Ebook Building materials in civil engineering: Part 1

Part 1 of ebook Building materials in civil engineering provide readers with content about: introduction; the basic properties of building materials; air hardening binding materials; cement; concrete; workability of fresh concrete; building mortar;... Please refer to the part 1 of ebook for details!

Building materials in civil engineering Editor-in-Chief: Haimei Zhang Translator: Shuo Ma, Yanyan Wu ~~ WOODHEAD PUBLISHING Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi Science Press Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3H5, UK www.woodheadpublishing.com Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnnt Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA19023406, USA Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002, India www.woodhead publishingindia com Published in China by Science Press, 16 Donghuangchengggen North Street, Beijing 100717, China First published 201 1, Woodhead Publishing Limited and Science Press 0Woodhead Publishing Limited and Science Press, 201 The authors have asserted their moral rights British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-955-0 (print) Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1 -84569-956-7 (online) Typeset by (Science Press to add) Printed by (Science Press to add) Preface As one of the Programming Textbooks for New-century Higher Vocational and Professional Civil Engineering, this book is published by Science Press in August, 2001 This book has won the special prize of 2001-2003 Programming Textbooks for National IIigher Vocational and Professional Civil Engineering proposed by Textbook Construction Expert Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences It has gained good evaluations from peer experts, construction technicians and teachers It is one of the “Eleventh Five-year Plan” National Textbooks for General Higher Education This book is suitable for students majoring in “Civil Engineering”, “Construction Engineering”, “Engineering Supervision”, “Costing Engineering”, and “Water Supply and Drainage Engineering”, also for the engineers and technicians engaging in the relevant specialties For the sake of requirements for higher vocational and profcssional teaching and vocational education, this book not only focuses on cement, concrete, steel, new waterproof materials, but also introduces the environment-friendly materials It tries to make the teaching materials more applicable, more substantial, more succinct, and more novel Since it ‘was published, this book has been amended and rewritten carefully to satisfj the new amended national regulations and standards Due to the limited knowledge in the compilation of this book, mistakes and errors cannot be fully avoided The comments and criticism from the readers will be highly appreciated Zhang tIaimci June, 2010 Introduction This chapter focuses on the classifications and the technical standards of building materials; it summarizes the characteristics of building materials and their status in construction engineering briefly; and also it introduces the development of building materials 1.1 Definitions and Classifications of Building Materials In the general environment for humans’ survival, all the materials or products used in structures or buildings are called building materials which are the material foundation for all the construction engineering The building materials discussed in this course are all the materials used in building foundations, bases, floors, walls, beams, plates, roofs and architectural decoration There is a wide variety of building materials They are usually classified from different angles for the sake of study, application and description The most common classifications are based on their chemical components and functions 1) According to the chemical components of building materials, they can be classified into inorganic materials, organic materials and composite materials, as follows: Inorganic Materials Metal: Steel, Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Various Types of Alloys Metalloid: Natural Stone Cement, Concrete, Glass, Uurncd Soil Products,etc Mctal-metalloid Composition: Reinforced Concrete, etc Wood, Plastics, Synthetic Rubber, Petroleum Asphalt etc I n o v i c MetalQganic Cornpsition: Polymer Concrete, Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics, etc Metal-Organic Composition: Light Metal Sandwich Panels, ctc Building materials in civil engineering 2) According to the functions of materials, they can be divided into structural materials and functional materials: Structural Materials: mainly used as load-bearing members, such as the materials used for beams, plates and columns Functional Materials: mainly possessing some special functions in construction, such as waterproof, ornamental and heat-insulating functions, etc 1.2 Characteristics of Building Materials and Their Status in Architecture Building matcrials are the material foundation for all the construction engineering Building materials industry which is one of the important basic industries of national economy promotes the development of the construction industry Various buildings and structures are constructed by all kinds of building materials on the basis of reasonable design The varieties, specifications and qualities of building materials are directly related to the applicability, artistry and durability of buildings and also to the cost of projects A large ncmber of high-quality industrial and civil buildings need to be built for the development of society Meanwhile, a great deal of water conservancy projects, traffic engineering and port projects need to be built to adapt to the rapid development of the national economy It requires lots of high-quality building materials which accords with the application environment of projects Therefore, building materials industry is usually considered as the basic industry for the construction engineering Building materials not only have a large consumption, but also are expensive In the total cost of the construction, the cost of building materials often accounts for about 50 percent Thus, it is significant to properly choose and reasonably utilize building materials in the construction for the reduction of costs and the improvement of investment benefits A large number of new building materials continue to emerge, often promoting the innovation and development of construction techniques For example, the emergence of clay bricks contributes to the brick-timber structure; the reinforced concrete structure comes from concrete and steel bar; light high-strength materials promote the development of modem buildings Introduction and high-rise buildings; the application of various functional materials in the construction industry continues to create diversified comfortable living and production environment and to conserve energy In short, the application of building materials in the projects must possess the following characteristics: the function required by projects, the durability proper for the environmental conditions, the rich resources to meet the needs of construction, and low price In the building environment, the ideal building materials should be light, high-strength, aesthetic, heat-insulating, sound-absorbing, waterproof, shockproof, fireproof, non-toxic, and efficient, etc 1.3 The Development of Building Materials Various building materials form the living environment of human beings, which reflects the cultural and scientific features of each era, becoming an important symbol of humans’ material civilization Building materials develop with the improvement of the productivity and living standards In the early age, human beings inhabited “cave dwelling” After the Iron Age, they began digging, chipping and logging with simple tools to build shabby houses by natural materials; and with the use of fire, people learned how to burn bricks, tiles and limes, in which way building materials entered the artificial production stage In lSLhand 19‘hcentury, steel, cement, concrete and reinforced concrete continuously emerged with the rise of capitalism, the rapid development and the improve of traffic, which pushed building materials into a new stage of development Since the 20thcentury, the formation and development of material science and engineering had contributed to not only the improvement of building materials in function and quality, but also the varieties Some new building materials with special functions came into being, such as heat-insulating materials, sound-absorbing materials, ornamental materials, heat-resistant and waterproof materials, impermeable materials and wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and explosion-proof, and anti-radiation materials, etc In the second half of the 20thcentury, building materials evolved towards light, high-strength and functional direction In the new century, as humans’ awareness of environmental protection has been strengthened, non-toxic and pollution-free “Green Building Materials” Building materials in civil engineering are recommended increasingly and human beings can build their own “Green Home” with new building materials 1.4 The Introduction of Building Materials’ Technical Standards The implementing standards should be established for the various techniques of material products because of the scientific management of the modem material production Product Standards are the standards established for products to meet some or all the requirements in order to guarantee the applicability of products They generally includes product specifications, classifications, technical functions, testing methods, rules of inspection and acceptance, packaging, storage, transport and others For example, cement, ceramic and steel have their own product standards Building Material Standards are the technical foundations for the inspection of product quality and the bases for the acceptance of product quality referred to by both sides of supply and demand The structure designs and construction techniques can be standardized accordingly by the reasonable selection of materials in the construction engineering, which will accelerate the construction and maximize the benefit of the engineering practice Recently, there are three categories used in China, as follows: (1) National Standards National Standards include mandatory standards (code-named GB), and recommendatory standards (code-named GB / T) (2) Industry Standards Industry Standards include the construction industry standards (code-named JGJ), building material industry standards (code-named JC), metallurgical industry standards (code-named YB) and transport industry standards (code-named JT) and so on (3) Regional Standards (code-named DBJ) and Enterprise Standards (code-named QB) The expression of regional standards includes the standard name, the department code, the serial number and the year of approval For example: The National Standard (Mandatory), The Hot-rolled Ribbed Steel Bars for the Reinforced Concrete (GB 1499-1998) Introduction The National Standard (Recommendatory), The Decarbonized Hot-rolled Round Coiled Bar (GB/T701-1997) The Construction Industry Standard, The Design Regulution of Common Concrete Mix Proportion (JGJ55-2000) The Construction Industry Standard, The Technical Specification of Concrete Structures with Cold-rolled Ribbed Steel Burs (JGJ95-2003) The Regional Standard of Hebei Province, The Technical Specification for the Applicution of Modified Gypsum Ileat-insulating Mortar [DB 13/T(J) 25-20001 The mandatory standards indicate that any technique (or product) should not fall below the requirements; the recommendatory standards indicate that other standards are allowed to be followed, but the recommendatory standards will become the mandatory standards once they are adopted by mandatory standards; the technical requirements regulated in regional standards or enterprise standards should be above national standards It is an important economic and technological policy for China to adopt international standards and advanced foreign standards which will promote technological progress, improve product quality, expand foreign trade and enhance China’s standardization level International standards can be broadly classified into the following categories: 1) The “ISO’ international standards adopted in the whole world 2) The standards of the worldwide influential communities and companies, such as the ASTM (named American Society for Testing and Materials) Standards 3) Regional Standards They refer to the standards of industrialized countries, such as the DIN Standards of Germany, the BS Standards of the United Kingdom and the JIS Standards of Japan 1.5 Characters, Purposes, Tasks and Learning Methods of Building Materials Curriculum Building materials curriculum is the technical foundation course for the civil engineering specialty in higher vocational colleges The purpose of this curriculum is to learn the knowledge about building materials related to the architectural design, the structural design, and construction projects, correctly Building materials in civil engineering recognize and reasonably choose the proper building materials, and master the information concerning the inspection, transportation and storage of the products in order to lay a foundation for the future work The course mission is to enable students to obtain the basic knowledge and the necessary theories related to the characteristics and application of building materials and access to the essential training skills relevant to the materials experiments Building materials course is very practical and applicable Of the learning methods, the first one is to focus on the major content, that is, the construction function and reasonable application of the materials The other contents are all concerned with this focus It is incorrect to change the construction function into an invariable concept The more important thing is to know the inherent factors and their mutual relationships For the various materials of the same category, not only should their similarities be learned but also their respective characteristics For example, the six common kinds of cement have many similarities and many specialties They are used in the according conditions just based on their own features Experimental course is the important part of the teaching Its task is to verify the basic theories, learn the experimental methods, and foster a scientific research capacity and the strict scientific attitude In the experiments, it is necessary to be careful and serious, even the simple ones It is necessary to know the influence of testing results on the testing conditions and make the correct analysis and judgment on the results The reflection questions, exercises in each chapter generalize the theories and practical application of materials of those chapters which should be mastered In order to know the functions and applications of materials, it is important to visit some building materials factories and applications of materials, master their practical applications in the construction projects, and know the new varieties and the new standards, for mastering and using the materials better References Cao Wenda, Cao Dong 2000 Building Project Materials, Beijing: Golden Shield Press Chen Yafu 1998 Building Materials Guangzhou: South China University of Technology Press Chen Zhiyuan, Li Qiling 2000 Civil Engineering Materials Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology Press Gao Qiongying 1997 Building Materials: Wuhan: Wuhan Univeristy of Technology State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 National Standards of P.R.C Hunan University, et al 1989 Building Materials (Third Edition), Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press Liu Xiangshun 1989 Building Materials, Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press Sun Dagen 1997 Building Materials and Project Quality, Guangzhou: South China University of Technology Press Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, et al 1997 Building Materials, Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press China Architecture & Building Press 2000 Comprehensive Criteria of Existing Building Materials (Supplement), Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press 192 Building materials in civil engineering Table 7.17 The Waterproof Property of Waterproof Paper Gypsum Boards Water absorption ratio (in water for 2h) ("h)( G ) Surface water absorption (g) ( C ) I Thickness 9mm Moisture deflection Thickness I\venseMax Average Max Average -Max 5.0 6.0 1.6 I I 9.0 8.0 ^ 48 "- 10.0 11.0 2.4 2.0 52 56 36 40 Thickness 16 20 24 15mm Note: ARer the board has immerged in water for 2h, the protective paper should not split from gypsum core materials Excellent 30 First-class 2s I Qualified 20 Gypsum Fiber Boards The board is the paperless gypsum board taking fiber reinforced gypsum as the base The inorganic fibers or organic fibers are often used as the reinforcing materials which are beat with building gypsum and retardant and then are paved, dehydrated, shaped, and dried into gypsum boards The boards have light weight, high strength, fireproof and soundproof properties, as well as high toughness, and are easy to be processed The specifications and application are the same with paper gypsum boards Wall and Roof Materials 193 Gypsum Hollow Slabs The appearance and production mode of the slabs are the similar with those of cement concrete hollow slabs A gypsum hollow slab is made by mixing, stirring, vibrating, and forming gypsum (the cementing material) with various lightweight aggregates (such as ekpanded perlite or expanded vermiculite) and modified materials (like, slag, fly ash, lime, and addictives), and then drying them after taking out the core mould The length is 2500-3000mm, the breadth is 500-600mm, and the thickness is 60-90mm The production of these slabs needs no paper and no glue; and when they are installed, no keel is needed, the equipment is simple, and they are easy to be put into production The apparent density of gypsum hollow slabs is 600-900kg/m3, the bending strength is 2-3MPa, thermal conductivity is 0.22W/ (m*K), the soundproof index is more than 30dB, and the fireproof limit is 1-2.25h The slabs have light weight, high strength, as well as insulating, soundproof, and fireproof properties, and they are easy to be processed and installed The slabs can be used for the non-load-bearing inner partition walls of various buildings; but if the relative humidity of the environment is more than 75%, the waterproof treatment should be conducted to the surface of these boards Gypsum Particleboard The boards are made by mixing gypsum (the cementing material) and wood shavings (the reinforcing material) with addictives, and then stirring, paving, and pressing them They possess the advantages of all the above gypsum boards, used as the non-load-bearing inner partition walls and decorative boards 7.3.3 Plant Fiber Boards With the development of agriculture, the agricultural wastes (such as straw, wheat straw, maize stalk and bagasse) are increasing, and the environment has been polluted If the above-mentioned wastes can be treated properly, they can be made into various boards for use Early in 1930, Swedes used 25kg straw to produce boards instead of 250 pieces of clay bricks, which saved a great deal of fields Over the years, more than 20 countries have built about 30 production lines of straw boards China, as a big agricultural country, has rich resources and should develop and promote these products ' 194 Building materials in civil engineering Straw (Wheat) Board The main raw materials of straw boards are straw or wheat straw, paper boards, and urea-formaldehyde resin The production is to heat-press the dry straw into solid board core, bond paper on the two faces and the four sides of the core with glue, and then curing it with heat There is no binder in the board core The board is solid and has stiffness because the straw entwists inside The production is easy, and the production line is only 80-90m long From material feeding to product, it only needs 1h The energy consumption of the straw boards production is low, only 113-1/4 of paper gypsum boards Straw boards are light (apparent density of 10440kg/m3), and have good insulation [thermal conductivity