Influencing factors on sustainable development a case study in quang tri province, vietnam

Environ Dev Sustain (2010) 12:103–116 DOI 10.1007/s10668-008-9183-y Influencing factors on sustainable development: a case study in Quang Tri province, Vietnam Le Trinh Hai Ỉ Pham Hoang Hai Ỉ Tran Anh Dung Ỉ Luc Hens Received: 21 September 2008 / Accepted: 10 December 2008 / Published online: January 2009 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V 2008 Abstract Background Sustainable development (SD) is a common concept Knowledge and attitudes are essential in the SD process This study assesses the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of local people about SD Aim To study the factors that influence the understanding of the concept, contents, and indicators of different aspects affecting the health and environmental issues Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from June to July 2007 among 546 households in the Quang Tri province Data were gathered on basis of socio-demographic variables, namely age, gender, education, occupation, income, and region Chi square tests and multivariate analysis were performed on the obtained data The data were cleaned and analysed using SPSS 15.0 for windows Results Occupation is related to knowledge, attitude, or practice Income is related to knowledge or practice Gender related to only attitude Lastly, region is related to attitude or practice The proportion of wrong understanding about SD is 2.0 times (95% CI: 1.3; 3.1, p \ 0.001) higher than that of the people who have good understanding about it The rate of willingness to any related SD programmes of the people who understanding is 2.1 times (95% CI: 1.4; Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within months of publication of this issue L T Hai Á P H Hai Institute of Geography, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam e-mail: letrinhhai@yahoo.co.uk P H Hai e-mail: phhoanghai@yahoo.com T A Dung General Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, 138A Giang Vo, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam e-mail: dungtranvn@yahoo.com L Hens (&) Human Ecology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium e-mail: human.ecology@vub.ac.be 123 104 L T Hai et al 3.2, p \ 0.001) higher than that of the people who have bad one Conclusions This study shows that knowledge on sustainability of the local communities is low Occupation and income influence understanding of SD more than region, age, gender, and education Most of the local people who not understand SD in general, not want to participate or act in SD programmes Keywords Sustainable development Á Knowledge Á Attitude Á Practice Á Age Á Gender Á Education Á Occupation Á Income Á Quang Tri Á Vietnam Introduction Sustainable development (SD) is a universal and multi-layered concept It is not only of considerable concern at the national, regional, and local policy level but also at household and individual levels that are most close to people Therefore, studies on environmental, social, and economic aspects at provincial and national levels were carried out in Vietnam since the early 1990s The dimensions of SD are summarised in Fig The figure explicitly refers to economic growth, science, technology and health, education, multinational companies, trade, war, natural disasters, pollution, and poverty Putting people at the centre of development is important for SD as a local initiative model empowers people in a community to discuss and derive actions and policies at the community level involving business, government, neighbourhoods, and villages in a way that is interconnected with community functions (Nath et al 1998) Personal sustainability and local communities are important factors in SD because it affects human life in today’s world and shall continue to affect in the future The direction of development, beyond one’s interests and towards service, needs to become more widely considered and accepted and this is an area where a person can take action (within that person’s network of meaningful relationships), so that he/she can make a personal contribution to sustainability and society (Hay 2006) Community-based management is a central element of co-management (Pomeroy and Rivera-Guieb 2005) Community-based resources management as an approach emphasises a community’s capability, responsibility, and accountability with regards to managing resources It is inherently evolutionary, participatory, and local-specific and considers the technical, social, cultural, economic, political, and environmental factors impinging upon the community (Sajise 1995) Nevertheless, research on SD at household, individual, and Fig Dimensions of SD (Ahmed and Stein 2004) Reviving Economic Growth Human Needs Poverty Reduction INDIVIDUAL GOVERMENT NGO’s COMMUNITIES HOUSEHOLDS Technology Management 123 FIRMS Resources Sustainable Population Levels Conservation Influencing factors on sustainable development 105 community levels (e.g., health care and environmental programmes) are limited or nonexistent, particularly for developing countries Quang Tri is a coastal province in the centre of Vietnam The province has towns and districts In 2005, 630,000 people lived in Quang Tri (Quang Tri Statistical Office 2007) Quang Tri is also one of the poorest provinces in Vietnam with a GDP per person of less than 250 $US per year in 2005 (DoNRE 2007) Research on SD in this province addresses the issue in general terms, namely understanding, indicators, and performing SD The awareness in the communities on SD is low because of poor education levels, poverty, war, and policy formation The education level is very low, particularly in the Huong Hoa and Dakrong districts (GTZ 2004) In spite of this limited education, local communities were able to contribute new ideas and information in the decision-making process (Sheate 1994; Petts 1999; Bisset 2000) In Nigeria, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (1998) recognised that in the field of the environment, improved access to information and public participation and decision-making enhances the quality and the implementation of decisions It not only contributes to public awareness of environmental issues but also gives the public an opportunity to express its concerns and enables public authorities to take due account of such concerns However, local participation in the decision-making process is low generally especially in developing countries Another study showed that only one-third of the participants were interested in the content of a forestry programme (Salam et al 2005) The factors that influence the understanding of SD, sustainable development indicators (SDIs) and implementation of environmental programmes by the local communities are addressed in this study as Social mobilisation at local levels needs to be backed by mobilisation around policy issues that require national and even international resolution A global capitalism requires a global approach to the environmental question (Friedmann 1990) Nevertheless, the province lacks the adequate infrastructure and policies on SD Consultations with local authorities and people on the understanding and participation in SD in the case studies are closely related because most people are not fully aware of the government’s support policies (GTZ 2004) This study relies on a Knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) model, which tries to understand the relationship of factors and SD A KAP survey has a problem-solving orientation and operates at the micro-level (GTZ 2006) The main objective of this study is to study the factors that influence the understanding of the concept, contents indicators of SD for the aspects health and environment The study is done in the province of Quang Tri and puts specific emphasis on the Trieu Phong, Dong Ha, and Huong Hoa districts The study thus analyses the influence of demographic characteristics (age, gender, education, occupation, and income as key factor informants) and KAP of the local people about SD Methods Three areas in the Quang Tri province were selected for the purpose of this study, one coastal zone (Trieu Phong district), one central region (Dong Ha town), and lastly a mountain area (Huong Hoa district) In each district, one commune was selected randomly for the survey The study collected information profiles and the knowledge of the interviewees on health care and environment Initially, a pre-test with 50 households was conducted which indicated that awareness on SD in the local communities was low (15% of the total population) 123 106 L T Hai et al A cross-sectional community based study was conducted during the period of June to July 2007 where participants ranged between 16 and 75 years A random digit table was used to select the first household in a village Thereafter, a ‘‘door to door’’ strategy was applied to select the next household until enough households in each district were included In each district, 182 households were conducted If a village did not have enough households, the investigators extended the sample size with households from a neighbouring village In each household, one representative spokesperson was interviewed to collect information on the composition of the family and their comprehension of SD, indicators, and their performance (Annex and Fig 2) The completed questionnaires were manually checked before the results were transferred to the computer The explanatory variables entail: • Knowledge includes understanding the SD concept, (the SD concept was divided into groups of knowing less than issues and to issues), and the content of SD (involving groups of less than and from to 16 indicators) • Attitude: willingness to participate in SD programmes • Practice: participation in programmes on health care and/or environment The sum of the scores for the above three aspects for those who have the knowledge about SD including the ones who know the concept and the ones who can identify the content and indicators ranging from to 26 points are divided as follows: • Not accepted indicates who scored from to 12 points • Accepted indicates who scored from 13 to 26 points Pearson’s chi square-tests were used to compare the variables between factors and events Logistic regressions using the forward stepwise method allowed us to determine the relationship between the factors The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for Windows, release 15.0) was used for this purpose The 95% confidence intervals were derived for each variable coefficient A p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant Results and discussion 3.1 Knowledge, attitude, and practice of the local people about SD The results of the answers to the questions addressing the understanding and meaning of indicators for SD are shown in Table and Annex 1: • On the basis of the knowledge about the SD concept, different answers were obtained according to age, education, occupation, and income (p = 0.007, 0.008, and \0.001, respectively) The ones who not know about SD turns out to be 3–4 times than the ones who know about it (e.g Yes: 31 people and No: 144 people was the answer in the farmers group) • On the content of SD (less than or 5–9 issues), people reacted in a different way based on the factors of education, occupation, and income (p B 0.001) Approximately, 35% people knew the concept of SD However, 60% were able to grasp the meaning One of the possible reasons for this might be that the issues of SD like the use of safe water, clean air, access to health care, etc relate closer to their way of life 123 Influencing factors on sustainable development Age 107 Gender Male vs Female 16-24 vs 25-75 years old 0.6 Region Trader and civil servant vs farmer -0.6 1.6 -1.1 2.5 1.3 -1.0 1.2 Huong Hoa vs Trieu Phong Government official and teacher vs farmer 0.6 Dong Ha vs Trieu Phong Occupation -0.4 -1.2 -2.3 < 2251 vs 2251-4500 $US/household/year Tertiary/University vs not Tertiary/University Income Education The factor influence SD: Sustainable development The group influence Knowledge: To know SD in general The negative relation Attitude: Want to participate in the relative programme The positive relation Practice: Doing any relative programmes Fig Path diagram of the factors influencing SD • On the indicators, occupation (p \ 0.001), income (p = 0.006), and region (p \ 0.001) differ significantly Nevertheless, people who know more indicators (from to 18) are lower than those who know only from zero to five indicators Knowledge of the local communities about SD is low Only about 15% of the total population in the pre-test indicated that they know about SD A similar study in the Cat Ba district that belongs to Hai Phong City in northern Vietnam shows that less than 20% of the 123 108 L T Hai et al Table Understanding of SD in generala Factors Groups No p-value Yes n n % % The concept Age Education Occupation 16–25 years old 82 65.1 44 34.9 25–75 years old 324 77.1 96 22.9 78 65.0 42 35.0 Not tertiary/university 328 77.0 98 33.0 Farmer 144 82.3 31 17.7 Trader 179 75.2 59 24.8 Tertiary/university 83 62.4 50 37.6 244 69.9 105 30.1 93 90.4 10 9.6 Government official and teacher Income \2,251 $US/household/year 2,251–4,500 $US/household/year \5 issues n n 0.008 \0.001 \0.001 p-value 5–9 issues % 0.007 % The contents Education Occupation 27 22.5 93 77.5 210 49.3 216 50.7 Tertiary/university Not tertiary/university Farmer 94 53.7 81 46.3 Trader 116 48.7 122 51.3 27 20.3 106 79.7 171 49.0 178 51.0 31 29.8 73 70.2 Government official and teacher Income \2,251 $US/household/year 2,251–4,500 $US/household/year \5 indicators 5–18 indicators n % n % Farmer 152 86.9 23 13.1 Trader 206 86.6 32 13.4 \0.001 \0.001 0.001 p-value The indicators Occupation 94 70.7 39 29.3 273 78.2 76 21.8 94 90.4 10 9.6 Trieu Phong 135 74.2 47 25.8 Dong Ha 172 94.5 10 5.5 Huong Hoa 145 79.7 37 20.3 Government official and teacher Income \2,251 $US/household/year 2,251–4,500 $US/household/year Region a \0.001 0.006 \0.001 Only the factors are significantly different people living near the Cat Ba National Park know about biodiversity conservation and its related laws and regulations In particular, the number of Cat Ba people who were not aware of the Different laws are as follows: Environmental Protection Laws (54.4%), the fisheries law (81.1%), regulations on the protection of natural resources in Cat Ba (51.1%), and regulations on environmental protection in Cat Ba and Hai Phong (88.9%) (Hieu 123 Influencing factors on sustainable development 109 2005) Participation and willingness to participate in SD programmes are shown in Table and Annex 2: • The willingness to participate in SD programmes differs on the basis of education, occupation, income, and region (p B 0.001) Few people from the Dong Ha town (46.7%) and the Huong Hoa district (31.3%) indicate that they are not willing to participate in health and environmental programmes In the Trieu Phong district, however, people are prepared to be involved An interpretation is possibly that poor people have less access to information and communication about these programmes; • The number of people responding about non-participation in a programme on health care and/or environment also differs by age, income, and region (p B 0.001) Most of them did not participate in any SD programme because they not see harnessing any benefits from it This attitude conforms to the findings that, social impacts and the distribution of benefits were not taken into account sufficiently when projects were first proposed (Mirghani and Savenije 1995) This may be the result of lack of coordination between the public, NGOs, and authorities More than half of the people not want to participate in SD programmes and poverty, lack of information and education are the main barriers in the success of SD Poverty has declined on average by 2% per year (GTZ 2004), but this has had no demonstrable impact on the parameters measured in this study and this fact is applicable for the whole of Vietnam in general where people not really care about the issues of SD Projects will be more fruitful if we insist upon both capital cost contribution and a more active voice for Table Participation and willingness to participate in SD programmesa No n p-value Yes % n % Are you willing to participate in programmes of health care and/or environment Education Tertiary/university Not tertiary/university Occupation Region 24.2 91 75.8 65.5 147 34.5 Farmer 128 73.1 47 26.9 Trader 144 60.5 94 39.5 36 27.1 97 72.9 206 59.0 143 41.0 2,251–4,500 $US/household/year 42 40.4 62 59.6 Trieu Phong 86 47.3 96 52.7 Dong Ha 97 53.3 85 46.7 125 68.7 57 31.3 Government official and teacher Income 29 279 \2,251 $US/household/year Huong Hoa \0.001 \0.001 0.001 \0.001 Did you participate in a programme on health care and/or environment Age Income 16–25 years old 70 55.6 56 44.4 25–75 years old 299 71.2 121 28.8 \2,251 $US/household/year 217 62.2 132 37.8 94 90.4 10 9.6 2,251–4,500 $US/household/year Region a Trieu Phong 103 56.6 79 43.4 Dong Ha 129 70.9 53 29.1 Huong Hoa 137 75.3 45 24.7 \0.001 \0.001 \0.001 Only the factors are significantly different 123 110 L T Hai et al rural (Propoky 2005) We should invest more in technology and finance, knowledge and performance on SD, particularly for farmers, the poor, and for the people in the remote areas On the other hand, the interviewees passively participate in environmental activities As the study in the Cat Ba National Park indicates that the participation of the local people in conservation is still very limited Currently, the local people in Cat Ba have just passively participated in conservation activities Most of them regard conservation projects as opportunities to get ‘‘conservation jobs’’ to improve their livelihood They still need to be actively involved in conservation as some of the projects have produced good results and increased the knowledge for a part of the population (Hieu 2005) Figure and Annex 3, furthermore by using a logistic regression model, show how the groups (on the basis of age, gender, occupation, etc.) relate with the events: • Knowledge (r2 = 0.273) is 1.2 times (95% CI: 0.1; 1.0) higher among the higher income group as compared to the lower income group (p \ 0.001) The government official and teachers understand the content of SD 1.9 times (95% CI: 3.3; 13.2) better than the farmer (p = 0.049) The content of SD is understood 1.3 times better by the people of Huong Hoa district than the Trieu Phong district These statistics can be explained by the fact that the higher income groups and the officials have more access to education, communication, and participation This means that an improvement in income level, in particular through economic development, results in an increased SD awareness • Attitude (r2 = 0.268) differs according to gender, occupations, and regions Women like to participate less (0.4 times) in the health and environmental programmes than man The Government official and teachers are 1.2 times (95% CI: 6.9; 22.5) more aware than the farmer One of the main reasons is that the government officials work in the administration, the union, or the official organisation Therefore, they come more frequently in contact with the SD concept, whereas farmers are poor and live in agricultural and remote areas • Practice (r2 = 0.178): In general, two-thirds of the people interviewed have not done any SD programmes The results show that it differs according to income, occupation, and region The lower income group, for example, is 2.3 times (95% CI: 0.1; 0,2) less participative than the higher income group Possible reasons are poverty and low education This echoes with the GTZ survey (2004) which showed that typical features of poor households in Quang Tri include lack of production tools and business experiences, vulnerability to sickness, large families, household members with disabilities, and single households or beneficiaries of social policies Most of them are poorly educated and work mainly in agriculture where productivity is low and unstable Poverty alleviation and SD are the most important objectives of participatory sustainability and recognising participants’ knowledge is essential while forming the SD strategy 3.2 Relationship among knowledge, attitude, and practice The people who are not accepted (59.2%) in understanding SD in general and not want to participate in SD programmes are 2.0 times higher than who are accepted (29.4%) (95% CI: 1.3; 3.1 and p \ 0.001) (Table 3) In not doing any related SD programmes, the people who are not accepted (71.1%) in understanding SD in general are 2.1 times higher than those who are accepted (33.3) (95% CI: 1.4; 3.2 and p \ 0.001) 123 Want to participate Total Doing any related Total SD programmes Knowledge of SD in general Total No (%) Yes (%) Not accepted 293 (59.2) 202 (40.8) Accepted 15 (29.4) 36 (70.6) 308 (56.4) OR = 2.013 No (%) Yes (%) 495 (100%) 352 (71.1) 143 (28.9) 51 (100%) 17 (33.3) 34 (66.7) 51 (100%) 238 (43.6) 546 (100%) 369 (67.7) 177 (32.4) 546 (100%) 95% CI p \ 0.001 OR = 2.133 95% CI p \ 0.001 (1.3; 3.1) Influencing factors on sustainable development Table Relationship between knowledge of SD and willingness to joint SD programmes 495 (100%) (1.4; 3.2) 111 123 112 L T Hai et al Thus, the interviewers who are not accepted in understanding SD in general would mostly not want to participate and any related SD programmes The crux of the problems needs to be addressed The gap in the society through various programmes can generate long-term benefits This means that the local community needs training and education for understanding SD To realise a provincial policy on SD, training and education are essential so that the inhabitants can join the SD programmes Such a strategy would not only develop local capacities for SD, but it will also help to curb inefficient provincial policies and practices Enhanced environmental education will foster the understanding of the environment and SD and further encourage civil awareness of and participation in decisions affecting the environment and SD (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) 1998) The local people should be encouraged to participate in commune activities, particularly in environmental networking, in health programmes, and in initiatives to improve their social situation The communities need more reciprocity and trust to flourish (Maser 1998; Hay 1998) To address these problems in the long-run and to face future SD challenges, a more comprehensive approach is necessary Personal development should be an essential part of it because the vast majority of people have become passive observers, and a few people are taking decisions for everyone else and is the primary reason affecting the environment (Agarwal and Narain 1990) Connecting people and places at the margins of the economy to a vision of environmentally friendly development, which improves quality of life for all is a challenge (Carley and Christie 2000) The more the people involved in the case study understand and participate in the programmes, the better the project outcomes can be Conclusions Existing projects on SD not sufficiently impact the public because with regard to participation and empowerment, the decentralisation and delegation of powers are not comprehensive due to the lack of financial and budget decentralisation (GTZ 2004) The results of this study demonstrate an inverse relationship between SD and the factors at the community level Different types of people have a different understanding about SD The type of knowledge people have, is related to their age, gender, education, occupation, social status, and history (International Institute of Rural Reconstruction 1998) In this analysis, we studied how the factors of age, gender, education, occupation, and income affect SD In general, only 15% of the population in Quang Tri associates SD with content Occupation and income affect this understanding but not influence practice Farmers associate SD 1.2–1.7 less with a particular content than the government officials and teachers The higher income group understands SD 1.4–2.0 times better than the lower income group It is not surprising that the number of people who have never done any programmes related to health and/or environment not want to participate in the SD projects and are more than 2–3 times, statistically, than the ones who have done such programmes before These differences can be explained on the basis of poverty, education, war, and natural disasters These are related with the provincial policy and the limited impact of the authorities on the districts and the communities Most people who not understand SD in general, not want to participate in SD programmes with OR = 2.013 and 2.133, 95% CI (1.3; 3.1 and 1.4; 3.2), and p \ 0.001, respectively The age and education groups not relate to any events of the KAP 123 Influencing factors on sustainable development 113 Factors that are associated with SD should be taken into account when taking people through the SD process with emphasis on the poor, farmer, and female The province, in fact, has no strategy on sustainable development (PSSD) The PSSD process acts as a poverty reduction strategy The study shows the state of awareness of the local people about the concept of SD in general, understanding the content of SD, and performance on SD programmes This study is limited to Quang Tri and the aspects of health and environment Acknowledgements We would like to thank Prof Dr Leonard Kaufman (Department of Medical Statistics, Free University of Brussels, Belgium), Mrs Nguyen Quynh Anh (Hanoi School of Public Health), MD Hoang Nam Thai (Family Health International, Vietnam Office), and MD Hoang Minh Duc (National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology) for their helpful comments and Miss Rachel Sandra Stephen Waghchoure (World Wide Funds, Pakistan) for her English review of this paper Annex Annex 1: The list of explanatory variables Demographic information • • • • • Age: 16–24 years old = 1, 25–75 years old = 2; Gender: male = 1, female = 2; Education: tertiary/university = 1, not tertiary/university = 2; Occupation: farmer = 1, trader = 2, government official and teacher = 3; Income ($US per year per house): \2,251 = 1, 2,251–4,500 = Knowledge: including: Knowing the concept of SD: No = 0, Yes = Identifying the content of SD: \5 issues = 0, 5–9 issues = (the sum of the scores for issues: Using safe drinking water (No = or Yes = 1) ? Living within a fresh air area (No = or Yes = 1) ? Increasing forest land (No = or Yes = 1) ? Access to health care centre (No = or Yes = 1) ? Pupils go to a school (No = or Yes = 1) ? Employment (No = or Yes = 1) ? Enough food (No = or Yes = 1) ? High population growth (No = or Yes = 1) ? Having sanitation (No = or Yes = 1) Identify SDIs: less than indicators = 0, 5–16 indicators = (the sum of the scores of 16 indicators: Life expectancy at birth (No = or Yes = 1) ? Mortality rate under age five (No = or Yes = 1) ? Nutritional status of infants (No = or Yes = 1) ? Access to safe water (No = or Yes = 1) ? Percentage of population with adequate sewage disposal facilities (No = or Yes = 1) ? Immunisation against infectious childhood diseases (No = or Yes = 1) ? Contraceptive prevalence rate (No = or Yes = 1) ? Percentage of population with access to primary health care facilities (No = or Yes = 1) ? Arable land per capita (No = or Yes = 1) ? Soil erosion (No = or Yes = 1) ? Land use changes (No = or Yes = 1) ? Use of agricultural pesticides (No = or Yes = 1) ? Air pollutions ? Faecal coliform in freshwater (No = or Yes = 1) ? Percentage of forest area (No = or Yes = 1) ? Abundance of selected key species) Attitude: want to participate in the programmes, No = 0, Yes = Practice: doing relative programmes of health care or/and environment, No = 0, Yes = 123 114 L T Hai et al Annex 2: To understand, perform, and participate in SDa The concept Factors No Groups Gender Male Female Region Trieu Phong Dong Ha Huong Hoa N 213 193 145 134 127 The contents Yes % 74.2 74.5 n 74 66 % 25.8 25.5 79.7 73.6 69.8 37 48 55 20.3 26.4 30.2 p-value 0.936 0.093 16-25 years old 25-75 years old < issues N % 48 38.1 189 45.0 5-9 issues n % 78 61.9 231 55.0 Gender Male Female 122 115 42.5 44.4 165 144 57.5 55.6 0.656 Region Trieu Phong Dong Ha Huong Hoa 47.3 39.6 43.4 96 110 103 52.7 60.4 56.6 0.334 Age Age Gender 86 72 79 The indicators 16-25 years old 25-75 years old < indicators N % 109 86.5 343 81.7 Male Female 238 214 82.6 82.6 5-18 indicators n % 17 13.5 77 18.3 49 45 17.1 17.4 p-value 0.170 p-value 0.207 0.926 Tertiary/University 93 77.5 27 22.5 0.083 Not Tertiary/University 359 84.3 67 15.7 Are you willing to participate in programmes of health care and/or environment Education No Age 16-25 years old 25-75 years old Yes % 57.1 56.2 N 72 236 % 42.9 43.8 n 54 184 p-value 0.850 Male 161 56.1 126 43.9 0.877 Female 147 56.8 112 43.2 Did you participate in a programmes on health care and/or environment Gender No p-value Male Female % 66.9 68.3 n 95 82 % 33.1 31.7 Education Tertiary/University Not Tertiary/University 82 287 68.3 67.4 38 139 31.7 32.6 0.842 Occupation Farmer Trader Government official and Teacher 126 155 88 72.0 65.1 66.2 49 83 45 28.0 34.9 33.8 0.311 Gender a Yes N 192 177 Only the factors are not significantly different 123 0.719 Influencing factors on sustainable development 115 Annex 3: Logistic regression analysis Knowledge of the local people (To know the concept of SD (r2 = 0.133a and 0.273b)) Regression 95%CI coefficient Occupation (Government official and Teacher vs Farmer) 1.2 3.3; 13.2 Income (< 2251 vs 2251-4500) -1.2 0.1; 1.0 Region (Huong Hoa district vs Trieu Phong district) 1.3 1.8; 8.0 p-value < 0.001 0.049 0.001 Attitude of the local people (Want to participate in the health care and environmental programmes (r2 = 0.200a and 0.268b)) Gender (Male vs Female) -0.4 0.4; 1.0 0.050 Occupation (Trader vs Farmer) 0.6 1.1; 2.9 0.020 Occupation (Government official and Teacher vs Farmer) 2.5 6.9; 22.5 < 0.001 Region (Huong Hoa district vs Trieu Phong district) -1.1 0.2; 0.5 < 0.001 Practice of the local people (Have done any relative programmes to environment and health care (r2 = 0.126a and 0.178b)) Occupation (Trader vs Farmer) 0.6 1.1; 3.0 0.021 Occupation (Government official and Teacher vs Farmer) 1.2 1.9; 6.0 < 0.001 Income (< 2251 vs 2251-4500) -2.3 0.1; 0.2 < 0.001 Region (Dong Ha town vs Trieu Phong district) -0.6 0.3; 1.0 0.035 Region (Huong Hoa district vs Trieu Phong district) -1.0 0.2; 0.6 < 0.001 a Cox and Snell R square b Nagelkerke R square References Agarwal, A., & Narain, S (1990) Towards green villages: A strategy for environmentally south and participatory rural development New Delhi, India: Centre for Science and Environment Ahmed, A., & Stein, J A (2004) ‘‘Science, technology and sustainable development: A world view’’, World review of Science Technology and Sustainable Development, 1(1), 5–24 doi:10.1504/ WRSTSD.2004.004852 Bisset, R (2000) Methods of consultation and public participation (Chapter 9) In N Lee & C George (Eds.), Environmental assessment in developing and transitional countries Chichester: Wiley Carley, M., & Christie, I (2000) Managing sustainable development, 2nd ed Earthscan Publications Ltd., ISBN 85383 440 (pb) and 85383 445 (hb) DoNRE (2007) Environmental situation of Quang Tri province in 2006 Vietnam: DoNRE Friedmann, J (1990) Policy, planning and the environment Journal of the American Planning Association, 56, 334–346 GTZ (2004) Quang Tri participatory poverty assessment (pp 3–5) Hanoi, Vietnam: GTZ GTZ (2006) Strategic communication for sustainable development: A conceptual overview (pp 38–39) Eschborn, Germany: GTZ Hay, R (1998) A rooted sense of place in cross-cultural perspective The Canadian Geographer, 42(3), 245–266 Hay, R (2006) Becoming ecosynchronous, Part Achieving sustainable development via person development Sustainable development, 14(1), 1–15 doi:10.1002/sd.257 Hieu, V V (2005) Participation of local communities in biodiversity conservation: A case study in Cat Ba National Park, Vietnam Master thesis, Human ecology Department, Free University Brussels (VUB), Belgium International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (1998) Participatory methods in community-based coastal resource management, volumes Silang, Cavite, Philippines Available on the website http://www idrc.ca/en/ev-93108-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Accessed 24 Jan 2008 Maser, C (1998) True community is founded on a sense of place, history and trust The Trumpeter, 15, 1–5 Mirghani, M M O., & Savenije, H H G (1995) Incorporation of people’s participation in planning and implementation of water resources projects Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 20(3–4), 229–236 doi:10.1016/0079-1946(95)00033-X 123 116 L T Hai et al Nath, B., Hens, L., & Devuyst, D (1998) Sustainable development (2nd ed.) 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Management 123 FIRMS Resources Sustainable Population Levels Conservation Influencing factors on sustainable development 105 community levels (e.g., health care and environmental programmes) are... observers, and a few people are taking decisions for everyone else and is the primary reason affecting the environment (Agarwal and Narain 1990) Connecting people and places at the margins of the economy