Privacy, Property and Personality docx

This page intentionally left blank Privacy, Property and Personality The protection of privacy and personality is one of the most fascinating issues confronting any legal system This book provides a detailed comparative analysis of the laws relating to commercial exploitation of personality in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States It examines the difficulties in reconciling privacy and personality with intellectual property rights in an individual’s identity and in balancing such rights with the competing interests of freedom of expression and freedom of competition The discrete patterns of development in the major common law and civil law jurisdictions are outlined, together with an analysis of the basic models of protection The analysis will be useful for lawyers in legal systems which have yet to develop a sophisticated level of protection for interests in personality Equally, lawyers in systems that provide a higher level of protection will benefit from the comparative insights into determining the nature and scope of intellectual property rights in personality, particularly questions relating to assignment, licensing, and post-mortem protection H U W B E V E R L E Y - S M I T H is a Solicitor in the Brands, Technology, Media and Telecommunications Department at Field Fisher Waterhouse in London He is also the author of The Commercial Appropriation of Personality (Cambridge 2002) A N S G A R O H L Y is Professor of Civil Law and Intellectual Property Law in the Faculty of Law and Economics at the University of Bayreuth, Germany Until 2002 he was the head of the Commonwealth Department of the Max-Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, Munich ` A G N E S L U C A S - S C H L O E T T E R is Lecturer in French law at the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany Until 2003 she was a researcher at the Max-Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, Munich Cambridge Studies in Intellectual Property Rights As its economic potential has rapidly expanded, intellectual property has become a subject of front-rank legal importance Cambridge Studies in Intellectual Property Rights is a series of monograph studies of major current issues in intellectual property Each volume contains a mix of international, European, comparative and national law, making this a highly significant series for practitioners, judges and academic researchers in many countries Series editor William R Cornish, Herchel Smith Professor of Intellectual Property Law, University of Cambridge Advisory editors Francois Dessemontet, Professor of Law, University of Lausanne ¸ Paul Goldstein, Professor of Law, Stanford University The Rt Hon Sir Robin Jacob, Court of Appeal, England A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume Privacy, Property and Personality Civil Law Perspectives on Commercial Appropriation Huw Beverley-Smith Ansgar Ohly Agnes Lucas-Schloetter ` camʙʀɪdɢe uɴɪveʀsɪtʏ pʀess Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cʙ2 2ʀu, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521820806 © Huw Beverley-Smith, Ansgar Ohly and Agne`s Lucas-Schloetter 2005 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2005 ɪsʙɴ-13 ɪsʙɴ-10 978-0-511-13477-7 eBook (EBL) 0-511-13477-0 eBook (EBL) ɪsʙɴ-13 978-0-521-82080-6 hardback ɪsʙɴ-10 0-521-82080-4 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of uʀʟs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents Preface Table of cases Table of statutes List of abbreviations Introduction The commercial value of aspects of personality Commercial and non-commercial interests Personality, privacy and intellectual property Competing doctrinal bases of protection Synopsis Property, personality and unfair competition in England and Wales, Australia and Canada Introduction Liability based on misrepresentation: the tort of passing off in English and Australian law Liability based on misappropriation: the Canadian tort of appropriation of personality Conclusions page ix xi xxv xxx 1 11 13 13 15 35 46 47 Introduction From property to inviolate personality Inviolate personality and the accretion of proprietary attributes Conceptions of privacy Reconciling privacy and commercial exploitation The scope and limits of the right of publicity Privacy in English law Conclusion Privacy and personality in the common law systems 47 48 52 53 64 68 75 93 German law Introduction History Substantive legal protection Post-mortem protection Assignment and licensing Remedies 94 94 96 105 124 129 138 vii viii Contents French law Framework and history Protection of economic interests Protection of non-economic interests Remedies providing for prevention or cessation of the infringement: injunctions Remedies providing for legal redress Transfer Conclusions Introduction Common features and contrasts The three basic models of protection Property, intellectual property and personality Privacy, freedom of expression and commercial appropriation under the European Convention on Human Rights Conclusions: A gradual convergence? 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Ltd’ [2003] PL 232 Younger, K., Report of the Committee on Privacy, Cmnd 5012, (London: HMSO, 1972) Zimmerman, D L., ‘Fitting Publicity Rights into Intellectual Property and Free Speech Theory: Sam, You Made the Pants Too Long!’ (2000) 19 De Paul LCA J Art Ent L 283 238 Bibliography ‘Requiem for a Heavyweight: A Farewell to Warren and Brandeis’s Privacy Tort’ (1983) 68 Cornell L Rev 291 Zimmermann, Reinhard, The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) Zweigert, K., and Kotz, H., An Introduction to Comparative Law (3rd edn) ă (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998) Index academic writing, 211 Acquarone, D., 155 actio injuriarum, 8, 96, 149 advertising, German law, 119 appropriation of personality See also personality rights approaches, 47, 206 Canadian tort damage requirement, 42–4 defendants’ conduct, 44–5 generally, 35–45 Ontario case law, 36 protected interests, 40–1 common features, 207–11 common law systems, 8–10, 47, 207 contrasts, 207–11 damage, 42–4 English law, 224, 225 forms, 70 and free speech, 92 French case law, 155–6 French tort, 161–7 German law, 94–6 loss of control, 30 misappropriation defamation, 82–3 dilution, 31–3 endorsement, 23–7, 38–9, 44–5 injurious association, 28–9 loss of licensing opportunity, 30–1 risk of litigation, 29–30 passing off, 20–3, 23–7, 34–5 and privacy, 40, 56–7 and right of publicity, 68–70 artistic works, 125, 173–4, 219 assignment French personality rights, 197–200 German personality rights, 129–37 US right of publicity, 70–1 Australia intellectual property rights, 13 passing off, 15–35 privacy, 207 unfair competition, 7, 13–14 Belgium, right to one’s image, 169 biographies, 75 blood samples, 115 Bloustein, E J., 58–9 Brandeis, L., 48–50, 58, 63, 67, 149, 211 breach of confidence, 85–93 business names, 122, 199–200 Calcutt Committee, 76, 85 Canada misrepresentation, Ontario case law, 36 privacy, 207 provincial tort laws, 35–6 tort of appropriation of personality, 35–45 unfair competition, 14 Canaris, C.-W., 100 caprice, right of caprice, 192–3 caricatures, 174 civil law systems case law, 210 unfair competition, 7–8, 224 coats of arms, 109 common law systems approaches to personality, 8–10, 47, 207 development of principles, 63–4 invasion of privacy, 209 personality as property right, 48–53 precedents, 208, 210 privacy concepts, 53–64 unfair competition, 6–7, 13–15, 46 confidentiality, German law, 116–17 confusion appropriation of names, 110–11, 171 French remedies, 184 unfair competition, 120 239 240 Index consent German law, 135–6 irrevocable consent, 132 medical consent, 131, 135 transfer of French personality rights, 193–7, 204 transfer of German personality rights, 131–2 copyright French law, 11 German law, 10, 112, 129, 133 and personality, and privacy, 48–9 counter-statements, 140 Dabin, J., 151 damage French law economic damage, 189–91 moral damage, 185–9 German law, 138–9, 142–4 US right of publicity, 72 damages French law solatium, 188–9 symbolic awards, 187–8 data protection German law, 116 UK law, 78–80 defamation and damages, 16 English law, 80–5 French law, 149 German law, 117–18 legal protection, US law, 80 destruction, remedy, 139–40, 183 dignity English law, 49 French law, 5, 179–81 German law, 100, 125, 137 meaning, protection models, 212 US approaches to privacy, 59, 213, 214 dilution doctrine, 31–3 domain names, 109, 111 duress, German law, 119 endorsement, and appropriation of personality, 23–7, 38–9, 44–5 English law academic writing, 211 appropriation of personality, 224, 225 breach of confidence, 85–93 Civil Procedure Rules, 18 data protection, 78–80 defamation, 80–5 dignitary interests, 49 free speech, 90–2 jurisprudence, 210 passing off, 6, 15–35 personality as property right, 49 privacy See privacy protection models, 212 public interest defence, 225 unfair competition, 13–14 Europe convergence, 224–6 ECHR, 208, 217–24 privacy and freedom of expression, 217–24 false light cases English law, 84–5 German law, 115, 118, 209 US law, 83–4, 85 Faulks Committee, 85 fault French law, 162–3, 208 German law, 142 fiction, 75 freedom of art, 125, 173–4, 219 freedom of expression and breach of confidence, 90–2 commercial expression, 219–20 ECHR jurisprudence, 218–20 English law, 90–2 and French personality rights, 173–81, 187 historical works, 174 and privacy, 90–2, 217–24 and right of publicity, 67, 73–5 freedom of thought, 223 French law assignment, 213 consent, 212 copyright, 11 defamation, 149 dignity, 5, 179–81 droit de non-paternite, 126 ´ fault, 162–3, 208 honour, 149, 153, 168 jurisprudence, 208 moral patrimony, 151–2 parasitism doctrine, 162–5 personality rights See personality rights precedents, 210 privacy See privacy protection models, 212 Index remedies See remedies and right of publicity, 158, 160–1, 163 subjective rights, 150–1 torts, 11, 149–50, 154, 161–7, 209–10 trade marks, 167 unfair competition, 163 unjust enrichment, 165–6 Gaillard, E., 155, 204 Gareis, K., 97, 211 Gavison, R., 59–62 geographical indications of origin, 122, 124 German law academic writing, 211, 212 advertising, 119 confidentiality, 116–17 consent, 131–2, 135–6 constitutional rights, 100–1, 108, 125, 223 copyright, 10, 112, 129, 133 creative judicial decisions, 102, 144 damages, 138–9, 142–4 defamation, 117–18 doctrine of spheres, 115–16, 225 freedom of art, 125 holocaust denial, 127 intellectual property, 129–30, 216–17 licensing See transfer of personality rights medical consent, 131, 135 moral rights, 94, 112 personality rights See personality rights precedents, 113, 210 property rights, 216–17 protection models , 212 public policy, 137 remedies See remedies self-determination, 108, 118, 121, 124 subjective rights, 10, 96, 97, 127–8 torts, 97–8 trade marks, 111, 121–4, 129, 216 trespass, 99 unfair competition, 8, 95, 119–21 unilateral promises, 132 unjust enrichment, 102, 103, 140–2, 143 Gierke, O von, 97, 211 goodwill concepts, 30–1 dilution, 31–3 individuals, 18 and passing off, 15–19, 29 gossip, 106 241 Harper, F W., 57 history freedom of expression, 174 and French personality rights, 205 holocaust denial, 127 honour, French law, 149, 153, 168 human rights and English privacy law, 77 European Convention, 208, 217–24 and personality, 217–24 image Belgian law, 169 French legal protection, 153, 156, 167, 168–70 requirement of identification, 183 public places, 172–3 German right to one’s image, 98–100, 105–8 exceptions, 105–8 news reporting, 99, 106–8 information right, 174–81 injunctions balance of convenience, 139 French personality rights, 181–5 emergencies, 181–3 preliminary injunctions, 182, 202 German personality rights, 138–9 injurious association, passing off, 28–9 intellectual property rights Australia, 13 German law, 129–30, 216–17 and personality, 3–4, 214–17 Internet, domain names, 109 James, F., 57 journalism See news reporting Kalven, H., 67 Kant, I., 10, 97 Kayser, P., 201–2 know-how, 158 Kohler, J., 97, 129, 211 licensing German personality rights, 95, 132–4 German trade marks, 131 and passing off, 30–1 personality licensing, 132–4, 213, 214 Mann, K., 125 McCarthy, J T., 69 medical consent, 131, 135 242 Index misrepresentation Canada, injurious association, 28–9 passing off See passing off and risk of litigation, 29–30 US law, moral rights French law, 151–2 German law, 94, 112 names business names, 122, 199–200 confusion, 110–11, 171 French law, 148, 149, 153, 166–7, 171–2, 199–200 geographical indications of origin, 122, 124 German right to one’s name, 109–12 Internet domain names, 109, 111 pseudonyms, 109, 171 and trade mark law, 122–3, 199–200 unjustified use, 111 violation of interests, 112 negligence, German law, 142 Nerson, R., 150–1, 153 New Zealand, 207 news reporting and French personality rights, 174–81 and German right to one’s image, 99, 106–8 public information right, 174–81 and right of publicity, 74 Nimmer, M B., 59 nuisance and English privacy, 80 German law, 115 oblivion, right to, 178 Pandectist School, 96 parasitism doctrine, 162–5 parodies, 106 passing off appropriation of personality, 20–3, 23–7, 34–5 Australia, 15–35 damage dilution, 31–3 injurious association, 28–9 loss of control, 30 loss of licensing, 30–1 requirement for tort, 16–17, 27–8 risk of litigation, 29–30 endorsement and misrepresentation, 23–7 English law, 6, 15–35 extended model, 34 and goodwill, 15–19, 29 misrepresentation, 19–23 orthodox model, 34 and personality, 14, 17–19 and reputation, 15–19 patents, German law, 129 Perreau, E H., 150 Personality See also personality rights appropriation See appropriation of personality commercial value, 1–2 convergence of models, 224–6 and intellectual property, 3–4 legal protection bases, 4–11 licensing See licensing non-commercial interests, 2–3, 133, 167–8, 212 passing off See passing off and privacy, 3–4, 5, 217–24 and property rights, 48–53, 214–17 protection models, 212–14 personality rights French law, 8, 11 core rights, 153 defence rights, 168 defences, 172–81 equality of rights, 224 exclusive rights to personality attributes, 158–61 extrapatrimonial rights, 154–5, 161–7 free speech defence, 173–81 general personality right, 153–4 historical development, 147–56, 207, 208 infringement, 168–72 journalism defence, 174–81 non-economic interests, 167–8, 212 parasitism doctrine, 162–5 patrimonial rights, 157–61, 215–16 post-mortem, 200–5 protection of economic interests, 156–67 public information right, 174–81 and public interest, 172 public policy, 192 remedies, 167, 181–91 right to be forgotten, 178 subjective rights, 150–1, 167 transfer See transfer of personality rights unjust enrichment, 165–6 German law, 10–11, 94–5 Index appropriation, 94–6 Civil Code, 96 damages, 102, 103 general personality rights, 99, 100–2, 113–19 historical development, 96–105, 207–8 jurisprudence, 208 moral rights, 94, 112 non-economic interests, 212, 217 post-mortem, 104, 122, 124–9 property rights, 216–17 public interest, 224–5 recent cases, 102–5 remedies, 138–46 revocation, 137 right to one’s image, 98–100, 105–8 right to one’s name, 109–12 self-determination, 108, 118, 121, 124 statutory provisions, 105–19, 209 subjective rights, 10, 96, 97, 127–8 transfer See transfer of personality rights waiver, 130–1 models, 10–11, 212–14 photographs See image post-mortem protection French law, 200–5 German law, 104, 122, 124–9 US right of publicity, 71–2, 214 precedents civil law systems, 210 common law systems, 63–4, 210 French law, 210 German law, 113, 210 principles, common law, 63–4 privacy and appropriation of personality, 40, 56–7 Australia, 207 Canadian torts, 35 common law concepts, 8–10, 47 core concept, 59–62 generally, 53–64 holistic concept, 58–9 privacy as principle, 62–4 reductionist paradigm, 54–8 and copyright, 48–9 and defamation, 83–5 ECHR jurisprudence, 218 ECHR provisions, 217–24 English law, 47, 63, 207, 209, 222 breach of confidence, 85–93 common law, 80–92, 209 defamation, 80–5 243 generally, 75–92 nuisance, 80 statutory provisions, 78–80 trespass, 80 and freedom of expression, 90–2, 217–24 French law, 11, 223 defences, 172–81 historical development, 147–9, 151–2 public right to information, 174–81 right to private life, 167, 170–1 general remedy, 47 harmonisation of standards, 221–2 and Human Rights Act, 77 invasion, 55, 77–8 common law systems, 209 English law, 93 US law, 83–4 meaning of private life, 218 new causes of action, 47 and personality, 3–4, 5, 217–24 personality as property right, 48–53 positive obligations by states, 220 and publicity, 8–10 and right of publicity, 64–75 statutory right of privacy, 47 and torts, 47 US law, 9–10, 41, 47, 85, 209 promises, 132 property rights German law, 216–17 and personality, 48–53, 214–17 right of publicity, 65–6, 71, 214–15 Prosser, W L., 52, 54–8, 59 pseudonyms, 109, 171 public information right, 174–81 public interest English defence, 225 and French personality rights, 172 and German personality rights, 224–5 public places, and right to one’s image, 172–3 public policy French personality rights, 192 German law, 137 publicity and privacy, 8–10 right to See right of publicity and torts, 55, 56 Ravanas, J., 201 remedies French personality rights categories, 181 244 Index remedies (cont.) corrections, 184 destruction, 183 economic damages, 189–91 enforcement, 185 generally, 167, 181–91 injunctions, 181–5, 202 moral damages, 185–9 publication of judgments, 186–7 right to reply, 186 seizure, 184–5 solatium, 188–9 suppression, 183, 184 symbolic awards, 187–8 warnings, 184 German personality rights corrections, 139 counter-statements, 140 damages, 138–9, 142–4 destruction, 139–40 generally, 138–46 injunctions, 138–9 solatium, 144–6 unjust enrichment, 140–2, 143 reputation and defamation, 81–2 and passing off, 15–19 right of caprice, 192–3 right of publicity assignability, 70–1 damages, 72 descendibility, 71–2 and free speech, 67, 73–5 and French law, 158, 160–1, 163 misappropriation, 68–70 and news reporting, 74 and privacy, 41, 64–75 property right, 65–6, 71, 214–15 scope, 68–75 US development, 57, 59, 64–8, 214–15 US law, 5, 7, 14, 57, 213 US state jurisdictions, 71–2 Roman law, 8, 96, 140, 149 Roubier, P., 151 satire, 106, 174 Savigny, F K von, 10, 96–7 self-determination, German law, 108, 118, 121, 124 solatium French law, 188–9 German law, 144–6 spheres, doctrine of spheres, 115–16, 225 spying, 115 subjective rights French law, 150–1 German law, 10, 96, 97, 127–8 succession French personality rights, 200–5 German personality rights, 104, 122, 124–9 US right of publicity, 71–2, 214 telephone cold calling, 115 tapping, 115 tools of the trade, 2, 24 torts appropriation of personality, 35–45 Canadian provincial laws, 35–6 French law, 11, 149–50, 154, 161–7, 208, 209–10 German law, 97–8 new torts, 35 passing off See passing off and privacy, 47 US law, 57 trade marks French law, 167, 199–200 geographical indications of origin, 122 German law, 111, 121–4, 129, 131, 216 revocation for non-use, 123 unregistered marks, 121 transfer of personality rights French law alienability, 191–200 assignment, 197–200 consent, 193–7, 204 generally, 191–205 names as trade marks, 199–200 revocation of consent, 194–7 succession, 200–5 tolerance, 192–3 validity of consent, 193–4 waiver, 197, 199 German law consent, 130, 131–2, 135–6 historical development, 129–30 personality licensing, 95, 132–4 post mortem, 104, 122, 124–9 public policy, 137 scope of permissions, 136–7 tied transfers, 133 validity, 134–7 waiver, 130–1 licensing, 95, 132–4, 213, 214 trespass, 80, 99 Index Ulmer, E, 112 undue influence, German law, 119 unfair competition Australia, 13–14 basis of legal protection, 6–8 Canada, 14 common law jurisdictions, 6–7, 13–15, 46 English law, 13–14 European models, 7–8, 224 French law, 163 German law, 8, 95, 119–21 passing off See passing off US law, 13 unilateral promises, 132 unjust enrichment French law, 165–6 German law, 102, 103, 140–2, 143, 146 US law academic writing, 211 constitutional right of privacy, 54 defamation, 80 dilution doctrine, 32 245 influence, 161–2 invasion of privacy, 83–4 jurisprudence, 209, 210 legal model, 212, 213 personality as property right, 50–3 privacy concepts, 9–10, 47, 53–64, 207 privacy law, 85, 209 publicity See right of publicity torts, 57 unfair competition, 13 voice, French law, 168 Wacks, R., 76 waiver French personality rights, 197, 199 German personality rights, 130–1 Warren, S, 48–50, 58, 63, 67, 149, 211 Younger Committee, 76 Zitelmann, E., 135 ... aspects of personality Commercial and non-commercial interests Personality, privacy and intellectual property Competing doctrinal bases of protection Synopsis Property, personality and unfair... Conclusions Introduction Common features and contrasts The three basic models of protection Property, intellectual property and personality Privacy, freedom of expression and commercial appropriation under... jurisdictions have responded to demands for protection of attributes of an individual’s personality and the difficulties in reconciling privacy, personality and intellectual property Inevitably a balance