Internetworking With TCP/IP Vol I: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture Sixth Edition This page intentionally left blank Internetworking With TCP/IP Vol I: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture Sixth Edition DOUGLAS E COMER Department of Computer Sciences Purdue University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director, Engineering and Computer Science: Marcia J Horton Acquisitions Editor: Matt Goldstein Editorial Assistant: Jenah Blitz-Stoehr Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Marketing Assistant: Jon Bryant Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Operations Specialist: Linda Sager Art Director: Anthony Gemmellaro Media Editor: Renata Butera Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text Cisco is a registered trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc EUI-64 is a trademark of the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) IEEE is a registered trademark of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the US and other countries ZigBee is a registered trademark of the ZigBee Alliance OpenFlow is a trademark of Stanford University Windows, Windows NT, Windows CE, and/or other Microsoft products referenced herein are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries Skype is a registered trademark of Skype, Incorporated in the US and other countries Additional company and product names used in this text may be trademarks or registered trademarks of the individual companies, and are respectfully acknowledged Copyright © 2014, 2006, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc., One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on File 10 www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN 10: 0-13-608530-X ISBN 13: 978-0-13-608530-0 To Chris This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword xxiii Preface xxv Chapter Introduction And Overview 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 The Motivation For Internetworking The TCP/IP Internet Internet Services History And Scope Of The Internet The Internet Architecture Board The IAB Reorganization Internet Request For Comments (RFCs) Internet Growth Transition To IPv6 12 Committee Design And The New Version of IP Relationship Between IPv4 And IPv6 13 IPv6 Migration 14 Dual Stack Systems 15 Organization Of The Text 15 Summary 16 12 Chapter Overview Of Underlying Network Technologies 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 Introduction 19 Two Approaches To Network Communication 20 WAN And LAN 21 Hardware Addressing Schemes 21 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) 22 Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) 26 ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) 26 Optical Carrier And Packet Over SONET (OC, POS) Point-To-Point Networks 28 VLAN Technology And Broadcast Domains 28 27 19 viii Contents 2.11 2.12 2.13 Bridging 29 Congestion And Packet Loss Summary 31 30 Chapter Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 Introduction 35 Application-Level Interconnection 35 Network-Level Interconnection 37 Properties Of The Internet 38 Internet Architecture 39 Interconnection Of Multiple Networks With IP Routers The User’s View 41 All Networks Are Equal 42 The Unanswered Questions 43 Summary 43 39 Chapter Protocol Layering 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 47 Introduction 47 The Need For Multiple Protocols 47 The Conceptual Layers Of Protocol Software 49 Functionality Of The Layers 49 ISO 7-Layer Reference Model 50 X.25 And Its Relation To The ISO Model 51 The TCP/IP 5-Layer Reference Model 52 Locus Of Intelligence 56 The Protocol Layering Principle 57 The Layering Principle Applied To A Network 58 Layering In Mesh Networks 60 Two Important Boundaries In The TCP/IP Model 62 Cross-Layer Optimizations 63 The Basic Idea Behind Multiplexing And Demultiplexing Summary 66 Chapter Internet Addressing 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Introduction 69 Universal Host Identifiers 69 The Original IPv4 Classful Addressing Scheme Dotted Decimal Notation Used With IPv4 72 IPv4 Subnet Addressing 72 35 64 69 71 Contents 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 ix Fixed Length IPv4 Subnets 75 Variable-Length IPv4 Subnets 77 Implementation Of IPv4 Subnets With Masks 77 IPv4 Subnet Mask Representation And Slash Notation 78 The Current Classless IPv4 Addressing Scheme 79 IPv4 Address Blocks And CIDR Slash Notation 82 A Classless IPv4 Addressing Example 82 IPv4 CIDR Blocks Reserved For Private Networks 83 The IPv6 Addressing Scheme 84 IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation 84 IPv6 Address Space Assignment 85 Embedding IPv4 Addresses In IPv6 For Transition 86 IPv6 Unicast Addresses And /64 87 IPv6 Interface Identifiers And MAC Addresses 88 IP Addresses, Hosts, And Network Connections 89 Special Addresses 90 Weaknesses In Internet Addressing 94 Internet Address Assignment And Delegation Of Authority 96 An Example IPv4 Address Assignment 96 Summary 98 Chapter Mapping Internet Addresses To Physical Addresses (ARP) 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 Introduction 101 The Address Resolution Problem 101 Two Types Of Hardware Addresses 102 Resolution Through Direct Mapping 102 Resolution In A Direct-Mapped Network 103 IPv4 Address Resolution Through Dynamic Binding The ARP Cache 105 ARP Cache Timeout 106 ARP Refinements 106 Relationship Of ARP To Other Protocols 108 ARP Implementation 108 ARP Encapsulation And Identification 110 ARP Message Format 110 Automatic ARP Cache Revalidation 112 Reverse Address Resolution (RARP) 112 ARP Caches In Layer Switches 113 Proxy ARP 114 IPv6 Neighbor Discovery 115 Summary 116 104 101 684 content type 519, 520 context specific 577 control message 167 cookie 535 COPS 552, 647 Core Based Trees 345 core of the Internet 251 core router 346 CoS 549, 647 count to infinity 294, 647 CR-LDP 363 CR-LF 515, 647 CRC 25, 647 CSMA/CA 648 CSMA/CD 648 CSNET CSU/DSU 648 cumulative acknowledgement 216, 648 cyclic redundancy check 25 D DARPA 2, 648 dashed hex notation 321 data center 113 data link layer 53 data stream (TCP) 208 datagram 5, 122, 648 UDP 187 fragmentation 130 header (IPv4) 123 options 137 reassembly 135 size 130 time to live 136 DCA DCE 648 Deep Packet Inspection 619 default free zone 251, 648 route 155, 249, 299, 648 Defense Communication Agency Deficit Round Robin 554 delay 21, 301, 648 delay metric 302 Index delayed acknowledgement 240, 648 demand-driven 346 demultiplex 64, 370, 649 dense mode 347 designated router 304, 348 destination address 21 port 186, 188 unreachable 176, 411 DHCP 182, 463, 464, 649 dialup 28 differentiated service 127 DiffServ 127, 549, 649 dig application program 649 digest subtype (MIME) 521 Digital Subscriber Line 29 digitization and codecs 539 direct address mapping 103 direct delivery 149 direct mapping 102 directed broadcast address 90, 649 discovery mechanism 346 distance 299 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol 345 distance-vector 255, 649 DNS 408, 444, 485, 489, 506, 649 DNS Service Discovery 507, 635 DNS-SD 507, 635, 649 DNSSEC 506, 649 dn_comp function 445 dn_expand function 445 not fragment 135, 465 dog-leg forwarding 393 domain name 649 name registrar 491 name resolution 495 name server 493 pointer query 502 suffix list 502 Domain Name System 444, 485, 489, 649 dotted decimal notation 72, 650 dotted hex notation 650 Index dotted quad notation 650 download point 541 downstream 280 DPI 619, 650 DR 348 dropping packets 176 DRR 554, 650 DSCP 127 DSL 29, 650 DTE 650 Dual IS-IS 312 dual stack 15 duplicate acknowledgements 226 DVMRP 345, 650 Dynamic DNS 506 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 464 E E.164 650 E1 27 echo request/reply (ICMP) 173, 411, 650 echo request/reply (UDP) 420 ECN 227, 650 EF (DiffServ) 553, 650 EGP 268, 651 EHLO 515 electronic mail 4, 511, 513 email see electronic mail embedded systems 623 Encapsulating Security Payload 611 encapsulation 129, 191, 360, 651 ARP 110 ICMP 170 IP 129 encoding type 519 encryption 607 end-to-end 53, 58, 228, 651 endhostent function 446 endpoint 207 endprotoent function 447 endservent function 448 energy harvesting 624 685 engine (SNMP) 575 epoch date 422, 651 error messages 167 error reporting mechanism 169 ESP 611, 651 established state 236 establishing a connection 231 Ethernet 22, 651 address 24 header 25 multicast 321 switch 22 type 130 EUI-64 88, 651 example.client 448 example.server 454 exclusive filter (IGMP) 334 exec system call 434 Expedited Forwarding 553 Explicit Congestion Notification 227 exponential backoff 651 extension header 125, 651 Exterior Gateway Protocol 268, 651 eXternal Data Representation 651 extra hop problem 267, 651 F fair queueing 652 fast retransmit/recovery 225 FAST TCP 226 fat pipe 214 FDM 652 FIB 148, 255, 652 file descriptor 432 file server 652 File Transfer Protocol 411, 525 FIN 233, 652 finite state machine (TCP) 235 firewall 605, 614, 652 fixed-length subnetting 652 flapping (routes) 303 flat namespace 486, 652 flow 127, 353, 355, 549, 652 control 208, 209, 652 686 table 593 Ford-Fulkerson 255, 652 foreign agent (mobile IPv4) 386 agent address 385 network 384 fork system call 434 forward error-correcting codes 349 forwarding 122, 147, 513, 653 algorithm 159 information base 148, 255 intra-network 61 loop 254, 275, 653 table 152, 248 transit 149 tree (multicast) 342 fraglet 632 fragment 130 Fragment Extension Header 653 fragmentation 130, 131, 141, 178, 364, 412, 653 frame 25, 51, 653 Frame Relay 653 FTP 411, 412, 525, 653 full duplex 201, 653 FYI 653 G gated 313, 653 gatekeeper 547 gateway 35, 39, 268, 547, 653 Gbps 654 General Queries 336 Generalized Processor Scheduling 554 Generic Routing Encapsulation 387 gethostbyaddr function 446 gethostbyname function 446 gethostent function 446 gethostname function 441 getnetbyname function 447 getpeername function 437 getprotobyname function 447 getprotobynumber function 447 getprotoent function 447 Index getservbyname function 448 getservbyport function 448 getservent function 448 getsockname function 438 getsockopt function 438 GIF 520, 526 Gigabit Ethernet 22 GigE 22, 654 good news 296 goofs and missteps see IPv6 GPS 554 graceful shutdown 233, 234, 654 graft request 345 Graphics Interchange Format 526 gratuitous ARP 107 GRE 387, 654 group record (IGMP) 334 H H.323 547, 654 half duplex 201, 654 hardware address 21, 24, 102, 654 broadcast 319 multicast 320 harvesting energy 624 hashing 361 header 654 ARP 111 BGP 271 Ethernet 25 IPv4 123 IPv6 126 OSPFv2 305 OSPFv3 310 TCP 211 hello (OSPFv2) 306 HELO 515 hijack 313 historic (IETF classification) 654 hold down 286, 296, 302, 655 hold timer 272 home agent 384 Index hop 136 hop count 136, 293, 301, 655 hop limit 127, 136, 180, 326, 612, 655 hop-by-hop header (IPv6) 126, 140 hop-count metric 293 host 69 host requirements 655 host-specific route 156, 655 HSTCP 226 HTML 526, 655 htonl or htons function 443 HTTP 525, 528, 655 HTTPS 535, 655 hub-and-spoke 628 HyperText Markup Language 526 HyperText Transfer Protocol 528 I I/O 432 IAB 7, 655 IANA 96, 656 iBGP 269 ICANN 96, 490, 656 ICMP 167, 168, 656 destination unreachable 411 echo request/reply 173, 411 encapsulation 170 redirect 411 use with NAT 411 ICMPv6 656 Neighbor Advertisement 480 Neighbor Solicitation 479 Redirect 480 Router Advertisement 478 Router Solicitation 478 identifier-locator pair 395 split 656 IEEE 22, 656 802.15.4 627, 628 802.1Q 374 IESG 8, 656 IETF 8, 656 IGMP 299, 656 687 IGMPv3 330 IGP 292, 656 IMAP 518, 657 IMAPS 518 implementation of TCP/IP protocols see Volume II in-flight segments 226 inclusive filter (IGMP) 334 inconsistencies in routing 251 indirect delivery 149 industrial Internet 624 inet_aton function 444 inet_ntoa function 444 infinity (DHCP) 469 (IPv6 mobility) 387 (RIP) 294, 299 information security 606 initial sequence numbers 232 instability of routes 302 Int Telecommunication Union 51 Integrated IS-IS 312 Integrated Services 549 inter-autonomous system routing 657 inter-domain routing 657 interface identifier 88 Interior Gateway Protocol 292, 657 interior router 289 International Org for Standard 657 International Tel Union 657, 659 Internet 657 Architecture Board Assigned Number Authority 96 Connection Sharing 413 Control Message Protocol 168 Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers 490 Engineering Steering Group Engineering Task Force Exchange Point 280 Group Management Protocol 299 Message Access Protocol 518 Protocol 12, 119, 122, 657 Research Task Force Service Provider 81, 96 688 address 71, 657 architecture 120 datagram 122 draft 9, 657 firewall 614 of Everything 623 of Things 623, 657 research group router 39 security 606 interoperability 3, 657 intra-network forwarding 61 intranet 400, 657 intranet sublayer 61 IntServ 549, 551, 658 inverse query 502 IoT 623 IP 119, 658 Masquerade 413 address 70, 658 checksum 124 datagram 122, 658 destination address 124 encapsulation 129 forwarding 148 forwarding table 152, 248 gateway 147, 658 mobility 94, 381, 383 more fragments bit 136 multicast 322 multicasting 92, 658 reassembly 134 route-over 60 router 39, 147, 658 source address 124 switching 357, 658 telephony 546, 658 IP-based technology 122 IP-in-IP 345, 402, 613, 658 ipAddrTable 569 ipInReceives 568 IPng 299, 658 IPsec 608, 658 iptables 413 IPv4 12, 119, 122, 659 Index address 71 datagram header 123 fragmentation 141 header 123 options 137, 141 reassembly 135 time to live 136 timestamp 139 IPv6 13, 119, 122, 659 Neighbor Discovery Protocol 477 Path MTU Discovery 133 address 84 datagram format 125 extension header 125 extensions 137 fragmentation 133, 141 hop limit 136 hop-by-hop header 140 migration 14, 659 options 141 route header 140 stateless autoconfiguration 475 IPv6-ND 395, 659 IRTF 8, 659 IS-IS 289, 659 ISO 50, 565, 566, 659 ISO model 50 isochronous 540, 659 isolated network 94 ISP 81, 96, 659 iterative name resolution 496 ITU 51, 547, 566, 659 IXP 280, 660 J jitter 228, 540, 660 jitter buffer 541 Joint Picture Encoding Group 519, 526 Jon Postel JPEG 519, 520, 526 jumbogram 127 K K-out-of-N 258, 302 Index Kbps 660 keepalive 660 L label 354, 489 distribution protocol 363 rewriting 356 stack 359 swapping 356 switched path 363 switching 353, 356, 357 Label Switching Router 362 LACNIC 96, 660 LAN 21, 660 Layer switch 373 switch 113 switching 357 layering 47, 49, 192, 206, 228 ISO 50 TCP/IP 52 LDP 363 leaky bucket 555 lease (DHCP) 469 Level (IS-IS) 312 limited broadcast 91 link-local address 94, 661 link-state 258, 303, 660 link-status 258, 661 link-status advertisement 311 Linux 16 LIS 661 listen function 439 little endian 143, 661 liveness test (OpenFlow) 597 load balancing 303 Local Area Network 21 local network broadcast 91 locality of reference 393 locally scoped address 94 locator 395 login 518 long fat pipe 214 long haul network 21, 661 689 longest-prefix match 159, 661 loopback address 92, 661 loose source route 138, 139 LPM 661 LSA 311 LSP 363, 661 LSR 362, 661 M M2M 623 MABR 662 MAC 24, 662 address 24 layer 53 machine-to-machine 58, 612, 623 mail address 512 mail exchanger 492, 662 mailing list 513 managed configuration 474 management agent 561 Management Information Base 662 mapping of IP address 102 mask 77, 81, 662 match fields (OpenFlow) 596 maximum segment lifetime 236 maximum segment size 213 maximum transfer unit 130, 662 maximum transmission unit 130 MBONE 662 Mbps 662 mDNS 507, 635, 662 Media Access Control 24 MEDIA TIMESTAMP 543 membership query and report 333, 334 Mesh Link Establishment 632, 633 mesh network 60, 629, 662 mesh-under 60, 630, 662 metric 302 MIB 662 MILNET MIME 519, 663 mixed subtype (MIME) 521 mixing 544 MLE 632, 633 690 MLS 663 mobile IP 383, 663 IPv4 383 IPv6 383 computing 381 mobility 94, 381, 383 model client-server 420 more fragments bit 136 MOSPF 663 MPLS 353, 358, 663 core 358, 359 egress 362 encapsulation 360 fragmentation 364 ingress 362 MPLS-LDP 363 mrouted 663 MSL 236, 663 MSS 213, 663 MTU 130, 213, 663 multi-homed host 89, 663 Multi-Protocol Label Switching 358 Multicast Address Specific Queries 336 Address and Source Specific Queries 336 Listener Report 337 multicast 24, 92, 319, 320, 360, 663 DNS 507, 635 Ethernet 321 address 24, 320, 323 router 323, 328 scope 328 multipart type (MIME) 521 multiplex 64, 664 multiplicative decrease 224, 225, 664 multiprotocol extensions (BGP) 281 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions 519 mutable fields 612 MX record 664 Index N NACK 348, 664 Nagle 225 Nagle algorithm 242, 664 name 38, 70, 485, 486 resolution 493, 495, 496, 664 server 493 syntax 492 named bind 474 NAP 280, 664 NAPT 664 NAT 399, 405, 664 box 405 example 409 National Institute for Standards and Technology 566 NBS 566 NDP 115, 477 negative acknowledgement 348 negotiation 532 Neighbor Advertisement 480 Discovery (6LoWPAN) 632 Discovery Protocol 115, 477 Solicitation 479 net 10 address 664 netstat 429 Network Access Point 280 Address Translation 405 Interface Card 23 Layer Reachability Information 283 network 20 MTU 130 address 21, 70 broadcast address 90 byte order 664 hop 136 management 559, 664 point-to-point 28 reachability 268 security 606 services standard byte order 143, 423 Index virtualization 399 NewReno TCP 226 news traveling 296 NEXT HEADER 125, 609, 665 Next Hop Label Forwarding Table 362 next-hop address 160 forwarding 153, 665 NFS 665 NHLFE 362 NIC 23, 486, 665 NLRI 283 NOC 665 non-selfreferential 691 nonroutable address 83, 665 nonstoring mode 633 notification (DNS) 506 NSF NSFNET backbone ntohs and htohl 443 null 577 number of hops 293 NVT 665 O object identifier 566 OC series standards 665 OC-3 27 octet 665 octet vs byte 25 on/off link 632, 665 one-armed router 665 open (TCP) 208 Open SPF protocol 303 open standard 12, 303 open system interconnection open-close-read-write 432 OpenFlow 592, 666 operating system boundary 63 options 137, 212, 474 Organizational Unique Identifier 327 OS-192 27 oscillation 302 OSPF 289, 303, 666 691 area 304 message format 305 OSPFv2 305 OSPFv3 305 hello message 311 message format 310 OUI 327, 666 out-of-band 212, 545, 666 overlapping segment problem 244 overlay network 399 P P2P 428, 666 packet 20, 666 packet filter 615, 666 Packet Over SONET 28 packet switching 20 page (web) 526 PANA 635 PAR 201, 666 paradox see non-selfreferential parallel subtype (MIME) 521 PARC 293 parent domain 496 partial forwarding information 249 passive FTP 412 passive open 208, 666 passive RIP 293 password 518 path MTU 131, 213, 666 Path MTU Discovery 133, 178 path-vector algorithm 269 PAWS 214 payload 25 payload length 127 PCM 27, 539, 666 PDU 575, 666 peer (routing) 247 backbone networks 253 peer-to-peer networking 427, 428 peering agreement 280, 667 perimeter security 614, 667 692 persistent connection 530 PF_INET and PF_INET6 433 physical address 24, 102, 667 piggybacking 201 PIM 345, 347, 667 ping 173, 183, 411, 667 pipeline 530 playback 541, 667 PMTUD 133 PoE 667 point-to-point network 28, 667 pointer query 502, 503 poison reverse 297, 667 policer 555 policy 552 policy constraint 275 POP 667 POP3/ POP3S 518 port 177, 667 restricted cone NAT 409 unreachable 194 POS 28, 668 positive acknowledgement 201, 668 positive feedback cycle 302 POST 535 Post Office Protocol 518 Postel, Jon 9, 96 POTS 668 PPP / PPPoE 668 preference level 533 prefetching 427 prefix delegation 476 primary address 384 path 290 privacy 400 private address 83 intranet 400 process 185, 420 promiscuous mode 668 protect against wrapped sequence 214 protocol 2, 185, 303, 668 ARP 101, 111 BGP 268 Index CBT 345 DHCP 463 DVMRP 345 ICMP 167 IGP 292 IP 119, 122 IS-IS 289 Internet 119 OSPF 289, 303 PIM 345, 347 RARP 112 RIP 289, 293, 297 RTCP 545 RTP 542 SMTP 515 SNMP 562 TCP 199 UDP 186 layering 47, 49, 53 mobile IP 381 network management 562 port 186, 207, 237, 668 standards stream 199 Protocol Data Unit 575 Protocol Independent Multicast 345 provider prefix 668 provisioned service 668 proxy 668 ARP 114, 394, 668 cache 427 server 528, 533, 549 prune 345, 347 pseudo-header 87, 175, 189, 214, 215, 669 PSTN 547, 669 public key encryption 507, 669 Public Switched Telephone Network 547 Pulse Code Modulation 27, 539 push (TCP) 201, 236, 669 PUT 535 PVC 669 Index Q QoS 365, 549, 669 Quality of Service 365, 549 querier router 336 R Random Early Detection 229 Random Early Discard 229, 349 Random Early Drop 229 range (multicast) 328 RARP 112, 669 RDP 669 reachability 669 read system call 437 real-time 540 Real-time Transport Protocol 542 reassembly 134, 669 reassembly timer 135 Receiver Report message (RTP) 546 receiver SWS avoidance 239 record route option 137 recursive name resolution 496 recv system call 437 recvfrom function 437 RED 229, 349, 669 redirect 178, 179, 411, 480, 670 redirect server 549 reference model 50, 670 registrar 491 registration request 388 registry 670 relay agent 469 reliable multicast 347 reliable stream service 120 reliable transfer 201, 670 remote desktop remote login Remote Procedure Call 617 Rendezvous Point 347 Reno TCP 225 renumbering 94 replay 257, 606, 670 Request For Comments reserved address 83, 670 693 reset (TCP) 234, 670 resolution of domain name 495 resolving addresses 102 resource records 500 Resource ReSerVation Protocol 552 res_init function 444 res_mkquery function 445 res_send 445 retransmission 201, 216, 217 revalidation 112, 534 Reverse Address Resolution 112 Reverse Path Broadcasting 340 Reverse Path Forwarding 340 Reverse Path Multicast 344 RFC 8, 670 RIP 289, 293, 670 default route 299 protocol 297 RIPE 96, 670 RIPng 289 root node 343 round trip sample 217 round trip time 217, 670 route 70, 179, 671 aggregation 671 default 155 flapping 303 header (IPv6) 140 host-specific 156 metric 301 route-over 60, 631, 671 routed 293, 671 router 39, 40, 147, 151, 179, 671 alert 552 designated 304 discovery 386 requirements 671 Router Advertisement 478 Router Solicitation 478 routing 147, 247, 263 SPF 258 core 251 extra hop problem 267 inconsistencies 251 link-state 258 694 loop 180, 254, 671 metrics 302 peers 253 policy 275 table 152 Routing Information Protocol 293 Routing Protocol For Low-Power And Lossy Networks 634 Routing Registry 280 RP 347 RPB 340 RPC 617, 671 RPF 340, 671 RPL 634 RPM 344, 671 RST 671 RSVP 552, 671 RTCP 545, 672 RTO 672 RTP 542, 545, 672 RTT 217, 672 ruptime 427 S SA 610, 672 SACK 227, 672 sample (round trip) 217 scheduling traffic 553 scope (multicast) 328 scoped address 672 scp 672 SDN 586, 672 SDP 549 SDR 600, 672 secondary address 384 Secure Sockets Layer 614 security 156, 605, 606 association 610 parameters index 610 perimeter 614 Security Association 672 segment 208, 210, 673 select function 440 selectable link 526 Index selective acknowledgement 227, 673 self clocking 241, 673 self-identifying address 71 self-identifying frame 25 self-organized mesh 629 send system call 436 Sender Report message (RTP) 546 sender SWS avoidance 241 sentinel value 530 sequence number 257 server 419, 420, 465, 673 example 453 time-of-day 420 web 420, 526 service reliable stream transport 199 unreliable packet delivery 122 Service Level Agreement 357 Session Description Protocol 549 Session Initiation Protocol 547, 548 sethostent function 446 sethostname function 441 setprotoent function 447 setservent function 448 setsockopt function 438 shared tree 346 shortest path algorithm 258 Shortest Path First 673 signaling 547, 551, 673 Signaling System 547 SIIT 86 silly window syndrome 239, 673 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 515 Simple Network Management Protocol 562 simplex flow (RSVP) 552 SIP 547, 548, 673 size of routing group 265 SLA 357 slash notation 79 sliding window 203, 209, 673 slow convergence 294, 296, 673 start 224, 673 Smart Energy Profile 635 Index SMI 564 SMTP 673 SNAP 674 SNMP 562, 674 SNPA 283 SOA 674 socket 6, 433 API 432, 674 function 433 interface 16 sockets 432 soft state 106, 182, 257, 619, 674 soft-start 225 Software Defined Networking 586, 674 Software Defined Radio 600, 674 software router 163 source address 21 address filter 330 authentication 607 port 186, 188 quench 674 route 674 route option 138 Source Description message 546 sparse mode 347 spatial locality 393 SPF 258, 674 SPI 674 split horizon 296, 674 spooling 511 SS7 547, 674 ssh 675 SSL 614, 675 SSR 675 stale 534 standard byte order 143, 675 standards 27 star topology 250 state machine 235 stateful firewall 618 stateless autoconfiguration 475, 476 Stateless IP/ICMP Translation 86 states of TCP FSM 235 STD 675 695 stop and wait 201 store-and-forward 675 storing mode 633 stream 5, 200 strict source route 138 Structure of Management Information 564 STS standards 27 subnet addressing 72, 675 broadcast 91 mask 77, 675 subnetting 72 SubNetwork Attachment Point 675 subtype 520 supernet addressing 675 supernetting 81 SVC 675 switch Layer 113 switched optical network 28 switching 353 SWS 239, 675 symmetric NAT 409 SYN 231, 236, 675 synchronization error 271 synchronize 546 system call 432 T T1 27 tag 526 tag switching 357 Tahoe TCP 225 tail-drop 228, 676 Task Force TCAM 375 TCP 199, 205, 676 3-way handshake 231 FIN 233 Friendly Rate Control 227 Nagle algorithm 242 RST 236 SYN 231 Vegas 226 696 acknowledgements 216 adaptive retransmission 217, 221 ambiguity of acknowledgements 219 characteristics 200 checksum 214 clumping 241 code bits 212, 234 congestion control 210 connection 200 connection close 233 connection establishment 231 flow control 209 full duplex 201 graceful shutdown 233 header 211 initial sequence 232 maximum segment size 213 options 212 out-of-band data 212 port numbers 207 protocol 199, 205 protocol port 237 pseudo-header 214, 215 push 201, 236 reset 234, 236 segment format 211 sequence number 208 silly window syndrome 239 splicing 412, 676 state machine 235 timestamp option 214 urgent data 212 window 238 window advertisement 209 zero window 210 TCP/IP TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite 676 TDM 676 technology independence telephone system 488 TELNET 676 Ternary Content Addressable Memory 375 TFRC 227 TFTP 676 Index three-way handshake 231, 676 threshold 302 Tier-1 ISP 253 time and date service 422 time exceeded message 180 time to live 60, 136, 181, 497, 612 time-of-day server 420 timed wait state 236 timeout 217 ARP 106 and retransmission 465 timer ARP 106 backoff 220 reassembly 135 timestamp 139, 540, 543 timestamp option 139, 214 TLI 461 TLS 517, 614 TLV encoding 467, 676 token bucket 555 TOS 127, 676 traceroute 183, 677 traffic class 127, 677 engineering 365 monitor 265 policing 551, 555, 677 scheduling 553 shaping 552, 677 transient multicast group 323 transit 280, 370 transit forwarding 149 translation 544 Transmission Control Protocol 199, 205 transparent 406 Transport Layer Security 517, 614 Transport Library Interface 461 transport service triangle forwarding 393 triggered updates 297, 677 TRPB 340, 677 TRPF 340, 677 truncated RPF 340 TTL 136, 361, 497, 677 Index tunneling 345, 390, 401, 677 twice NAT 416 twisted pair Ethernet 677 two-crossing problem 393 two-stage oscillation 302 type field 124 of service 127 of service routing 303, 677 Type-Length-Value 467 U UDP 185, 186, 677 datagram format 187 echo server 420 encapsulation 191 port 186 pseudo-header 189 semantics 186 unacknowledged packet 204 unconnected socket 436 unicast 678 address 24, 320 delivery 92 Uniform Resource Identifier 526 Uniform Resource Locator 526 universal assignment 194 communication service 69 interconnection 5, 37 time 139 UNIX 432 unmanaged configuration 474 unnumbered network 678 unreachable destination 176 unreliable delivery 120, 121, 678 update (DNS) 506 upstream 280 urgent data 212, 678 URI 526 URL 526, 678 user agent server 549 datagram 185, 187, 463 697 User Datagram Protocol 186 V v3MP 575 variable-length subnetting 77, 678 variance in delay 220 VC 678 vector-distance 255, 678 Vegas TCP 226 video 4, 539 Virtual Local Area Network 28 Machine 113 Private Network 401 virtual circuit 200 virtual network 119 virtualization 399 VLAN 28, 678 switch 373 tag 374 VLSM 678 VM 113 vocodec 539 voice voice coder/decoder 539 Voice over IP 546 VoIP 546, 678 VPN 399, 401, 678 W WAN 21, 679 waveform coder 539 weak authentication 607 weakest link axiom 614 web 3, 525, 526 web server 420 weighted average 230 well-known port 194, 237, 679 Wi-Fi 26, 679 Wi-MAX 26, 679 Wide Area Network 21 wildcard 439 window 203, 238, 679 advertisement 209, 679 698 Index size 204 sliding 203, 209 zero 210 Windows Sockets Interface 16, 432, 679 WINSOCK 432 working group 8, 679 World Wide Web 9, 525, 679 write 241 WRR 679 WWW 679 X X-Window System 679 X.25 51 XDR 680 Z zero compression 84 zero window 210, 680 ZigBee 26, 631, 634, 680 ZIP router 634 zone of authority 505, 680 ~StormRG~ ... 203 19 9 2 01 xii Contents 11 .6 11 .7 11 .8 11 .9 11 .10 11 .11 11 .12 11 .13 11 .14 11 .15 11 .16 11 .17 11 .18 11 .19 11 .20 11 . 21 11. 22 11 .23 11 .24 11 .25 11 .26 11 .27 11 .28 11 .29 11 .30 11 . 31 11. 32 11 .33 11 .34... Information 315 Summary 315 314 Chapter 15 Internet Multicasting 15 .1 15.2 15 .3 15 .4 15 .5 15 .6 15 .7 15 .8 15 .9 15 .10 15 .11 15 .12 15 .13 15 .14 15 .15 15 .16 15 .17 15 .18 15 .19 15 .20 15 . 21 15.22 15 .23 15 .24 15 .25... Routing Among Autonomous Systems (BGP) 13 .1 13.2 13 .3 13 .4 13 .5 13 .6 13 .7 13 .8 13 .9 13 .10 13 .11 13 .12 13 .13 13 .14 13 .15 13 .16 13 .17 13 .18 13 .19 13 .20 13 . 21 13.22 Introduction 263 The Scope Of A