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VIRAL REPLICATION
Edited by German Rosas-Acosta
Viral Replication
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3017
Edited by German Rosas-Acosta
Contributors
Andrés Santos, Jason Chacón, Germán Rosas-Acosta, George Valiakos, Labrini V. Athanasiou,
Antonia Touloudi, Vassilis Papatsiros, Vassiliki Spyrou, Liljana Petrovska, Charalambos Billinis,
MariaKuttikan Jayalakshmi, Narayanan Kalyanaraman, Ramasamy Pitchappan, S. Chakraborty,
B.M. Veeregowda, R. Deb,, B.M. Chandra Naik, Paul J. Hanson, Huifang M. Zhang, Maged
Gomaa Hemida, Xin Ye, Ye Qiu, Decheng Yang, Zeinab N. Said, Kouka S. Abdelwahab
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2013 InTech
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Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad
Cover InTech Design Team
First published February, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Viral Replication, Edited by German Rosas-Acosta
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-1055-2
Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 Influenza A Virus Multiplication
and the Cellular SUMOylation System 1
Andrés Santos, Jason Chacón and Germán Rosas-Acosta
Chapter 2 West Nile Virus: Basic Principles, Replication Mechanism,
Immune Response and Important Genetic Determinants
of Virulence 43
George Valiakos, Labrini V. Athanasiou, Antonia Touloudi,
Vassilis Papatsiros, Vassiliki Spyrou, Liljana Petrovska and
Charalambos Billinis
Chapter 3 Hepatitis B Virus Genetic Diversity: Disease Pathogenesis 69
MariaKuttikan Jayalakshmi, Narayanan Kalyanaraman
and Ramasamy Pitchappan
Chapter 4 An Overview of the Immune Evasion Strategies
Adopted by Different Viruses with Special Reference
to Classical Swine Fever Virus 83
S. Chakraborty, B.M. Veeregowda, R. Deb, and B.M. Chandra Naik
Chapter 5 Viral Replication Strategies:
Manipulation of ER Stress Response Pathways
and Promotion of IRES-Dependent Translation 103
Paul J. Hanson, Huifang M. Zhang, Maged Gomaa Hemida,
Xin Ye, Ye Qiu and Decheng Yang
Chapter 6 Antiviral Replication Agents 127
Zeinab N. Said and Kouka S. Abdelwahab
Preface
This book is the result of the combined effort of an international panel of experts on
different areas of virological research. Therefore, rather than presenting an exhaustive
review of a very focused virological area, it provides a collection of in-depth reviews
broadly related to the mechanisms of viral replication as applied to various viruses of
critical relevance for human or animal disease.
Specifically, this book contains six different chapters.
Chapter one, “Influenza A Virus Multiplication and the Cellular SUMOylation
System,” summarizes our current knowledge of the mechanisms governing Influenza
A transcription and replication, and provides an in depth review of our current
knowledge of the interactions established between the cellular SUMOylation system
and influenza virus during infection, indicating how knowledge related to this topic
may lead to innovative new therapeutic approaches against influenza.
Chapter two, “West Nile Virus: Basic Principles, Replication Mechanism, Immune
Response and Important Genetic Determinants of Virulence,” provides a thorough
review of our current knowledge of the molecular biology of West Nile Virus, with
emphasis on its structure, genome, replication cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and
the genetic determinants of viral virulence.
Chapter three, “Hepatitis B Virus Genetic Diversity: Disease Pathogenesis,” gives a
general overview of the molecular biology of Hepatitis B virus, with particular
emphasis on its mechanisms of replication, the role played by the different proteins
encoded by the virus during its life cycle, viral genotypes and sub-genotypes, and
their link with pathogenesis in the outcome of viral infection.
Chapter four, “An Overview of the Immune Evasion Strategies Adopted by Different
Viruses With Special Reference to Classical Swine Fever Virus,” presents a brief review
of the general mechanisms used by viruses to evade the immune responses of their
host, with special emphasis on the mechanisms used by Classical Swine Fever Virus.
Chapter five, “Viral Replication Strategies: Manipulation of ER Stress Response
Pathways and Promotion of IRES-Dependent Translation,” presents an in-depth
review of our current knowledge of ER Stress Response Pathway and how viral
VIII Preface
infection utilizes this pathway to stimulate cap-independent (IRES-dependent)
translation. Furthermore, it provides an overview of the different Internal Ribosomal
Entry Sites encoded by viruses, their classification, mechanism of action, and how
viruses manipulate the cellular environment to enhance their activity.
And chapter six, “Antiviral Replication Agents,” gives a general overview of antiviral
chemotherapeutic agents currently licensed for clinical used and their mechanisms of
action, with emphasis on the viral processes and components targeted by them.
This book is aimed at students, scholars, professors, and investigators who are
peripherally related to, or somehow intrigued by, the different areas of virology
covered in this book, as well as at those individuals with greater expertise and
knowledge in the topics herein presented who may want up-to-date in depth reviews
related to such topics.
We expect that, in addition to providing excellent reviews in various exciting areas of
virological research, this book will also stimulate the type of scientific discussions and
ideas that will result in sustained research efforts not only in the specific areas of
research covered in this book, but also in other related areas of biomedical research.
German Rosas-Acosta, PhD.
Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP),
Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP),
USA
[...]... vRNA Altogether, this not only suggests a pro -viral functionality of UAP56 in 18 Viral Replication enhancing vRNA production, but that efficient viral replication exploits multiple functionalities of cellular host factors in a well orchestrated manner 3.4 Cutting and mincing the viral transcripts: Host splicing machinery and influenza viral RNA Splicing of viral mRNA, needed for the production of M2... of their functions, including viral replication However, influenza virus requires access to the cell nucleus for successful transcription and replication of the viral genome Once in the nucleus, the incoming RdRp associated to the vRNPs initiates synthesis of viral mRNA and produces the first round of viral protein synthesis, which leads to the expression of the early viral proteins PB1, PB2, PA, NP,... Nuclear accumulation and 3D structure of the viral RdRp The release of the vRNPs from the infectious viral particle is perhaps the most critical step in the initiation of viral replication This event requires the acidification of the viral particle core for the disruption of the intermolecular interactions shared between the vRNPs and the M1 viral protein [49] The viral complex responsible for the acidification... The viral envelope surrounds a relatively irregular viral nucleocapsid formed by the viral matrix (M1) protein, which in turn surrounds eight viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) that appear to be placed in a well organized cylindrical arrangement [4] Each vRNP is made of a single stranded viral genomic RNA segment covered by numerous copies of the viral nucleoprotein (NP), and a single copy of the viral. .. the viral polymerase to the 5’-end of the vRNA are both required for transcription [75] This finding led to a refined hypothesis in which the viral polymerase binds to the panhandle structure formed between the complementary regions of the vRNA, recognizes the viral promoter, and subsequently elongates viral mRNA transcripts while remaining bound to the 5’-end of the template [75] Because the viral. .. regions still remains unknown ii) Viral proteins involved in the regulation of the viral polymerase: As mentioned above, viral proteins different from those constituting the vRNP complexes can also play an important regulatory role in the function of the viral polymerase To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the viral polymerase switch from transcription to replication still remain unresolved... inhibitors or point mutations on the 14 Viral Replication transcriptase activity of the RdRp, since under such conditions these assays do not accurately recapitulate the events involved in viral transcription and replication during influenza infections 3 Cellular factors important for viral multiplication The first identification of cellular factors involved in influenza viral infection took place as early... for efficient vRdRp-dependent transcription of the viral genome In a reporter assay, knockdown of the nuclear Splicing Factor Proline-Glutamine Rich (SFPQ/PSF) reduced levels of viral transcription, but had no effect on viral genome replication Moreover, in vitro analysis of viral transcription revealed about a ~5-fold reduction in the fraction of viral polyadenylated (positive sense) transcripts,... machinery to 10 Viral Replication translate its gene products, influenza has developed a mechanism called “cap-snatching” to prime the synthesis of all viral mRNAs [69] According to in vitro reconstitution assays the cap-snatching event seems to be dependent upon binding of the viral polymerase complex on the viral promoter at the 3’-end of vRNA molecules [63, 69-70] This interaction between the viral RdRp... during infection by neutralizing cellular antiviral responses and increasing viral protein synthesis, while decreasing the synthesis of cellular proteins (reviewed by Hale et al [8], Lin et al [9], and Krug et al [10]) The role of neutralizing antiviral defenses has been recently shown to be shared by another viral protein produced by a limited number of viral strains: The so-called PB1-F2 protein, . VIRAL REPLICATION
Edited by German Rosas-Acosta
Viral Replication
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3017. [3]. The viral envelope surrounds a relatively irregular viral
nucleocapsid formed by the viral matrix (M1) protein, which in turn surrounds eight viral
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