frame construction, with doubled members around each opening and strong headers over doors and windows (Figures 12.5Ð12.9) Joist hangers and right-angle clips of 10/30/08 4:30:40 AM Framing Procedures Steel / 493 joist roof r afters End clip Ridge beam— nested steel joists Anchor clip Steel joist roof rafter Steel joist soffit framing B EAVE A RIDGE Stud Figure 12.4 Runner Typical light gauge framing details Each detail is keyed by letter to a circle on the whole-building diagram in the center of the next page to show its location in the frame (a) A pair of nested joists makes a boxlike ridge board or ridge beam (b) Anchor clips are sandwiched between the ceiling joists and rafters to hold the roof framing down to the wall (c) A web stiffener helps transmit vertical forces from each stud through the end of the joist to the stud in the floor below Mastic adhesive cushions the joint between the subfloor and the steel framing (d) Foundation clips anchor the entire frame to the foundation (e) At interior joist bearings, joists are overlapped back to back and a web stiffener is inserted (continued) Continuous bead of adhesive Web stiffener Closure channel C-runner C JOIST BEARING AT UPPER FLOOR Runner—fasten through plywood into closure Plywood subfloor Web stiffener Steel joists Grout and shim as required Web stiffener Foundation clip D JOIST BEARING AT FOUNDATION JWBK274_Ch12.indd 493 Steel stud or beam E INTERIOR JOIST BEARING 10/30/08 4:30:40 AM 494 / Chapter 12 • Light Gauge Steel Frame Construction Ceiling joists Rafter Steel stud A H GABLE END FRAMING Closure channel or joist section B H 1/2" x 20gauge bracing strap C D End tabs E G F G JOIST PARALLEL TO END WALL Closure channel or joist section Figure 12.4 (continued) ( f, g) Short crosspieces brace the last joist at the end of the building and help transmit stud forces through to the wall below (h) Like all these details, the gable end framing is directly analogous to the corresponding detail for a wood light frame building as shown in Chapter F JOIST PARALLEL TO FOUNDATION JWBK274_Ch12.indd 494 10/30/08 4:30:40 AM Framing Procedures Opening Joist hanger Double joist header (nested) Steel joist framing into header / 495 Figure 12.5 Headers and trimmers for floor openings are doubled and nested to create a strong, stable box member Only one vertical flange of the joist hanger is attached to the joist; the other flange would be used instead if the web of the joist were oriented to the left rather than the right Double joist trimmer (nested) Figure 12.6 Steel gusset plate Runner channel Lintel—2 steel joists A typical window or door head detail The header is made of two joists placed with their open sides together The top plate of the wall, which is a runner channel, continues over the top of the header Another runner channel is cut and folded at each end to frame the top of the opening Short studs are inserted between this channel and the header to maintain the rhythm of the studs in the wall Steel stud JWBK274_Ch12.indd 495 10/30/08 4:30:40 AM 496 / Chapter 12 • Light Gauge Steel Frame Construction Figure 12.7 Diagonal strap braces stabilize upperfloor wall framing for an apartment building (Courtesy of United States Gypsum Company) Figure 12.8 Temporary braces support the walls at each level until the next floor platform has been completed Cold-rolled channels pass through the web openings of the studs; they are welded to each stud to help stabilize them against buckling (Courtesy of Unimast Incorporated— www.unimast.com) JWBK274_Ch12.indd 496 10/30/08 4:30:40 AM Framing Procedures / 497 Figure 12.9 A detail of a window header Because a supporting stud has been inserted under the end of the header, a large gusset plate such as the one shown in Figure 12.6 is not required (Courtesy of Unimast Incorporated—www.unimast.com) Figure 12.10 Ceiling joists in place for an apartment building A brick veneer cladding has already been added to the ground floor (Courtesy of United States Gypsum Company) JWBK274_Ch12.indd 497 10/30/08 4:30:42 AM 498 / Chapter 12 • Light Gauge Steel Frame Construction sheet steel are used to join members around openings Light gauge members are designed so that they can be nested to form a tubular conÞguration that is especially strong and stiff when used for a ridge board or header (Figures 12.4a and 12.5) Because light gauge steel members are much more prone than their wood counterparts to twisting or buckling under load, somewhat more attention must be paid to their bracing and bridging The studs in tall walls are generally braced at 4-foot (1200-mm) intervals, either with steel straps screwed to the edges of the studs or with 1½-inch (38-mm) cold-formed steel channels passed through the punched openings in the studs and welded or screwed to an angle clip at each stud (Figure 12.8) Floor joists are bridged with cee-joist blocking between and steel straps screwed to their top and bottom edges In locations where large vertical forces must pass through ßoor joists (as occurs where loadbearing studs sit on the edge of a ßoor platform), steel web stiffeners are screwed to the thin webs of the joists to prevent them from buckling (Figure 12.4c,e) Wall bracing consists of diagonal steel straps screwed to the studs (chapter-opening photo, Figure 12.7) Permanent resistance to buckling, twisting, and lateral loads such as wind and earthquake is imparted largely and very effectively by subßooring, wall sheathing, and interior Þnish materials Figure 12.11 A detail of eave framing (Courtesy of Unimast Incorporated—www.unimast.com) Figure 12.12 A power saw with an abrasive blade cuts quickly and precisely through steel framing members (Courtesy of Unimast Incorporated—www.unimast.com) JWBK274_Ch12.indd 498 10/30/08 4:30:43 AM 982 / Glossary Sloped glazing A system of metal and glass components used to make an inclined, transparent roof; in the International Building Code, glass sloped more than 15 degrees from vertical Slump test A test in which wet concrete or plaster is placed in a cone-shaped metal mold of specified dimensions and allowed to sag under its own weight after the cone is removed The vertical distance between the height of the mold and the height of the slumped mixture is an index of its working consistency Slurry A watery mixture of insoluble materials with a high concentration of suspended solids Smoke-developed rating An index of the toxic fumes generated by a material as it burns, as determined by ASTM standard E84 Smoke shelf The horizontal area behind the damper of a fireplace Slow-burn construction See Mill construction Sodium borate (SBX) A chemical used to preserve wood against attack by decay and insects Soffit The undersurface of a horizontal element of a building, especially the underside of a stair or a roof overhang Soffit vent An opening under the eave of a roof used to allow air to flow into the attic or the space below the roof sheathing Soft mud process Making bricks by pressing wet clay into molds Softwood Wood from coniferous (evergreen) trees Soil Any particulate earth material, excluding rock Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) The ratio of solar heat admitted through a particular glass to the total heat energy striking the glass Solar reflectance A unitless index, ranging from to 1, expressing a material’s tendency to absorb or reflect solar radiation; also called albedo Soldering A low-temperature form of brazing Soldier A brick laid on its end, with its narrow face toward the outside of the wall Sole plate The horizontal piece of dimension lumber at the bottom of the studs in a wall in a light frame building; also called a bottom plate JWBK274_Allen_Glossary.indd 982 Solid-core door A flush door with no internal cavities Solid masonry Masonry walls without cavities; historically, thick, monolithic masonry walls that rely primarily on their mass for their strength, durability, and tempering of the flow of heat and moisture from inside to outside Solid slab A concrete slab, without ribs or voids, that spans between beams or bearing walls Solid tape sealant See Preformed solid tape sealant Solvent A liquid that dissolves another material Sound Transmission Class (STC) An index of the resistance of a wall or partition to the passage of sound Space truss, space frame A truss that spans with two-way action Spalling The cracking or flaking of the surface of concrete or masonry units, caused, for example, by freezethaw action, corroding reinforcing, or pointing mortars that are harder and stronger than the mortar deeper in the masonry joint Span The distance between supports for a beam, girder, truss, vault, arch, or other horizontal structural device; to carry a load between supports Spandrel The wall area between the head of a window on one story and the sill of a window on the floor above; the area of a wall between adjacent arches Spandrel beam A beam that runs along the outside edge of a floor or roof Spandrel glass Opaque glass manufactured especially for use in spandrel panels Spandrel panel A curtain wall panel used in a spandrel Span rating The number stamped on a sheet of plywood or other wood building panel to indicate how far in inches it may span between supports Specifications The written instructions from an architect or engineer concerning the quality of materials and execution required for a building Spirit level A tool in which a bubble in an upwardly curving cylindrical glass vial indicates whether a building element is level or not level, plumb or not plumb Splash block A small precast block of concrete or plastic used to divert water at the bottom of a downspout Spline A thin strip inserted into grooves in two mating pieces of material to hold them in alignment; a ridge or strip of material intended to lock to a mating groove In glazing, the edge spacer in an insulating glass unit Split jamb A door frame fabricated in two interlocking halves, to be installed from the opposite sides of an opening Spray-applied fire-resistive material (SFRM) Fibrous or cementitious insulation applied to steel or concrete with a sprayer to provide protection against the heat of fire Springwood In wood, the portion of the growth ring comprised of relatively larger, less dense cells; also called earlywood SSP See Stressed-skin panel Staggered truss system A steel framing system in which story-high trusses, staggered one-half bay from one story to the next, support floor decks on both their top and bottom chords Stain A coating intended primarily to change the color of wood or concrete without forming an impervious film Stainless steel A steel alloy, silvery in color, with superior corrosion resistance due principally to high chromium and nickel content Standing and running trim Door and window casings and baseboards Standing seam A sheet metal roofing seam that projects at right angles to the plane of the roof Static Coefficient of Friction (SCOF) A measure of the slip resistance of a flooring material Stay A sloping cable used to stabilize a structure STC See Sound Transmission Class Steam curing Aiding and accelerating the setting reaction of concrete by the application of steam Steel Iron with a controlled amount of carbon, generally less than percent Steel reinforcing bars Hot-rolled, deformed steel bars used to impart tensile strength and ductility to concrete structures; rebar Steel trowel A metal bladed tool used in the final stages of finishing of a concrete slab Steep roof A roof with sufficient slope to be made waterproof with shingles In the 10/30/08 5:33:33 AM Glossary International Building Code, a roof with a slope of 2:12 (17 percent) or greater Sticking The cementing together of defects in marble slabs Stick system A metal curtain wall system that is largely assembled in place Stiffener plate A steel plate attached to a structural member to support it against heavy localized loading or stresses Stiff mud process A method of molding bricks in which a column of damp clay is extruded from a rectangular die and cut into bricks by fine wires Stile A vertical framing member in a panel door Stirrup A vertical loop of steel bar used to reinforce a concrete beam against diagonal tension forces Stirrup-tie A stirrup that forms a complete loop, as differentiated from a Ustirrup, which has an open top Stool The interior horizontal plane at the sill of a window Storm window A sash added to the outside of a window in winter to increase its thermal resistance and decrease air infiltration Story pole A strip of wood marked with the exact course heights of masonry for a particular building, used to make sure that all the leads are identical in height and coursing Straightedge To strike off the surface of a concrete slab using screeds and a straight piece of lumber or metal; as a noun, a long, straight item, used to perform straightedging, test the flatness of a surface, or trace a straight line Strain Deformation under stress; expressed as a ratio of the change in length over the original length Stress Force per unit area Stressed-skin panel (SSP) A panel consisting of two face sheets of wood, metal, or concrete bonded to perpendicular spacer ribs or framing members such that the panel can act as a composite structural panel Stretcher A brick or masonry unit laid in its most usual position, with the broadest surface of the unit horizontal and the length of the unit parallel to the surface of the wall Striated Textured with parallel scratches or grooves Stringer The sloping wood or steel member that supports the treads of a stair JWBK274_Allen_Glossary.indd 983 Strip flooring Solid wood finish flooring members less than inches (75 mm) in width, usually in the form of tongue-andgroove boards Stripping Removing formwork from concrete; sealing around a roof flashing with layers of felt and bitumen Structural bond The interlocking pattern of masonry units used to tie two or more wythes together in a wall Structural composite lumber Substitutes for solid lumber made from wood veneers or wood fiber strands and glue; also called engineered lumber Structural glazed facing tile A hollow clay masonry unit with glazed faces Structural-grade plastic lumber (SGPL) Lumberlike plastic members, reinforced with glass fibers, and formulated to be roughly as strong as conventional solid wood Structural insulated panel (SIP) A panel consisting of two face sheets of wood panel bonded together by plastic foam core Structural lightweight aggregate Lightweight aggregate with sufficient density and strength for use in structural concrete Structural mill The portion of a steel mill that rolls structural shapes Structural silicone flush glazing Glass secured to the face of a building with strong, highly adhesive silicone sealant to eliminate the need for any metal to appear on the exterior of the building Structural standing-seam metal roofing Sheets of folded metal that serve both as decking and as the waterproof layer of a roof Structural terra cotta Molded components, often highly ornamental, made of fired clay, designed to be used in the facades of buildings Structural tubing See Hollow structural section Structure/enclosure joint A connection designed to allow the structure of a building and its cladding or partitions to move independently Stucco Plaster made from a mixture of portland cement, lime, sand, and water; commonly used as an exterior finish material Stud One of an array of small, closely spaced, parallel wall framing members; a heavy steel pin / 983 Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) A copolymer of butadiene and styrene used as a modifier in polymer-modified bitumen roofing Subcontractor A contractor who specializes in one area of construction activity and who works under a general contractor Subfloor The loadbearing surface beneath a finish floor Subpurlin A very small roof framing member that spans between joists or purlins Substrate The base to which a coating, veneer, or finish material is applied Substructure The occupied belowground portion of a building Summerwood In wood, the portion of the growth ring comprised of relatively smaller, denser cells; also called latewood Sump A pit designed to collect water for removal from an excavation or basement Superflat floor A concrete slab finished to a high degree of flatness and levelness according to a recognized system of measurement Superplasticizer An admixture that makes wet concrete or grout extremely fluid without additional water Superstructure The above-ground portion of a building Supplementary cementitious material Hydraulic cementitious material or pozzolan mixed with portland cement to modify the cement product’s properties or lower the energy required to manufacture the cement Supply pipe A pipe that brings clean water to a plumbing fixture Supporting stud A wall framing member that extends from the sole plate to the underside of a header and supports the header Surface-bonded masonry Concrete block laid without mortar and then plastered on both sides with a fiber-reinforced cement plaster so as to make a structurally sound masonry wall Surfacing Smoothing the surface of a material, usually by planing Surface divider joint A line along which a surface may expand and/or contract without damage Surface number In glazing assemblies, the distinct faces of glazing, counting 10/30/08 5:33:33 AM 984 / Glossary from the outermost to the innermost of a glazing unit, including each face of each glazing material Suspended ceiling A finish ceiling that is on wires from the structure above Suspended glazing Large sheets of glass from clamps at their top edges to eliminate the need for metal mullions Sustainability Providing for the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to provide for their needs Providing healthy, resource- conserving, energy-efficient buildings “Green” building Swedge bolt See lockpin and collar fastener Synthetic gypsum Chemically manufactured gypsum made from the byproducts of various industrial processes, such as the desulfurization of power plant flue gasses T Tackstrip See Tackless strip Tackless strip A wood strip with projecting points used to fasten a carpet around the edge of a room; also called a tackstrip Tagline A rope attached to a building component to help guide it as it is lifted by a crane or derrick Tap To cut internal threads, such as in a hole or nut Tangential shrinkage In wood, shrinkage along the circumference of the log Tapered edge The longitudinal edge of a sheet of gypsum board, which is recessed to allow room for reinforcing tape and joint compound Tee A metal or precast concrete member with a cross section resembling the letter T Tempered glass Heat-treated glass that is stronger than heat-strengthened glass and is suitable for use as safety glazing Tempering Controlled heating and cooling of a material to alter its mechanical properties; a form of heat-treatment Tendon A steel strand used for prestressing a concrete member Tensile strength The ability of a structural material to withstand stretching forces Tensile stress A stress caused by stretching of a material Tension A stretching force; to stretch JWBK274_Allen_Glossary.indd 984 Tension control bolt A bolt tightened by means of a splined end that breaks off when the bolt shank has reached the required tension Termite shield A metal flashing placed on top of a concrete foundation to prevent termites from traveling undetected from the ground into the superstructure Terne An alloy of lead and tin, used to coat sheets of carbon steel or stainless steel, used in the past for metal roofing sheet Terrace door A double glass door, one leaf of which is fixed and the other hinged to the fixed leaf at the centerline of the door Terrazzo A finish floor material consisting of concrete with an aggregate of marble chips selected for size and color, which is ground and polished smooth after curing Thatch A thick roof covering of reeds, straw, grasses, or leaves Thermal break A section of material with low thermal conductivity installed between metal components to retard the passage of heat through a wall or window assembly Thermal bridge A component of higher thermal conductivity that conducts heat more rapidly through an insulated building assembly, such as a steel stud in an insulated stud wall Thermal conductivity The rate at which a material conducts heat Thermal emittance A unitless index, from to 1, expressing a material’s tendency to radiate thermal energy as its temperature rises in relation to surrounding surfaces Thermal envelope See Building enclosure Thermal insulation A material that greatly retards the passage of heat Thermal resistance The resistance of a material or assembly to the conduction of heat Thermochromic glass Glass that changes its optical properties in response to changes in temperature Thermoplastic In plastics, having the property of softening when heated and rehardening when cooled; weldable by heat or solvents Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) A thermoplastic single-ply roof membrane material, made from blends of polyethylene, polypropylene, and ethylene-propylene rubber polymers Thermosetting In plastics, not having the property of softening when heated; not heat-fusible Thickset tile Ceramic tile installed on a thick bed of portland cement mortar; also called mortar bed or mud set tile Thin-set tile Ceramic tile bonded to a solid base with a thin application of portland cement mortar or organic adhesive Through-wall flashing See Internal flashing Thrust A lateral or inclined force resulting from the structural action of an arch, vault, dome, suspension structure, or rigid frame Thrust block A wooden block running perpendicular to the stringers at the bottom of a stair, whose function is to hold the stringers in place Tie A device for holding two parts of a construction together; a structural device that acts in tension Tieback A tie, one end of which is anchored in the ground, with the other end used to support sheeting around an excavation Tie beam A reinforced concrete beam cast as part of a masonry wall, whose primary purpose is to hold the wall together, especially against seismic loads, or cast between a number of isolated foundation elements to maintain their relative positions Tier The portion of a multistory steel building frame supported by one set of fabricated column pieces, commonly two stories in height Tie rod A steel rod that acts in tension Tile A fired clay product that is thinner in cross section than a brick, either a thin, flat element (ceramic tile or quarry tile), a thin, curved element (roofing tile), or a hollow element with thin walls (flue tile, tile pipe, structural clay tile); also a thin, flat element of another material, such as an acoustical ceiling unit or a resilient floor unit Tilt/turn window A window that opens either by rotating its sash about its vertical centerline or as a hopper Tilt-up construction A method of constructing concrete walls in which panels are cast and cured flat on a floor slab, then tilted up into their final positions 10/30/08 5:33:34 AM Glossary Timber Standing trees; a large piece of dimension lumber Tinted glass Glass that is colored with pigments, dyes, or other admixtures Titanium A strong, corrosion-resistant, nonferrous metal, silver gray in color Toe nailing Fastening with nails driven at an angle Tongue and groove An interlocking edge detail for joining planks or panels Tooling The finishing of a mortar joint or sealant joint by pressing and compacting it to create a particular profile Toothed plate A multipronged fastener made from stamped sheet metal, used to join members of a lightwood wood truss Top-hinged inswinging window A window that opens inward on hinges on or near its head Topping A thin layer of concrete cast over the top of a floor deck Topping-out Placing the last member in a building frame Top plate The horizontal member at the top of the studs in a wall in a light frame building Topside vent A water-protected opening through a roof membrane to relieve pressure from water vapor that may accumulate beneath the membrane Torque Twisting action; moment Torsional stress Stress resulting from the twisting of a structural member Touch sanded In plywood, lightly sanded to produce a smoother, flatter surface TPO see Thermoplastic polyolefin Tracheids The longitudinal cells in a softwood Traffic deck A walking surface placed on top of a roof membrane Transit-mixed concrete Concrete mixed in a drum on the back of a truck as it is transported to the building site Travertine A richly patterned, marblelike form of limestone; classified by ASTM C119 in the Other Stone group Tread One of the horizontal planes that make up a stair Tremie A large funnel with a tube attached, used to deposit concrete in deep forms or beneath water or slurry Trim accessories Casing beads, corner beads, expansion joints, and other devices used to finish edges and corners of a plaster wall or ceiling JWBK274_Allen_Glossary.indd 985 Trimmer joist A joist that supports a header around an opening in a floor or roof frame Trimmer stud See Jack stud Trowel A thin, flat steel tool, either pointed or rectangular, provided with a handle and held in the hand, used to manipulate mastic, mortar, plaster, or concrete Also, a machine whose rotating steel blades are used to finish concrete slabs; to use a trowel Truss A triangulated arrangement of structural members that reduces nonaxial external forces to a set of axial forces in its members See also Vierendeel truss Tuckpointing Traditionally, a method of finishing masonry joints using mortars of different colors to artificially create the appearance of a more refined joint; in contemporary usage, may be used interchangeably with repointing Tunnel kiln A kiln through which clay products are passed on railroad cars Turn-of-nut method A method of achieving the correct tightness in a high-strength bolt by first tightening the nut snugly, then turning it a specified additional fraction of a turn Two-way action Bending of a slab or deck in which bending stresses are approximately equal in the two principal directions of the structure Two-way concrete joist system A reinforced concrete framing system in which columns directly support an orthogonal grid of intersecting joists Two-way flat plate A reinforced concrete framing system in which columns directly support a two-way slab that is planar on both of its surfaces Two-way flat slab A reinforced concrete framing system in which columns with mushroom capitals and/or drop panels directly support a two-way slab that is planar on both of its surfaces Type IV HT construction See Heavy timber construction Type X gypsum board A fiber-reinforced gypsum board used where greater fire resistance is required U U-Factor A measure of the thermal conductance of a material or assembly; the mathematical reciprocal of R-value Unbonded construction Posttensioned concrete construction in which the ten- / 985 dons are not grouted to the surrounding concrete Uncoursed stone masonry Stone masonry laid without continuous horizontal joints; random Undercarpet wiring system Flat, insulated electrical conductors that run under carpeting, and their associated outlet boxes and fixtures Undercourse A course of shingles laid beneath an exposed course of shingles at the lower edge of a wall or roof in order to provide a waterproof layer behind the joints in the exposed course Underfire The floor of the firebox in a fireplace Underlayment A panel laid over a subfloor to create a smooth, stiff surface for the application of finish flooring Or, a water-resistant material applied under shingled roofing Underpinning The process of placing new foundations beneath an existing structure Unfinished bolt An ordinary carbon steel bolt Uniformly graded soil A special instance of a well-sorted soil in which the soil particles are mostly of one size Uniform settlement Subsidence of the various foundation elements of a building at the same rate, resulting in no distress to the structure of the building Unit-and-mullion system A curtain wall system consisting of prefabricated panel units secured with site-applied mullions Unit skylight See Skylight Unit system A curtain wall system consisting entirely of prefabricated panel units Unreinforced Constructed without steel reinforcing bars or welded wire fabric Up–down construction A sequence of construction activity in which construction proceeds downward on the sublevels of a building at the same time as it proceeds upward on the superstructure Upside-down roof A membrane roof assembly in which the thermal insulation lies above the membrane U-stirrup An open-top, U-shaped loop of steel bar used as reinforcing against diagonal tension in a concrete beam V Valley A trough formed by the intersection of two roof slopes 10/30/08 5:33:34 AM 986 / Glossary Valley rafter A diagonal rafter that supports a valley Vapor barrier See Vapor retarder Vapor permeability Vapor permeance per unit of thickness Vapor permeance A measure of the ease with which water vapor can diffuse through a material Vapor pressure A measure of the pressure exerted by water molecules in a gaseous state, generally higher with higher relative humidity and higher air temperature Vapor retarder A layer of material intended to resist the diffusion of water vapor through a building assembly Also called, less accurately, vapor barrier Varnish A slow-drying transparent coating Vault An arched surface A strongly built room for such purposes as housing large electrical equipment or safeguarding money Vee joint A joint whose profile resembles the letter V Vegetated roof See Green roof Veneer A thin layer, sheet, or facing Veneer plaster A wall finish system in which a thin finish layer of gypsum plaster is applied over a special gypsum board base Veneer plaster base The special gypsum board over which veneer plaster is applied Vent spacer A device used to maintain a free air passage above the thermal insulation in an attic or roof Vermiculite Expanded mica, used as an insulating fill or lightweight aggregate Vertical bar An upright reinforcing bar in a concrete column; also called a column bar Vertical grain lumber Dimension lumber sawed in such a way that the annual rings run mostly perpendicular to the faces of each piece; also called edge-grain lumber See also Flat-grain lumber Vierendeel truss A truss with rectangular panels and rigid joints but no diagonal members The members of a Vierendeel truss are subjected to strong nonaxial forces Vinyl See Polyvinyl chloride Visible light transmittance (VT) The ratio of visible light that passes through a sheet of glass or a glazing unit to the JWBK274_Allen_Glossary.indd 986 amount of light striking the glass or unit Visual grading The grading of wood for its structural properties, based on visual inspection, as distinct from machine grading; not to be confused with appearance grading Vitrification The process of transforming a material into a glassy substance by means of heat Volatile organic compound (VOC) Organic (carbon-based) chemical compound that evaporates readily, is a significant air pollutant, a potential irritant to building occupants, and, in some cases, a greenhouse gas Volume change joint A building separation joint that allows for expansion and contraction of adjacent portions of a building without distress Voussoir A wedge-shaped element of an arch or vault VT See Visible light transmittance W Waferboard A building panel made by bonding together large, flat flakes of wood Waffle slab A two-way concrete joist system Wainscoting A wall facing, usually of wood, cut stone, or ceramic tile, that is carried only partway up a wall Waler A horizontal beam used to support sheeting or concrete formwork Wane An irregular rounding of a long edge of a piece of dimension lumber caused by cutting the lumber from too near the outside surface of the log Warm edge spacer A glazing edge spacer with improved thermal resistance Washer A steel disk with a hole in the middle, used to spread the load from a bolt, screw, or nail across a wider area of material Water–cement ratio An expression of the relative proportions, by weight, of water and cement in a concrete mixture Waterproofing Material acting as a barrier to the flow of water and capable of withstanding hydrostatic pressure Water-reducing admixture Concrete admixture that allows a reduction in the amount of mixing water while retaining the same workability, resulting in higherstrength concrete Water-resistant gypsum board A gypsum board designed for use in locations where it may be exposed to occasional dampness Water smoking The process of applying heat to evaporate the last water from clay products before they are fired Waterstop A metal, synthetic rubber, bentonite clay, or sealant strip used to seal joints in concrete foundation walls Water-struck brick A brick made in a mold that was wetted before the clay was placed on it Water table The level at which the pressure of water in the soil is equal to the atmospheric pressure; effectively, the level to which groundwater will fill an excavation; a wood molding or shaped brick used to make a transition between a thicker foundation and the wall above Water vapor Water in its gaseous phase Wattle and daub Mud plaster (daub) applied to a primitive lath of woven twigs or reeds (wattle) Waxing Filling of voids in marble slabs Weathered joint A mortar joint finished in a sloping, planar profile that tends to shed water to the outside of the wall Weathering steel A steel alloy that forms a tenacious, self-protecting rust layer when exposed to the atmosphere Weather-resistive barrier A membrane used to resist the passage of liquid water or air through the exterior enclosure of a building Weatherstrip A ribbon of resilient, brushlike, or springy material used to reduce air infiltration through the crack around a sash or door Web A cross-connecting piece, such as the portion of a wide-flange shape that is perpendicular to the flanges or the portion of a concrete masonry unit that is perpendicular to the face shells Web stiffener A metal rib used to support the web of a light gauge steel joist or a structural steel girder against buckling Weep hole A small opening whose purpose is to permit drainage of water that accumulates inside a building component or assembly Weld A joint between two pieces of metal formed by fusing the pieces together by the application of intense heat, usually with the aid of additional metal melted from a rod or electrode 10/30/08 5:33:34 AM Glossary Welded wire fabric (WWF) See Welded wire reinforcing Welded wire reinforcing (WWR) A welded grid of steel reinforcing wires or bars, used most commonly for reinforcing of slabs; also called welded wire fabric (WWF) Welding The process of making a weld Weld plate A steel plate anchored into the surface of concrete, to which another steel element can be welded Well-graded soil Coarse-grained soil with a full range of particle sizes; also called poorly sorted soil Well-sorted soil Soil with less than a full range of particle sizes; also called poorly graded soil “Wet” systems Construction systems that utilize considerable quantities of water on the construction site, such as masonry, plaster, sitecast concrete, and terrazzo White portland cement A portland cement that is white in color; used for architectural concrete where greater color control is required Wide-flange shape Any of a wide range of structural steel components rolled in the shape of the letter I or H Wide-module concrete joist system A one-way concrete framing system with joists that are spaced more widely than those in a conventional one-way concrete joist system JWBK274_Allen_Glossary.indd 987 Wind brace A diagonal structural member whose function is to stabilize a frame against lateral forces Winder (rhymes with “reminder”) A stair tread that is wider at one end than at the other Wind load A force on a building caused by wind pressure and/or suction Wind uplift Upward forces on a structure caused by negative aerodynamic pressures that result from certain wind conditions Wired glass Glass in which a wire mesh is embedded during manufacture, principally for fire resistance Wood-plastic composites (WPC) Woodlike products made from wood fibers, plastics of various types, and other additives, with a plastic content not exceeding 50 percent Wood–polymer composite planks Linear strips intended for outdoor decking and other outdoor uses that are made of wood fiber and a plastic binder Workability agent Admixture for concrete that improves the plasticity of wet material to make it easier to place in forms and to finish Working construction joint A connection that is designed to allow for small amounts of relative movement between two pieces of a building assembly WPC See Wood-plastic composites / 987 Wracking Forcing out of plumb Wrought iron A form of iron that is soft, tough, and fibrous in structure, containing about 0.1 percent carbon and 1–2 percent slag WWF See Welded wire fabric WWR See Welded wire reinforcing Wythe (rhymes with “scythe” and “tithe”) A vertical layer of masonry that is one masonry unit thick Y Yield strength The stress at which a material ceases to deform in a fully elastic manner and begins to deform irreversibly Z Z-brace door A door made of vertical planks held together and braced on the back by three pieces of wood whose configuration resembles the letter Z Zero-slump concrete A concrete mixed with so little water that it does not sag when piled vertically Zinc A relatively weak and brittle nonferrous metal used, most notably, as a protective galvanic coating for steel Zoning ordinance A law that specifies in detail how land within a municipality may be used 10/30/08 5:33:35 AM JWBK274_Allen_Glossary.indd 988 10/30/08 5:33:35 AM Index Acoustic criteria: for interior finish systems, 875 for ceilings, 927, 929 Aerogel, 723–724 Aggregates, concrete, 522 Air barrier, 222, 271–273, 653, 800–803 Air infiltration and ventilation, 273, 800 Air-supported structures, 475 Airtight drywall approach (ADA), 271–273 Air-to-air heat exchanger, 273 Aluminum, surface finishes for, 845–846 Aluminum extrusions, 840–846 Aluminum and glass curtain wall, 742–745, 846–855 MasterFormat section numbers, 546 sustainability, 845 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 15 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 15 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 14–15 Arches: brick, 321–324 concrete, 598–599 heavy timber, 151–152, 154–155 steel, 469–470 Articulation class (AC), 927, 929 Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), 368 Backfilling, 77–78 Balloon frame, 163–164 Barrier wall, 790 Basement, 166–174 Basement insulation, 77, 170–174 insulating concrete forms (ICF), 564–565 Basement waterproofing, 72–76, 166–169 Base plates: precast concrete column, 626, 627 steel column, 444–445 Bessemer process, 415 Bolts: concrete construction, 624–625 steel construction, 426–428 wood construction, 121 Bricks and brick masonry, see Masonry, brick Bridging, 176, 178, 181–184 Building codes, and constraints on building construction, 8–14 Building separation joint, 397–398 interior finish system, 870, 871, 873 roofing system, 672 Cabinets, 279–282 Cable net roof, 470–471 Caissons, 56–58 Carpentry, finish, 273–287 Carpet, 951–952 Castellated beam, 464 Cast iron, 412, 414, 415, 506 Cavity wall, 379–384, 810–817 Ceiling attenuation class (CAC), 927, 929 Ceilings, 842–933 acoustical, 927–931, 840, 841, 845–849 acoustical criteria, 927, 929 exposed structural and mechanical components, 149–150, 924–925 functions of, 924 interstitial, 933 linear metal, 932 MasterFormat section numbers, 953 membrane fire protection, 925, 932 plaster, 926, 927 suspended, 925–932 sustainability, 934 Ceiling attenuation class (CAC), 927, 929 Cellular raceway, 935, 936 Cellular steel decking, 453, 454, 935–937 Cement: 301–302, 617–522 blended hydraulic cement, 301 hydraulic and nonhydraulic, 302 masonry cement, 301–302 mortar cement, 302 portland cement, 518–521 sustainability, 520 Ceramic, optical quality, 716 Ceramic tile, 291, 292, 916–919, 944–945 Master Format section numbers, 919, 953 Chimney, 256, 257, 274 Cladding, see Siding Cladding systems, design of, 782–805 and building codes, 804–805 conceptual approaches to watertightness, 790–794 design requirements, 784–789 loadbearing and nonloadbearing, 799 sustainability, 789 testing and standards, 802–804 Cladding systems, masonry and concrete, 810–837 brick veneer, 810–817, 834–837 exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS), 828–832 future directions of, 832 glass-fiber-reinforced concrete (GRFC), 824–828 MasterFormat section numbers, 832 precast concrete, 822–824 prefabricated brick panels, 816, 817 stone, 817–821 Cladding systems, metal and glass, 839–866 aluminum panel system, 862, 863 curtainwall, 847 curtainwall design, 784–789, 802–804, 866 dual-layered glass, 864–866 entrances and storefronts, 846–847 expansion joints, 854, 862 framing systems, 846 MasterFormat section numbers, 866 metal panels, 862, 863 modes of assembly, 848–855 outside and inside glazing, 848–849 and rainscreen principle, 856 sloped glazing 863–864 sustainability, 845 thermal breaks, 844, 845 Classical orders, 352 Coating systems, architectural, 234–237 Codes, building, 8–14 989 JWBK274_Allen_Index.indd 989 10/30/08 5:35:04 AM 990 / Index Cold-formed steel framing, 488–513 and building codes, 503 framing procedures, 492–498 MasterFormat section numbers, 508 metal thicknesses, 491 and nonstructural metal framing, 499 preliminary design of, 502 sustainability, 491 Columns, composite, 476 Combustibility of interior finish systems, 875–877 See also Fire resistance Concrete, 515–550 ACI 301, 550 admixtures, 523 aggregates, 522–523 cement, 518–522 comparative structural properties, 529 creep, 544 curing, 527–528 cutting, 593–597 fastening to, 624–625 formwork, 528–529 handling and placing, 526–527 history, 516–517 hot and cold weather concreting, 527–528 light transmitting, 549 MasterFormat section numbers, 550 posttensioning, 545–548 prestressing, 544–548 pretensioning, 545 proportioning mixes, 524–525 pumping, 526, 527, 589 reinforcing, 529–543 reinforcing bars, fabrication and erection, 535 reinforcing bar sizes, 530–531 reinforcing bar splicers, 535 reinforcing bar steel grades, 532 reinforcing chairs and bolsters, 537–538 reinforcing concept, 529 reinforcing columns, 542–543, 569 reinforcing a continuous beam, 539 reinforcing, fibrous, 543 reinforcing a simple beam, 536–537 reinforcing, standard hooks, 534 reinforcing structural slabs, 540–541 reinforcing, welded wire (WWR), 562–533 segregation, 526 self-consolidating concrete (SCC), 527 slump test, 524–525 strength, 524, 529 supplementary cementitious materials, 523 sustainability, 520–521 test cylinder, 524–526 ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), 548–549 JWBK274_Allen_Index.indd 990 water-cement ratio, 524 water for, 523 Concrete, precast, 610–648 advantages in comparison to sitecast concrete, 612 assembly concepts for buildings, 616–617 beams and girders, 614–617, 620, 621, 629–634, 646 and building codes, 638 carbon fiber reinforcing, 620 casting beds, 618–623 columns, 614, 616, 621, 626–633, 641–643 composite precast/sitecast construction, 637 concrete used for, 612 construction process, 638 curtain wall panels, 648, 822–824 double tees, 614, 616–619, 633–635 filigree precast concrete, 637 hollow box girder, 636 hollow-core slab, 389, 610, 613–614, 616, 620–622, 630, 632, 635, 639, 642 insulated wall panel, 623 joining precast elements, 623–637 manufacture of precast elements, 617–623 MasterFormat section numbers, 648 precast, prestressed structural elements, 614–616 preliminary design, 615 prestressing and reinforcing steel, 620 pretensioning, 617 solid slab, 614 stair, 640, 645 topping on slabs, 614, 626, 630, 633, 635 transportation, 612 uniqueness of, 643 wall panels, 615–617, 620, 623, 638–640 weld plates, 619, 631–634 Concrete, sitecast: 552–607 architectural, 589–592 and building codes, 601–602 casting a column, 565–566 casting a slab on grade, 555–559 casting a wall, 560–565 climbing formwork, 570, 588 consolidation, 526, 557, 561–562 designing economical sitecast buildings, 601 exposed aggregate finish, 589, 590, 592 flying formwork, 586, 587 folded plate structures, 598–601 form ties, 561–563 formwork, 528–529 ganged forms, 586 innovations, 583 insulating concrete forms (ICF), 564–565 joints in slabs, 559 lift-slab construction, 586–587 longer spans, 598–601 MasterFormat section numbers, 607 one-way framing systems, 567–574 one-way joist system, 571–574 one-way solid slab, 567–570 posttensioned framing systems, 581–583 preliminary design, 586 reinforcing, see Concrete, reinforcing reshoring, 568–570 ribbed slab, 571–574 selecting a framing system, 583–589 shell structures, 598–600 shotcrete, 587 skip-joist system, 573–574 slab bands, 569, 570 slab on grade, crack control, 559 slab on grade, finishing, 557–558 slab on grade, superflat, 558 slip forming, 586–588 stairs, 581 surface textures, 592 tilt-up, 586, 588, 605 two-way flat slab and flat plate systems, 575–577, 581–583 two-way framing systems, 575–581 two-way waffle slab system, 578–581 uniqueness, 602–606 wide-module joist system, 573–574 Concrete blocks, see Masonry, concrete Condensation, 658–660 and air barriers, 800, 803 and curtain walls, 804 and glazing, 721, 727 and light gauge steel frame construction, 491, 503 and roofs, 226–230, 655 and sloped glazing, 863–864 and windows, 753, 762, 776 Control joint, see Joints Controlled low-strength material, 77–78 Corbel, 320, 321, 331 Corner boards and trim, 243, 248–251 Corrosion: of architectural metals, 505–508, 690 of concrete reinforcing steel, 522, 523, 529, 532, 536, 548 galvanic, 698–700 of structural steel alloys, 418 and wood chemical treatments, 117 of wood fasteners and connectors, 118, 121, 122, 238, 242, 251 Costs, life-cycle, 4, Cranes, 446, 447 10/30/08 5:35:04 AM Index Cruck frame, 137 Curtain wall, see Cladding systems Cutting concrete, stone, and masonry, 593–597 Dampproofing: foundation, 73, 166 masonry cavity wall, 380 Deck, exterior wood, 250, 251 Densities of building materials, 956 Dewatering, 50–51 Diamond cutting tools, 593–597 Domes: brick, 324, 325 concrete, 598–600 steel, 469, 470 wood, 154, 155 Door frames, hollow steel, 772–774 Doors, 277–278, 769–775 egress and accessible doors, 774–775 fire doors, 774 modes of operation, 770 residential, 232, 233, 277–278 steel, 772–774 wood, 769–772, 778 Downspout, 225 Drywall, see Gypsum board Earth materials, 31–37 for building foundations, 33–34 cohesive, 33 drainage characteristics, 34 frictional, 31 grading, 34 loadbearing capacity, 33 properties, 31–33 stability, 33 subsurface exploration and testing, 34–37 types, 31 Uniform Soil Classification System, 32 Earth reinforcing, 70, 71 Efflorescence, 378, 403 EIFS, 828–832 Electrical wiring, 263, 870–872, 87 934–939 Energy efficiency, 5–7 and air leakage, 800 and carbon fiber reinforced precast concrete, 620 and doors and windows, 765, 769, 776, 777 and exterior wall systems, 785–786, 804, 805 and glass, 736–738 and insulated precast concrete wall panels, 623 and insulating concrete forms, 565 and light gauge steel frame construction, 491, 502–503 JWBK274_Allen_Index.indd 991 and roofing, 692–695 and structural insulated panels, 124 and thermal insulation, 263, 658 and wood light frame construction, 166, 209, 222, 263–273 Excavation, 167, 169, 38–51 Excavation support, 39–50 Expanded metal lath, 246, 892–894 Expansion of materials, coefficient of thermal, 395, 956 Expansion joint, see Joints Exterior finishes for wood light frame construction, 220–252 MasterFormat section numbers, 251 Exterior walls, see Cladding; Siding Extrusions, aluminum, 840–846 Fabric structures, 472–475 Fiberboard panels, 109 Fiberboard sheathing, 115 Fill, engineered, 52 Finish carpentry, 273–289 Finish ceilings and floors, 273, 290–292, 922–953 Fire barriers and fire partitions, 878, 884 Fireblocking of concealed spaces, 885 Fire damper, 878, 932 Fire doors, 774 Fireplaces, 274–276 Fire resistance ratings, 9–14 See also Combustibility of brick and concrete block, 404 of glass, 715–716 of heavy timber, 156 of interior finishes, 875–877 of interior walls, ceilings, and floors, 877–878, 884 of roofs, 697 Firestopping, 164, 804, 872 Fire wall, 14, 212–214, 273, 404–405, 884 Flame-spread rating, 875–876 Flashing: masonry veneer curtain wall, 810, 811, 813, 815, 836 masonry wall, 349, 351, 383, 390–392 MasterFormat section numbers, 251, 407, 701 metal types, comparative, 508–507 roofing, low-slope, 670–674 roofing, steep, 223, 224, 681, 682 step, 328, 682 synthetic rubber types, comparative, 759 and watertightness, 790 window and door, 233–233, 765 Z-, for plywood siding, 241 Floors, 290–292, 934–953 acoustic criteria and noise reduction, 875, 940 bamboo, 949 / 991 brick and brick pavers, 372, 941–943 carpet and carpet tile, 951–952 ceramic tile, 291–292, 944–945 concrete, 940 fire resistance, 877 functions of, 934 hard, 940–940–949 MasterFormat section numbers, 953 quarry tile, 941, 942, 944, 945 raised access, 935, 938, 939 resilient, 950–951 selection criteria, 875–879 and skid resistance, 940 stone, 371, 372, 941, 943 sustainability, 874, 934 terrazzo, 942–943, 946 thickness, 953 wood, 292, 946–949 Floor underlayment, gypsum, 290–291 Flying formwork, 586–587 Folded plate, concrete, 598–601 Footings, 52–55, 168, 169, 565 Foundations, 28–81, 166–174 and building codes, 80 cantilevered, 55 combined, 55 deep, 56–66 designing, 79–80 floating, 54, 55 insulation, 77, 166, 170–171, 173, 174 loads, 30 MasterFormat section numbers, 81 mat or raft, 54, 55 permanent wood, 166, 174 requirements, 30 seismic base isolation, 66 settlement, 30–31 shallow, 52–55 shallow frost-protected, 77 sloping site, 54 sustainability, 38 underpinning, 66–67 up-down construction, 78–79 waterproofing and drainage, 72–77 Framing square, 198–200, 204, 205 From Concept to Reality: An Enclosure for a Residential Swimming Pool, 131–133 Camera Obscura at Mitchell Park, 510–513 Seattle University School of Law, 834–837 Skating Rink at Yerba Buena Gardens, 742–745 Furring, 239, 387, 388, 394, 395, 885, 888, 889 Galvanic series for metals, 698–699 Gaskets, lockstrip, 725–727 Geotextiles, 71 10/30/08 5:35:04 AM 992 / Index GFRC, 824–828 Glass, 708–724 antireflective, 723 art, 723 blown, 708–710 and building codes, 738 chemically strengthened, 714–715 chromogenic (property-changing), 722–723 colored, 723 comparative properties, 722 crown, 708–710 cylinder, 708–710 drawn, 710 electrochromic (switchable), 723 and energy, 736–738 fire-rated, 715–716 float, 710, 711 fritted, 716, 717 gasochromic, 723 heat-strengthened, 713 heat-treated, 712–713 history, 708–710 ingredients, 710 insulating, 721, 722 laminated, 713–714 leaded, 734–736 light to solar gain ratio (LSG), 719, 722 low-emissivity, 721–722 MasterFormat section numbers, 739 optical-quality ceramic, 716 patterned, 723 photochromic, 722–723 photovoltaic, 723 plate, 710 radiation-shielding, 723 reflective coated, 719–720 self-cleaning, 722 shading coefficient, 719 silkscreened, 716 solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), 717, 719, 7222 spandrel, 716 stained, 723 structural, 723 sustainability, 712 tempered, 713 thermochromic, 722–723 thicknesses, 712 tinted, 716–719 U-factor, 721, 722 visible light transmittance (VT), 716–717, 722 wired, 716 Glass blocks, 368, 370 Glazing, 724–738 advanced systems, 728–733 aerogel-filled, 723–724 bite, 724–725 butt-joint, 728–729 JWBK274_Allen_Index.indd 992 double, 721 gaskets, 725–727 large lights, 724–733 MasterFormat section numbers, 739 plastic sheets, 723 slope, 863–865 small lights, 724 structural, 728–731 suspended, 708, 729, 732, 733, 737 tapes, 725, 727 triple, 721 Glue-laminated wood, 102–104 Grade beam, 54, 60, 61 Green building, 4–8 Green roofs, 695–696 Grouting, high- and low-lift, 326, 364 Gutters, 224, 225, 671 Gypsum, 885, 889, 890 in portland cement, 518 sustainability, 890 Gypsum board, 868, 904–915, 918 as an air barrier, 271–273, 800, 801 bending, 906–908 finishing, 908–912 in fire-resistance rated construction, 13, 460, 462, 503, 905 in fire walls, 212, 213 installing, 907–908 as interior finish in wood light frame construction, 272 levels of finish, 910, 911 manufacture, 904 MasterFormat section numbers, 919 and nail popping, 906, 907 partition systems, 912–915 resistance to fire, 889 sheathing, 492, 503, 812, 815, 819 sustainability, 890 trim accessories, 908, 909 types, 904–906 veneer plaster base (lath), 892, 894 Gypsum lath, 892, 894 Gypsum plaster, 885, 889, 891 Halftimbering, 136, 137 Hardwoods and softwoods, 86–89 HDO (high-density overlay) plywood, 109, 112 Heating and cooling: forced air, 256, 260, 261, 870–872 hydronic 256, 261, 262 radiant, 256, 262 Heavy timber frame construction, 134–159, 386 anchorage of beams in, 142, 144–146, 148 bracing, lateral, 149 and building codes, 140–145, 156 combustible buildings framed with, 149 fire-resistive, 140–149 floor and roof decks, 149–151 historical evolution of, 136–139 longer spans in, 150–155 MasterFormat section numbers, 159 preliminary design, 156 sustainability, 141 uniqueness of, 156–158 wood shrinkage in, 141, 145 Height and area limitations, building code, 9–14 Hose stream test, 878 Housewrap, 222, 223, 232 Humidity, relative, 658–659 Ice and water shield, 227 Ice barrier, 227, 228 Ice damming, 226, 227 I-joists, wood, 124, 126, 182, 195 Impact insulation class (IIC), 875 Insulation, acoustic batts, 875, 901, 913–915 Insulation, thermal, 263–271, 654–663 comparative material properties, 264, 662 increasing levels of, 266–270 installation, 245, 265–267 foundation, 77, 170, 171, 173 MasterFormat section numbers, 293 and vapor retarder, 658–661 Interior finishes for wood light frame construction, 254–293 MasterFormat section numbers, 293 Interior finish systems: ceilings and floors, 922–953 interior walls and partitions, 882–919 MasterFormat section numbers, 293, 919, 953 relationship to mechanical and electrical services, 256, 870–872, 879 selection criteria, 875–879 sequence of operations, 256, 872–874 sustainability, 874, 890, 934–935 trends in, 879–880 for wood light frame construction, 254–293 Interior walls and partitions, 882–919 MasterFormat section numbers, 919 International Building Code (IBC), International Residential Code (IRC), 14 Iron, cast, 412, 414, 415, 506 Iron, wrought, 412, 414, 506 Joints, 396–399 and air leakage, 800–802 concrete slab on grade, 168, 559 detailing of, 398–399 finish cover for, 873 locations in masonry walls, 399–402, 814 10/30/08 5:35:05 AM Index masonry veneer curtain wall, 812, 813 metal and glass curtain wall, 854, 862 sealing of, 795–799 Joist girders, steel, 424, 425, 450, 454 Lateral stability, structural: in heavy timber construction, 149 in light gauge steel frame construction, 496, 498 in precast concrete framing systems, 623, 627 in sitecast concrete construction, 583 in steel frame construction, 435, 436 in wood light frame construction, 166, 185–188, 191–193 Lathing: interior plaster, 892–894 exterior stucco, 246 Leads for masonry walls, 315–317, 361–363 LEED, 6–7 Lewises, 349 Life-cycle costs, Lift-slab, concrete, 586–587 Light-gauge steel frame construction, 488–508 advantages and disadvantages, 502–503 and building codes, 503 components, 490, 492 concept, 490–492 finishes for, 503 framing procedures, 492–498 MasterFormat section numbers, 508 other common uses, 499–502 preliminary design, 502 sustainability, 491 thicknesses of members, 491 Linoleum, 950 Lintels, 320, 365 Lumber, 92–102 See also Wood defects, 96–98 dimensions, 101–102 glue-laminated wood, 102–104 grading, 98 plastic, 106–107 sawing, 92–93 seasoning, 93–96 structural composite, 104, 105 structural properties, 98–101 surfacing, 96 wood-plastic composite (WPC), 104 LSL (laminated strand lumber), 104, 105 LVL (laminated veneer lumber), 104, 105 Making buildings, 2–23 choosing building systems, 8–15 constructing buildings, 16–23 MasterFormat section numbers, 23 standards and information resources, 15–16 JWBK274_Allen_Index.indd 993 Mantels, 285, 290 Manufactured homes, 124–127 Masonry: and building codes, 404–405 cold- and hot-weather construction, 404 comparative physical properties of masonry materials, 384 efflorescence, 378, 403 history, 298–301 mortar, 301–303 mortar joint deterioration, 403 preliminary design, 386 uniqueness, 405 Masonry, brick 304–333 ASTM classification of bricks, 310 bonds, 313, 314 choosing bricks, 310–311 comparative structural properties, 405 custom brick shapes, 308, 309 dimensioning, 318 firing of bricks, 305–308 laying bricks, 312–319 MasterFormat section numbers, 333 molding of bricks, 304–306 mortar joints, 318, 319 reinforced (RBM), 326 sizes of bricks, 308–309 spanning openings, 320–325 sustainability, 304 terminology, 312 weathering regions, 310, 311 Masonry, concrete ASTM classification of concrete blocks, 358, 359 autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), 368 decorative concrete blocks, 365–367 dimensioning, modular, 360 economy of, 368 glass blocks, 368 laying concrete blocks, 361–365 manufacture of concrete masonry units, 358–360 MasterFormat section numbers, 333 reinforcing, 362, 364 shapes and sizes, 358, 359 structural glazed facing tiles, 368 structural terra cotta, 368 sustainability, 350–351 Masonry, stone, 338–357 comparative physical properties of stone, 347 MasterFormat section numbers, 373 quarrying and milling of stone, 341–346 stonework, 347–351 sustainability, 350–351 types of stone, 338–341 Masonry paving patterns, 372 / 993 Masonry walls, 376–407 cavity, 380–384 composite, 378, 380 expansion and contraction, 395 fire resistance, 404 in fire-resistive Heavy Timber Construction, 140–146 flashings and drainage, 383, 390–392 insulation, thermal, 393–395 joint reinforcing, 378–381, 395 joints, 399–402 loadbearing, 384, 387–389 moisture resistance, 405–404 preliminary design, 386 reinforced, 384–386 sound transmission class, 404 spanning systems, 386–389 ties, 379 unreinforced, 378 MasterFormat, 16 MDF (medium-density fiberboard), 109 MDO (medium-density overlay) plywood, 109, 112 Mechanical and electrical services, installing, 256–263, 870–872 exposed services, 150, 924–925 Metals, dissimilar and the galvanic series, 698–700 Metals in architecture, 505–508 Metric conversions, 957 Mill construction, 140, 141, 386 Millwork, AWI grades, 273 Millwork and finish carpentry, 273–290 Minimum critical radiant flux exposure, 877 Modular home, 126–127 Moldings, 273, 279, 280, 285, 287 Mortar, 301–303 ASTM Types, 302 cement types for, 301, 302 hydration, 302–303 ingredients, 301–302 lime mortar, 302 mixes, 302, 303 Mortar joints: 318–319 in concrete masonry, 362 deterioration, 403 profiles, 319 repointing, 403 in stone masonry, 350 thickness, 318 tooling, 318 tuckpointing, 403 Movement joints, see Joints Mud slab, 78 Nails, 117–120, 178, 180 exterior siding, 238, 242 in finish carpentry, 279 National Building Code of Canada, 10/30/08 5:35:05 AM 994 / Index Needling, 67 Noise reduction coefficient (NRC), 927 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 15 Open-web steel joists (OWSJs), 388, 424, 425, 450, 451, 454, 458 Ordinary construction, 386, 387, 352, 353 OSB (oriented strand board), 109 OSL (oriented strand lumber), 104, 105 Paints and coatings, 234–237 Panelized construction, 124 Panels, wood, 107–115, 124–125 fiberboard, 109 hardboard, 115 hardwood, 115 oriented strand board, 109 particleboard, 109 plywood, 107–112 prefabricated components, 124–125 specifying, 112–115 Parapet coping, 673, 674 Parapet flashing, 390, 673 Partitions, 884–919 ceramic tile, 916–919 demountable, 912, 914 framing, 885 gypsum board, 904–915 masonry, 888, 889, 916 plaster, 885–901 stone, 918, 918 types, 884–885 Piles, 58–65 Pill test, 877 Plaster and plastering, 885–903 gypsum, 885, 889, 891 on gypsum lath, 896–898 history, 885 lathing, 892–894 on masonry, 897–898, 816, 817 on metal lath, 894–897 ornament, 902–903 partition systems, 900, 901 portland cement (stucco), 246, 247, 891, 898–901 resistance to fire, 889 textures, 897 trim accessories, 894, 895 veneer, 896, 898–900 Plastic glazing sheets, 723 Plastic lumber, 106–107 Plastics in building construction, 758–761 Platform frame, wood, 164–208 See also Wood light frame construction basic concept, 164–166 Plumbing: commercial, 870–872 residential, 256–259 JWBK274_Allen_Index.indd 994 Plywood, 107–115 Poke-through fittings, 935, 938 Precast concrete, see Concrete, precast Pressure-equalized wall design, see Rainscreen cladding PSL (parallel strand lumber), 104, 105 Quoins, 330 R-value, 658 of common insulation materials, 264 of rigid insulation materials for roofing, 662 Radiant barriers, 271 Rainscreen cladding, 790–794 conceptual approaches to watertightness, 790–791 pressure-equalization at smaller scale, 794 use in metal panel cladding, 792, 793 use in wood siding, 239–240 RBM, see Masonry, brick, reinforced Relative humidity, 658–659 Retaining walls, 68–70 Rivets, 425 Rock anchors, 46, 50 Roofing, 222–230, 650–701 and building codes, 697 cool, 693–695 green, 695–696 MasterFormat section numbers, 251, 701 photovoltaic, 696 resistance to fire, 697 sustainability, 692–696 Roofing, low-slope, 653–677 ballasting and traffic decks, 669 built-up roof (BUR), 665 decks, 653–654 details, 670–675 drainage, 653–654, 6674 fluid-applied membranes, 668–669 hybrid membrane, 667 insulation, 654–664 membranes for, 665–669 modified bitumen membrane, 665–667 protected membrane, 656–657 single-ply membrane, 667–668 structural metal panel, 676, 677 vapor retarders, 658–661, 664 ventilation, 654–656 Roofing, steep, 222–230, 653, 678–691 architectural sheet metal, 686–691 asphalt shingles, 228, 230, 680–683 composition shingles, see asphalt shingles decks, 678 details, architectural sheet metal, 687–689 details, asphalt shingle, 681–683 details, eaves and rakes, 223, 224 drainage, 225 eaves and rakes, 222–224 ice barrier (ice and water shield), 228 ice dams, 226 overhangs, 225–226 roll roofing, 680, 684 slate, 684 thatch, 653 tiles, clay and concrete, 684–685 underlayment, 222, 223, 227 unventilated, 227–230 ventilated, 224, 226–228 wood shakes, 678–680 wood shingles, 678, 680, 697 Room fire growth contribution, 876 RSI-value, 658 See also R-value Rubberized underlayment, 227 Rubber, synthetic, 758, 759 Safing, 805 Screw slots and screw ports, 840, 843, 844 Screws, wood and lag, 120–121 Sealants and sealant joints, 795–799 in exterior finishes for wood light frame construction, 251 gunnable, 796 joint design, 798, 799 MasterFormat section numbers, 895 solid, 797 Seismic base isolation, 66 Shaft walls, 870, 884, 915 fire-resistance requirements for, 877, 878 Shallow frost-protected footings, 77 Shear walls: in steel frame construction, 435, 436 in wood light frame construction, 185–188, 191–193 Sheeting, sheet piling, 28, 40, 41 bracing of, 46 Shotcrete, 587 slope support, 40, 41 Siding, 238–248 artificial stone, 247 board, 238–241 fiber-cement panel, 247–248 masonry veneer, 246, 247 metal and plastic, 243, 245, 246 plywood, 241–242 rainscreen, 239 shingle, 242–245, 249, 697 stucco, 246–247 Slab on grade, concrete, 54, 555–559 Slope support, 39–50 Slurry wall, 42–44, 47, 49, 50 Smoke barriers and smoke partitions, 804–805 Smoke-developed rating, 875–876 10/30/08 5:35:05 AM Index Soil mixing, 44–45 Soil nailing, 46 Soils, see Earth materials Soldier beams and lagging, 40 Sound transmission class (STC), 875 of gypsum board partitions, 913, 915 of masonry walls, 404 of plaster partitions, 900, 901 Space frame, 467–469 Spray-applied fire-resistive materials (SFRM), 460–463 Stains, 234–235 Stairs, concrete, 581 Stairs, precast concrete, 640, 645 Stairs, residential finish, 283–286, 288–289 proportioning, 288–289 shop-built, 283, 285 site-built, 283, 284, 286 terminology, 283 Static coefficient of friction (SCOF), 940 Steel frame construction, 410–485 arches, 469,470 architectural structural steel, 458 and the building codes, 478 castellated beam, 464 cast steel, 424 cold-worked steel, 424 column base details, 444, 445 comparative structural properties, 478 composite construction, 455–456, 476 connections, 431–440 construction process, 441–458 decking, 453–458, 936 erector, 444–452 fabricator, 441–444 fireproofing, 459–463 framing plan, 441 history, 412, 414 improved beams, 464–465 industrialized systems, 476, 478 joining steel members, 425–430 joists, open-web steel (OWSJs), 388, 424, 425, 450, 451, 454, 458 lateral stability of the, 435–436 longer spans, 464–471 manufacture, 415–418 MasterFormat section numbers, 485 plate girders, 464, 465 preliminary design, 417 rigid frames, 464, 465 shear and moment connections, 436–439 staggered truss, 457 steel, 414–418 steel alloys, 418 structural shapes, 418–424 sustainability, 477 tensile structures, 471–476 trusses, 466–469 uniqueness, 478–484 JWBK274_Allen_Index.indd 995 Steel framing, light-gauge, see Light gauge steel frame construction; Partitions Steel studs, 490–491, 885–887 Steiner tunnel test, 875 Stone: cladding, 817–821 flooring, 371, 372, 941, 943 interior facings, 918, 919 masonry, see Masonry, stone Stucco, 246, 247, 898–901 Subsurface exploration, 34–37 Superstructure, substructure, and foundation, 52 Sustainability, introduction, 4–8 Tensile structures, 471–476 Terra cotta, structural, 368 Terrazzo, 942–943, 946 Thermal break: in aluminum and steel window frames, 753, 755, 762 in aluminum extrusions, 844–845 in insulating glass unit spacers, 721 in light gauge steel frame construction, 502 Thermal expansion of materials, coefficient of, 395, 956 Thermal resistance, R, 658 See also R-value Thermoplastic and thermosetting materials, 758, 760 single-ply roof membranes, 667–668 Tiles, ceramic, 291, 292, 916–919, 944–945 MasterFormat section numbers, 919, 953 Tiles, quarry, 941, 942, 944, 945 Tiles, structural glazed clay, 368 Timber connectors, 121, 147 Timber frame construction, see Heavy timber frame construction Toothed plate connectors, 121, 122, 125 Toxic emissions from interior materials, 879 Trees, 86–92, 106–107 Trusses: heavy timber, 134, 144, 151–153 light gauge steel, 492, 501 sitecast concrete, 598, 599 steel, structural, 466–469 wood light frame, 124, 125, 210, 211, 212 Underfloor services, 934–939 Underlayment, flooring, 115, 109, 260, 290, 950, 951 Underlayment, roofing, 222, 227 Underpinning, 66, 67 Unit conversions, 957 / 995 Up-down construction, 78–79 Vapor barrier, see Vapor retarder Vapor retarder, 658–661 with concrete slab on grade, 555–557 in low-slope roofing, 664 in wood light frame construction, 271 Vault, 300, 324 Veneer plaster, 896, 898–900 Veneers, wood, 107–115 Vent spacers, 226, 227 Wall, curtain, see Cladding systems Walls, interior, see Partitions Waterproofing and drainage, 72–76 MasterFormat section numbers, 81 Water repellents, masonry, 404 Waterstop, 75–76 Water vapor and condensation, 658–661 Welding: architectural metals, 506 structural steel, 428–430 Windows, 230–233, 748–769, 775–777 Wood, 84–133 adhesives, 122–124 chemical treatments, 115–117 fasteners, 117–123 glue-laminated, 102–104 heavy timber frame construction, 134–159 lumber, see Lumber manufactured building components, 124–127 MasterFormat section numbers, 127 panel products, 107–115 plastic lumber, 106–107 sustainability, 90–91 trees, see Trees types of construction, 127 Wood light frame construction, 160–218 attaching to foundation, 180–181 balloon frame, 163 and the building codes, 212–214 erecting the frame, 177–180 exterior finishes for, 220–252 floor framing, 181–184 foundations for, 166166–174 framing for increased thermal efficiency, 209 framing for optimal lumber usage, 210–212 history, 163–164 interior finishes for, 254–293 manufactured homes, 124–127 MasterFormat section numbers, 218 modular homes, 126–127 panelized construction, 124 planning the frame, 175–176 platform frame, 164–166 prefabricated components, 124–127 10/30/08 5:35:05 AM 996 / Index Wood light frame construction, 160–218 (cont’d) preliminary design, 212 roof framing, 198–208 sustainability, 166 uniqueness, 214–217 wall framing, 185–197 JWBK274_Allen_Index.indd 996 Windows, 748–768 frame materials, 752–762 glazing, 762–764 installation, 765–768 MasterFormat section numbers, 779 safety considerations, 775 sustainability, 760 testing and standards, 765–768 types, 748–752 U-factors, comparative, 765 Wrought iron, 412, 414, 506 Zoning ordinances, 10/30/08 5:35:06 AM ... 1 42 135 127 12 1 12 105 097 09 0 82 075 067 06 0 52 045 043 037 031 03 022 021 10ý 12? ? 24 21 6 1 92 168 144 1 32 126 12 114 108 1 02 096 09 084 078 0 72 066 06 054 048 0 42 036 035 03 025 024 018 017 20 ... 27 25 5 24 22 5 21 195 18 165 15 135 12 105 09 087 075 063 06 045 0 42 40 36 32 28 24 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 058 05 0 42 04 03 028 Center-Center Spacing 8ý 30 27 24 21 ... 0 .26 5 0 .25 2 0 .23 9 0 .22 6 0 .21 1 0.195 0.1 92 0.178 0.1 62 0.160 0.138 0.134 680 6 12 544 476 408 374 357 340 323 306 28 9 27 2 25 5 23 8 22 1 20 4 187 170 153 136 119 1 02 099 085 070 068 051 048 1 .20 1.08