ARTERY BYPASS Edited by Wilbert S. Aronow Artery Bypass http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50852 Edited by Wilbert S. Aronow Contributors Lester A.H. Critchley, Inna Kammerer, Tagreed Altaei, Imad Jamal, Diyar Dilshad, Mohammed A Balghith, Rainer G. H. Moosdorf, Maseeha Khaleel, Tracy Dorheim, Daniel Anderson, Michael Duryee, Geoffrey Thiele, Takao Kato, Benetti, Haralabos Parissis, Alan Soo, Bassel Al-Alao, Aditya M Sharma, Herbert Aronow, Oguzhan Yıldız, Melik Seyrek, Husamettin Gul, Cheng-Xiong Gu, Yang Yu, Chuan Wang, AC Zago, Eduardo K Saadi, Rui M. Almeida, Wilbert S. Aronow, Sean Maddock, Gilbert L. Tang, Ramin Malekan, Yuki Igarashi, Takeo Igarashi, Ryo Haraguchi, Kazuo Nakazawa, Jiri Mandak, Martin Šimek, Martin Kalab, Martin Molitor, Patrick Tobbia, Vladimír Lonský, Marcel A. Beijk, Ralf Harskamp, Luminita Iliuta, Faisal Latif, Muhammad A. Chaudhry, Zainab Omar, Philippe Dubois, Maximilien Gourdin, Tsuyoshi Kaneko, Sary Aranki, J D Schwalm, Michael Tsang, Andrea Székely, Zsuzsanna Cserép, Masaki Yamamoto, Kazumasa Orihashi, Takayuki Sato, Kim Houlind, Johnny Christensen Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Viktorija Zgela Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published March, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Artery Bypass, Edited by Wilbert S. Aronow p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1025-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Section 1 Basic Science and Physiology 1 Chapter 1 Impact of Ischemia on Cellular Metabolism 3 Maximilien Gourdin and Philippe Dubois Chapter 2 Inflammation and Vasomotricity During Reperfusion 19 Maximilien Gourdin and Philippe Dubois Chapter 3 Ventricular Arrhythmias and Myocardial Revascularization 37 Rainer Moosdorf Chapter 4 Minimally Invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring in the Year 2012 45 Lester Augustus Hall Critchley Chapter 5 Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Imaging Technique in Cardiovascular Surgery 81 Masaki Yamamoto, Kazumasa Orihashi and Takayuki Sato Chapter 6 Peripheral Tissue Oxygenation During Standard and Miniaturized Cardiopulmonary Bypass (Direct Oxymetric Tissue Perfusion Monitoring Study) 99 Jiri Mandak Section 2 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery 117 Chapter 7 Total Arterial Revascularization in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery 119 Sean Maddock, Gilbert H. L. Tang, Wilbert S. Aronow and Ramin Malekan Chapter 8 MINI OPCABG 135 Federico Benetti, Natalia Scialacomo, Jose Luis Ameriso and Bruno Benetti Chapter 9 Saphenous Vein Conduit in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery — Patency Rates and Proposed Mechanisms for Failure 149 Maseeha S. Khaleel, Tracy A. Dorheim, Michael J. Duryee, Geoffrey M. Thiele and Daniel R. Anderson Chapter 10 The Impact of Arterial Grafts in Patients Undergoing GABG 161 Haralabos Parissis, Alan Soo and Bassel Al-Alao Chapter 11 Complex Coronary Artery Disease 173 Tsuyoshi Kaneko and Sary Aranki Chapter 12 Aspirin Therapy Resistance in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting 187 Inna Kammerer Chapter 13 Treatment of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Failure 193 M.A. Beijk and R.E. Harskamp Chapter 14 The Cardioprotection of Silymarin in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery 239 D. Tagreed Altaei, D. Imad A. Jamal and D. Diyar Dilshad Chapter 15 Pharmacology of Arterial Grafts for Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery 251 Oguzhan Yildiz, Melik Seyrek and Husamettin Gul Chapter 16 Surgical Treatment for Diffuse Coronary Artery Diseases 277 Cheng-Xiong Gu, Yang Yu and Chuan Wang Chapter 17 The Antiagregant Treatment After Coronary Artery Surgery Depending on Cost – Benefit Report 291 Luminita Iliuta ContentsVI Section 3 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 315 Chapter 18 Multivessel Disease in the Modern Era of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention 317 Michael Tsang and JD Schwalm Chapter 19 Artery Bypass Versus PCI Using New Generation DES 353 Mohammed Balghith Chapter 20 Generating Graphical Reports on Cardiac Catheterization 367 Yuki Igarashi, Takeo Igarashi, Ryo Haraguchi and Kazuo Nakazawa Section 4 Peripheral and Cerebral Vascular Disease Intervention 385 Chapter 21 Management of Carotid Artery Disease in the Setting of Coronary Artery Disease in Need of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery 387 Aditya M. Sharma and Herbert D. Aronow Chapter 22 Infected Aneurysm and Inflammatory Aorta: Diagnosis and Management 405 Takao Kato Chapter 23 Endovascular Treatment of Ascending Aorta: The Last Frontier? 413 Eduardo Keller Saadi, Rui Almeida and Alexandre do Canto Zago Chapter 24 The Role of The Angiosome Model in Treatment of Critical Limb Ischemia 425 Kim Houlind and Johnny Christensen Chapter 25 Impact of Renal Dysfunction and Peripheral Arterial Disease on Post-Operative Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting 437 Muhammad A. Chaudhry, Zainab Omar and Faisal Latif Section 5 Miscellaneous Cardiac Surgical Topics 461 Chapter 26 Short and Long Term Effects of Psychosocial Factors on the Outcome of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery 463 Zsuzsanna Cserép, Andrea Székely and Bela Merkely Contents VII Chapter 27 Current Challenges in the Treatment of Deep Sternal Wound Infection Following Cardiac Surgery 493 Martin Šimek, Martin Molitor, Martin Kaláb, Patrick Tobbia and Vladimír Lonský ContentsVIII Preface The latest diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in the management of coronary artery dis‐ ease by coronary artery bypass graft surgery and by percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting and in the interventional management of other atherosclerotic vascular disease have led to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. This book entitled Artery Bypass provides an excellent update on these advances which every physician seeing pa‐ tients with atherosclerotic vascular disease should be familiar with. This book includes 27 chapters written by experts in their topics. The first section of this book discusses basic science and physiology and includes 6 chapters. The second section of this book discusses coronary artery bypass graft surgery and includes 11 chapters. The third section of this book discusses percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting and includes 3 chapters. The fourth section of this book discusses peripheral and cerebral vascular disease intervention and includes 5 chapters. The fifth section of this book discusses miscellaneous cardiac surgical topics and includes 2 chapters. Another strength of thisbook is that unresolved issues are also discussed. I would like to thank all of the contributors for their outstanding work. Finally, I would like to thank you, the reader, for your commitment to providing the best possible care to your patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. I hope you will find this book a valuable re‐ source in providing excellent care to your patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. Wilbert S. Aronow, MD, FACC, FAHA, FCCP, FACP Professor of Medicine, New York Medical College Valhalla, NY, USA [...]... (http://creativecommons.org/licenses /by/ 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 20 Artery Bypass Posthypoxic vasoconstriction, in response to vasoconstrictors, and endothelium-independ‐ ent vasodilation, induced by direct vasodilators (direct action on VSMCs), are slightly af‐ fected by I/R, demonstrating the relative... production of selectins by endothelial and immune cells Circulating leukocytes are concen‐ trated towards the site of injury by the concentration gradient of chemokines • Rolling adhesion Endothelial L-selectin interacts with the P-selectin and the E-selectin-specific ligand-1 (ESL-1) expressed by neutrophils [44],[45] The activation of TLR-2, ROS production, the complement 21 22 Artery Bypass system and thrombin... characterized by non‐ specific alveolar damage, lung edema and hypoxemia The most severe form may lead to 25 26 Artery Bypass primary graft failure and remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation.[91] Pulmonary microvascular permeability appears to have a bimo‐ dal pattern, peaking at 30 min and 4 h after reperfusion [92] Mechanical ventilation, car‐ diopulmonary bypass... 13 14 Artery Bypass [22] Williamson JR: Effects of insulin and diet on the metabolism of L-lactate and glucose by the perfused rat heart Biochem J 1962; 83: 377-83 [23] Fleet WF, Johnson TA, Graebner CA, Gettes LS: Effect of serial brief ischemic epi‐ sodes on extracellular K+, pH, and activation in the pig Circulation 1985; 72: 922-32 [24] Calvani M, Reda E, Arrigoni-Martelli E: Regulation by carnitine... membrane potential, oxidative stress, mass + 10 Artery Bypass ide anion O2-● at complexes I and III of the electron transport chain The anion is rapidly converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by metallo-enzymes and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [41]-[43] Cellular stress, particularly oxidative stress, dramatically increases mito‐ chondrial ROS production by disrupting and later inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation... adenosine :triphosphate; CO2 : carbon dioxide; O2 Oxygen; - : inhibition; + activation; H+: proton; e-: electron 3.3 Metabolite detoxification pathways 8 Artery Bypass The main source of protons during ischemia comes from the production of lactate from pyr‐ uvate by lactate dehydrogenase The accumulation of extracellular lactate greatly reduces the effectiveness of the lactate/proton cotransporter, preventing... open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses /by/ 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 Artery Bypass 2 Adenosine triphosphate depletion Eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, organelles whose main function is to produce adeno‐... SJ: Cell death: critical control points Cell 2004; 116: 205-19 [50] Gustafsson AB, Gottlieb RA: Bcl-2 family members and apoptosis, taken to heart Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 292: C45-51 15 16 Artery Bypass [51] Javadov S, Karmazyn M: Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening as an endpoint to initiate cell death and as a putative target for cardioprotection Cell Phys‐ iol Biochem 2007;... 22 Suppl 1: S65-7 [68] Kato R, Foex P: Myocardial protection by anesthetic agents against ischemia-reperfu‐ sion injury: an update for anesthesiologists Can J Anaesth 2002; 49: 777-91 [69] Martorana PA, Kettenbach B, Breipohl G, Linz W, Scholkens BA: Reduction of infarct size by local angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition is abolished by a bradykinin antagonist Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 182: 395-6 [70]... the disappearance of glycogen and severe intracellular acidosis eventually inhibit PF1K Fur‐ thermore, high concentrations of lactate and protons in ischemic tissues also inhibit GAPDH [21],[22] 5 6 Artery Bypass Moreover, the lactate/pyruvate ratio, intracellular acidosis and the absence of regenerated essential cofactors, such as NADH,H+, affect the catalytic activity of the other enzymes in‐ volved . ARTERY BYPASS Edited by Wilbert S. Aronow Artery Bypass http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50852 Edited by Wilbert S. Aronow Contributors Lester. of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Failure 193 M.A. Beijk and R.E. Harskamp Chapter 14 The Cardioprotection of Silymarin in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting