(TIỂU LUẬN) MACRO AND MICRO ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS IN LAOS

MACRO AND MICRO ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS IN LAOS MACRO ENVIRONMENT Political and legal environment Political institutions The Lao People's Democratic Republic is a politically institutional state that leads and implements a centralized form of democracy The only legitimate political party is the Las People's Revolutionary Party The Lao People's Army is small, has little budget and insufficient resources; Their mission focused on border and domestic security, mainly against Hmong rebel groups and other opposition Together with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the government, the Lao People's Army is the third pillar of the state apparatus and is expected to prevent political and civil unrest or similar emergencies There is no external threat to Laos, and the Lao People's Army maintains strong ties with Vietnam The political environment and social order and safety throughout Laos have been considered stable for many years This is evident in the view of the most important policy of the Party and the State of Laos This political stability has always been considered as the most favorable and attractive opportunity for investment and production and business activities for Vietnam But Laos as well as other socialist states, Laos also followed the path to socialism, which from this point has greatly affected the psychology of investors from the socialist countries Legal system Enterprises investing in Laos are currently difficult to anticipate the difficulties and risks especially when the legal system related to investment in Laos is in the process of being revised and completed, so there are many changes, inconsistencies, lack of transparency and difficulty to access, leading to regrettable obstacles in the process of implementing projects in Laos Customs procedures are unclear, and the collection of taxes is often not in line with the set tax rates Trade law and the commercial court system in Laos are growing slowly and not transparently Trade disputes are rarely adjudicated in favor of foreign investors Cumbersome investment procedures and approval periods are not in accordance with the law Lao Holdings N.V and its subsidiary Sanum Investment Limited submitted an application to the International Center for The Settlement of Investment Disputes – an independent division of the World Bank (WB) proposing to resolve legal disputes related to assets made up of Sanum Investment's direct investments in Laos, to date, more than $85 million has been raised According to Sanum, the Lao government's policies have affected investments and led to the risk that they could lose assets worth up to $400 million There are also some operating licenses and franchises of projects worth hundreds of millions of dollars As a result, Lao Holdings N.V lost $1.8 million per month In February 2018, the Lao Government issued Order No on Improving Business Coordination Regulations and Mechanisms in the Lao PDR, with the expectation of improving Laos' position in the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business rankings As a result, the process of establishing a business is faster due to the simplification of the procedures for applying for licenses and registering company seals from 174 days to less than 40 days Tax administration has always been considered one of the biggest barriers to trade in Laos in surveys for small and medium-sized enterprises The World Bank ranked Laos 154th out of 190 economies in 2019 in terms of ease of doing business In addition to these challenges, the Lao government is also creating a series of more suitable conditions through revised laws, aiming to create a foundation for investor trust such as land incentives, corporate income tax reduction, ensuring an equal competitive environment Vietnam-Laos relationship Vietnam and Laos are two countries with a long tradition of friendship Under the leadership of the two Parties, the two peoples have "committed to suffering" throughout the historical journey against the aggression of the empires as well as in the period of national defense and construction and development The two countries always attach great importance to this special traditional relationship, help each other in all aspects, overcome difficult roads together, stand together on the path of renovation and development of the country in the direction of socialism In the economic field, up to now, trade agreements have been signed with the aim of further expanding trade relations between the two countries on the basis of mutually beneficial equality, respecting the tradition of cooperation and international trade practices With efforts, Vietnam - Laos trade exchange is constantly increasing The two countries are working to boost bilateral trade in 2021 by 10 to 15 percent from last year, potentially reaching $1 billion as planned Vietnam remains Laos' third largest trading partner (after Thailand and China), one of the three largest investors in Laos with 413 projects and a total registered capital of US$4.22 billion, up 35% from 2010 Preferential mechanisms on import and export tax for goods originating from the two countries are continued by the two sides with an ever-expanding list Especially in 2020, there was a breakthrough with new and adjusted projects, accumulated capital of more than 143 million USD, up 130% over the same period in 2019 Many investment projects promote efficiency, production, and business profitably, contribute positively to the development of the two countries, create jobs, increase social welfare, help Laos well implement poverty eradication policies Although there are still difficulties in terms of capital, Vietnam always gives certain development aid to Laos, in the period of 2016-2021 is VND 3,250 billion, funded for many different fields, the most priority for human resource development Economic environment Size of economy Laos has one of the fastest economic growth rates in ASEAN and has maintained a rate of about 7% per year in recent years (from 2009 to 2017) The inflation rate is quite low (1.3-2% per year) Simple investment mechanism, expanding bank credit for agriculture and small businesses, developing special economic zones it has contributed to attracting foreign investors and helping the Lao economy develop well Laos' total GDP reached 18.17 billion USD, the GDP growth rate was 4.7% and in 2019 according to the World Bank report Despite this, the Lao economy still has many difficulties, the infrastructure is in the development stage, labor productivity and labor quality are still low Laos' economic development depends largely on mining, electricity, foreign investment (FDI) and foreign aid The road system is currently at a basic level, but is improving, and there are restrictions on telecommunications in internal and external lines Electricity is available to 83% of the population Recently, the country has faced persistent current account deficits, falling foreign currency reserves and growing public debt International companies are developing special economic zones in Vientiane, Savannakhet and Champasak provinces and others Special economic zones offer a wide range of incentives and tax exemptions to investors depending on the industry, besides the Lao Government constantly strives to improve the business environment International investors have been attracted by the abundance of cheap electricity, low labor costs, Laos' central location in the expanding Mekong Subregion, the improvement of transport infrastructure The level of infrastructure development in Laos is still low but is improving rapidly The China-Laos railway, scheduled to begin operations in 2021, will soon connect Vientiane with Kunming, Yunnan province via high-speed rail, and will connect northern Lao cities such as Boten, Vang Vieng and Luang Prabang with Vientiane The 113.5 km-long Vientiane-Vang Vieng Highway is expected to be completed by 2021 Other new infrastructure projects include a highway linking Boten in Northern Laos with Thailand in northwestern Laos; a new highway connecting Vientiane to Boten on the Laos-China border; road reclamation on the East-West Economic Corridor in Savannakhet Province of Southern Laos; and in the future may be a highway connecting Vientiane with Hanoi of Vietnam Access to capital: The accessibility of SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises) is still difficult because banks require some steps to force small businesses to borrow capital from microfinance institutions, they may even have to pay higher interest rates SMEs hope the Lao government can ask banks to consider improving the lending process in an easier way, thereby enabling SMEs to grow faster Laos joined the WTO in 2013 and continues to integrate with its ASEAN neighbors through the ASEAN Economic Community The following countries have granted Common Priority System (GSP) status to Laos: Australia, Belarus, Canada, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom The following items provide duty-free treatment under the LDC for Laotian goods: Chile, China, Taiwan, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Thailand Laos has also signed trade agreements with all nine other ASEAN members and participated in a series of negotiations as a member of ASEAN Laos has also signed many bilateral agreements with Vietnam, China, Cambodia, Burma, Thailand, North Korea, Mongolia, Malaysia, Russia, India, Belarus, Argentina, Kuwait, and Turkey The World Trade Organization (WTO) in its annual Trade Profile 2020 publication noted the global trade ranking in 2019, Laos ranked 107 th in exports and 119th in terms of imports of goods in the world In terms of services, Laos ranks 128th in terms of exports and 131st in terms of imports Laos' economic freedom index is 53.9, making it the 141 st free economy in 2021 (Source: Heritage) The index fell 1.6 points mainly due to a decline in free trade Laos ranks 32 nd out of 40 countries in the Asia-Pacific region and has a lower economic freedom index than the regional and world average The Lao government began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986 The country's economic growth averaged more than 6% per year between 1988 and 2008, and it can be said that Laos' growth rate reached the fastest rate in Asia, averaging more than 7% per year for much of the past decade The export value of Laos in 2019 reached 5,764 million USD and imports reached 6.252 million USD, a deficit of 488 million USD In terms of services, in 2019, Laos exported 1,101 million USD, imports reached 1.274 million USD, a deficit of 173 million USD Thus, the total balance of import and export turnover of Laos reached a negative growth of 661 million USD in 2019 The export value of Laos in 2019 reached 5,764 million USD and imports reached 6.252 million USD, a deficit of 488 million USD In terms of services, in 2019, Laos exported 1,101 million USD, imports reached 1.274 million USD, a deficit of 173 million USD Thus, the total CÁN CÂN THƯƠNG MẠI CỦA LÀO GIAI ĐOẠN 2014 - 2019 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -0.393 -2 -2.5 Hàng hóa Dịch vụ Tổng balance of import and export turnover of Laos reached a negative growth of 661 million USD in 2019 ĐVT: triệu USD 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Investment activities between Vietnam and Laos According to statistics on the trademap.org (ITC International Trade Center), Vietnam is the third largest supplier of products to the Lao market and the third largest partner to import goods from Laos According to statistics of the General Department of Customs, in 2020 alone, the total value of import and export of goods between Vietnam and Laos reached 1,030 million USD, down 11.5% compared to 2019 In particular, the export of goods of Vietnamese enterprises to the Lao market reached 572 million USD, down 18.6% compared to 2019, accounting for 0.2% of the total export value of Vietnam to the world In the opposite direction, imports of goods from Laos reached 458 million USD, down 0.7% over the same period, accounting for 0.17% of the value of Vietnam's imports from all trading partners In the period of 2016-2020, Vietnam's trade balance held a surplus of more than US$100 million due to the situation of super-continuous exports to Laos In 2020 alone, both exports and imports will be reduced due to the impact of covid-19 Kim ngạch xuất khẩu, nhập cán cân thương 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 - Some of Vietnam's main export products to Laos in 2020 Leading among Vietnam's exports to the Lao market in the period of 2016-2020 is iron and steel of all kinds According to statistics of the General Department of Customs, in 2020, exports of this item to Laos reached 72 million USD, down 16.5% compared to the same period last year, accounting for 12.6% of total exports to this market Thi "Lao Enterprise Product Introduction Week in Ho Chi Minh City" lao school accounted for only 1.4% of total exports of products of the same type of Vietnam Previously in 2018 and 2019, Vietnam's iron and steel exports were the strongest in the whole period with the value of 87.1 million USD and 86.2 million USD, respectively Laos' economy has a growth rate comparable to Vietnam's, and many developed countries are looking to invest in Laos Most recently, Laos has signed the RCEP Agreement, although there are still some issues that are not ready, but the fact that Laos actively participates in the new playing field and tries to exploit the advantages of joining this Agreement shows the high determination in Laos' integration, at the same time, when participating in the RCEP Agreement, Laos will have to amend and reform much to meet the new requirements Recently, the investment situation of Vietnamese enterprises in Laos has shown signs of slowing down, some State-owned enterprises investing in Laos have not been effective, however, there are still many enterprises that are operating effectively According to the assessment, the economic cooperation between Vietnam and Laos is not commensurate with the political relations between the two countries In the coming time, Vietnamese enterprises will have to compete with businesses in some countries, especially when those governments have strong investment policies in Laos in the fields of banking, energy and telecommunications; at the same time, Laos is gradually existing connecting the region through the inauguration of new routes such as Laos - China railways, Vientiane - Vangvieng highway, while promoting a series of projects along the East-West corridor, the roads along the North -South axis will open up many opportunities for investors, especially in the logistics sector, so Vietnamese businesses prepare the conditions to be ready to compete and participate in the fields of investment Meanwhile, the Government of Vietnam focuses on funding Laos for infrastructure projects, transport projects, energy, staff training, social security so the two governments need to create more conditions for Vietnamese enterprises to implement IT projects for the Lao Government, in particular, taking advantage of large technology corporations that have experience in implementing digital transformation projects in Vietnam such as Viettel, VNPT, FPT Vietnamese enterprises' investment in Laos currently has 413 projects with a total capital of 4.22 billion USD, ranking 3rd among countries and territories investing in Laos According to the plan, Vietnam will buy 5,000 MW of Electricity from Laos by 2030 In the first 10 months of 2019, trade cooperation was a bright spot in Vietnam - Laos relations with two-way turnover reaching 940 million USD, estimated for the whole year of 2019 reached 1.1 - 1.2 billion USD, up 12.6%, exceeding the target set by the two Governments of billion USD and up 10% / year In particular, Laos exported nearly 400 million USD (up 16%), this is a great effort, demonstrating the competitiveness of the Lao economy in the context of fierce competition So far, Vietnamese enterprises' investment in Laos has 413 projects with a total capital of 4.22 billion USD, ranking 3rd among countries and territories investing in Laos Vietnam has agreed to buy 1,200 MW of Electricity from Laos, exceeding the planned 1,000 MW of 2020 and will increase purchases to 5,000 MW by 2030, creating more favorable conditions for Laos to develop socio-economic development In addition, annually, Vietnam has non-refundable aid to Laos (the period of 2016-2020 is VND 3,250 billion), in fiscal year 2019 is VND 707 billion, an increase of 18.4% compared to 2018, developing many infrastructure projects, especially transport, energy projects, training officials, social Security  Opportunity Laos' economy has achieved a high and fairly stable growth rate in recent years Many economists expect Laos to continue to grow positively in the coming years Laos has become an official member of the WTO, which will help Laos diversify its investment as well as trade activities to other regions as countries investing in Laos are mainly in the field of natural resource extraction Foreign investors are paying attention to the country because Laos has abundant resources, low population density, so there is huge potential in mineral resources, forests and land In addition, this is also a country that is quite unspoiled, so the growth potential is great  Threat The infrastructure and quality of human resources are undeveloped Laos' regulatory institutions are still incomplete, so the risks in business are quite large The size of the economy is quite small and is growing in its infancy The industrial sector accounts for only about 30% of GDP Industrial and service sector workers make up only 25% (about 600,000 people) The country's enterprises are very small in size and few are capable of listing on the stock exchange Laos' exchange rate, interest rate and inflation in recent years have been quite stable, but in the recent past, these macro indicators can be seen to fluctuate very sharply Moreover, this is a small economy, the investment capital is highly dependent on the outside Therefore, the potential for exchange rate instability and inflation is still great The rules for financial markets in Laos are still quite new, making the stock market risky In addition, room for foreign investors at only 10% reduces the attractiveness of the market Socio-cultural environment Population structure Laos' current population was 7,467,424 as of May 13, 2022, according to the latest figures from the United Nations Laos' population now accounts for 0.9% of the world's population, ranking 105th in the world in the ranking of populations of countries and territories The population density is 32 people/km2 with a total land area of 230,612 km2 Of these, 36.94% of the population lives in urban areas (2,706,847 in 2019) The average age is 25 years old Workforce The population structure in Laos is quite young, so the workforce in Laos is abundant and abundant However, the level and capacity of the labor force here is still weak The skill level and professional skills of workers are still low, the sense of discipline, industrial behavior, labor productivity has not met the requirements Culture and level of class division in society Lao culture is heavily influenced by the Venerable Buddha This influence is reflected in the language and arts, literature and performing arts of Laos Laos is clearly bureaucratic, decision-making often focuses on a few, if any, top-down mandates The Lao people prefer cautious leaders who are able to give clear instructions Personal initiatives don't seem to be popular in this environment Technology environment The Lao Party and State always attach great importance to the cause of science and technology development, the 9th Congress of the Lao NDCM Party continues to affirm that the development of science and technology together with the development of education and training is the leading national policy, the foundation and motivation for industrialization, modernize the country In the context of economic globalization, with the path of multilateralization and diversification of international relations, Laos has a favorable opportunity to acquire scientific knowledge, technology, resources, and experience of advanced management organizations of foreign countries to quickly strengthen the capacity of national science and technology, meet the requirements of socio-economic development Taking advantage of the achievements of the modern science and technology revolution, Laos can go straight to modern technologies to shorten the process of industrialization, OS and the economic development gap compared to previous countries The process of national renewal has created new premises for the development of science and technology of Laos in the coming time Laos' economy has a high growth rate, continuously in recent years is a favorable condition to increase investment in science and technology development, while promoting technological innovation and applying scientific and technological achievements in the economy, especially in the face of pressure on competition in the conditions of regional and international integration In the process of international integration in economy and science and technology, Laos is facing difficulties in transforming and building new institutions of economy, trade, finance, banking, intellectual property In accordance with international practice This situation, if not overcome soon, will hinder the success of regional and international integration In the face of opportunities and challenges in the current situation, without breakthrough decisions on economic institutional reform and innovation of science and technology management mechanisms, strong measures to strengthen the capacity of science and technology of Laos, the risk of economic and scientific and technological lag is further and long-term dependence on sources foreign technology is inevitable B – MICRO-ENVIRONMENT Overview of the telecommunications industry in Laos International economic integration gives Vietnamese enterprises the opportunity to integrate into the world economy and affirm their position in the international arena In this context, overseas investment is becoming an inevitable direction of businesses in general and businesses in the telecommunications sector Vietnam's telecommunications market is now almost saturated with 90 million subscribers, of which nearly 90% of the market share belongs to large enterprises such as Vinaphone, MobiFone, FPT In the near future, the revenue of the telecommunications industry will be difficult to mutate, the number of consumers will increase not much The price is getting cheaper, the market share cake continues to shrink, the use of frequency resources, digital warehouses are difficult when the telecommunications market has the presence of more and more new service providers Therefore, overseas investment is the option that Vietnamese telecommunication enterprises are interested and selected Military Telecommunications Group (Viettel) is one of the leading enterprises in Vietnam investing in Laos, contributing to the development of telecommunications in your country Viettel has contributed to building a large-scale and widespread telecommunications infrastructure system, bringing telecommunication services from luxury to affordable to the people of the country "million elephants" Currently, Vietnam has invested in more than 50 countries and territories, but with a fast-growing economy, Laos remains a large and important investment market for Vietnamese businesses With a peaceful foreign policy, friendship, cooperation, and open-door policy, strengthening integration with the region and international prestige and the position of the Lao PDR is constantly improved in the region and in the international arena Currently, Laos establishes diplomatic relations with 130 countries, is a member of many regional and international organizations (United Nations, ASEAN, ASEM, WTO ) In recent years, Laos' investment environment has been improving positively in an increasingly open direction and in line with international practices Laos is a strategic area both economically and nationally security for Vietnam In 1993, Vietnam began implementing cascx projects in Laos To date, there are more than 400 projects with capital of over $4 billion In the field of communication, Laos has always identified the telecommunications industry as an important infrastructure in promoting economic construction as well as improving people's living standards To ensure the rapid development of the Lao telecommunications industry, the Lao government has adopted a series of measures such as increasing the investment from the government budget, encouraging foreign companies and domestic private enterprises to participate in the construction of relevant infrastructure Currently, Laos is a market with a lot of potential and very attractive for foreign telecommunications enterprises Therefore, the chances of success of Vietnamese telecommunication enterprises investing in Laos are great Competitors (Mai gửi sau) Barriers to entry into the industry In February 2018, the Lao Government issued Order No on improving business coordination regulations and mechanisms in the Lao PDR, with the expectation of improving Laos' position in the World Bank's Business Ease ranking As a result, the process of establishing a business is faster due to the simplification of the procedures for applying for licenses and registering company seals from 174 days to less than 40 days Tax administration has always been considered one of the biggest barriers to trade in Laos in surveys for small and medium-sized enterprises The World Bank ranked Laos 154th out of 190 economies in 2019 in terms of ease The Lao government has simplified its tariff structure and is gradually revising non-tariff barriers Laos, which placed a top priority on trade facilitation, was one of the earliest countries to ratify the WTO's Trade Facilitation Agreement Laos' import tax system aims to promote the import of input materials for investment and production, while protecting domestic production and limiting luxury imports A foreign investment item does not have to pay import duty on the import of machinery and equipment for production Moreover, in some special economic zones inputs not require tariffs as long as the final product is exported from Laos Raw materials and imported intermediate goods for imported alternative industries may be treated specially as prescribed Lao PDR's tariffs are based on the ASEAN Harmonized Tariff List (AHTN 2012), subject to standard ASEAN import tariff rates ranging from to 40%, excluding non-ASEAN countries These taxes are regulated by the Customs Department The excise tax rate ranges from 5-90% for many items The Lao government has phased out sales tax over the past few years and replaced it with a Value-Added Tax (VAT) regime, although VAT is still applied inconsistently Additional information about taxes can be referenced at the Tax Department, Ministry of Finance Consumer bargaining power (Mai gửi sau) The bargaining power of the supplier In addition to traditional multinational telecommunication equipment suppliers, more and more manufacturers, providing caaos of new telecommunication equipment to offer equipment sales with many policies such as incentives, discounts, late payments So, currently the bargaining capacity of suppliers is weak if companies also benefit in negotiating and selecting their suppliers Alternative products and services are products and services that can satisfy the same needs as domestic products and services The telecommunications industry is open so in the near future there will be alternative products that will help customers increasingly satisfy their needs: Communication "encroachs" on telecommunications plans to access the Internet via cable television network (with the advantage of broadband) With the development of technology, telecommunications-information and communication technology enterprises began to become direct competitors of each other Internet access via tv cable network can reach download speed of 54Mbps and upload to 10Mbps At the same time, through this transmission system, in addition to television and the Internet, customers can also access many other entertainment services such as online gaming, watching tv on a computer, tv on demand  Công ty liên doanh Viettel Lào (gắn phần ni vô phần Thúy An dùm ta) Tính đến thang 8/2016, Unitel, thương hiêu của Viettel tai Lao, đã cán mốc ty USD doanh thu lũy kếế́ sau năm kinh doanh đất nước Triệu voi, tíế́nh tư tháng 10/2009 La thương hiêu nươc ngoai thứ hai của Viettel (sau Metfone Campuchia), Unitel nhanh chong trơ nha mang số tai Lao va la thi trường liên tục có lãã̃i của Viettel Lợi nhuận lũy kếế́ 300 triệu USD, Unitel hiên co 2,5 triệu khách hàng, chiếế́m 47% thị phần di động va 35% thi phân băng rộng Vơi tầng mạng lưới rộộ̣ng khắp 4.000 trạm phát sóng (BTS) 23.000 km cáp quang, Unitel phủ song tới 100% số huyện 95% dân số Lào Đặc biệt, mạng di độộ̣ng đãã̃ bắt đầu cung cấp dịch vụ 4G từ tháng 6/2015 Sự xuât hiên của Unitel góp phần thay đổi đáng kể thị trườờ̀ng viễn thông nươc mât độ di động tăng tư 18% năm 2009 lên 68% năm 2016 Unitel tao công ăn việc làm cho 4.000 người thu nhập gian tiếp cho 20.000 lao độộ̣ng địa phương khac Theo đánh giá củủ̉a Brand Finance, công ty tư vấn chiếế́n lược đánh giá thương hiệu hàng đầu thếế́ giới có trụ sở Anh, vừa cơng bố hồi tháng 4/2016, Unitel thương hiệu viễn thông hoạt độộ̣ng hiệu số khu vựộ̣c ASEAN Giá trị thương hiệu củủ̉a Unitel tăng 106% so vơi 2015, đạt 132 triệu USD, nằm Top 30 thương hiệu viễn thông giá trị khu vựộ̣c đứng số Lào Trong thời gian tơi, Unitel tiếp tuc coi trọng triên khai kết hơp viên thông, công nghệ thông tin với việc tâp trung vao giai phap hỗ trơ hanh chíế́nh công thủ tuc hai quan mộộ̣t cửa hay giai phap an ninh cho cac tô chưc tài chíế́nh, ngân hang Ngoai ra, Unitel sẽ tiếế́n sang lĩnh vực tài chíế́nh vi mô san phâm ví điên tử với kinh nghiệm triển khai thành cơng củủ̉a Viettel tai thi trường trước Tíế́nh đếế́n tháng 9/2016, thị trườờ̀ng nước (Lào, Campuchia, Timor-Leste, Cameroon, Haiti, Mozambique, Burundi, Peru, Tanzania), tổng số khách hàng củủ̉a Viettel đãã̃ đạt 26 triệu, nâng số lượng khách hàng củủ̉a Viettel toàn cầu (bao gờờ̀m Việt Nam) lên 90 triệu ngườờ̀i Nhờờ̀ đó, Viettel nằm số 30 tập đồn viễn thơng có số lượng khách hàng cao nhất, theo thống kê củủ̉a GSMA Intelligence Về kếế́t kinh doanh, kếế́t thúc quý II/2016, doanh thu tháng đầu năm từ thị trườờ̀ng nước củủ̉a Viettel đạt 493,8 triệu USD, tăng trưởng 13% so với kỳ năm ngoái Đặc biệt, nửủ̉a đầu năm 2016 đánh dấu sựộ̣ trở lại củủ̉a thị trườờ̀ng châu Phi dấu hiệu khởi sắc châu Mỹ Thị trườờ̀ng châu Phi nhìn thấy chuyển biếế́n mạnh mẽã̃ doanh thu thuê bao với 100% thị trườờ̀ng tăng trưởng dương, thuê bao tăng 21% TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO [1] Nguyễn Văn Du, Nguyễn Thị Thúy (2022), “Nhân kyủ̉ niệm 67 năm Ngày thành lập Đảng Nhân dân Cách mạng Lào (22/03/1955 – 22/03/ 2022): Quan hệ đặc biệt Việt Nam – Lào”, chuyên mục Quốc tếế́, Tạp chíế́ Nghiên cứu, Hướng dẫn công tác tổ chức xây dựộ̣ng Đảng củủ̉a Ban tổ chức trung ương, truy cập tại: http://www.xaydungdang.org.vn/Home/quoc-te/2022/16606/Quan-he-dac-biet-VietNam-Lao.aspx [2] Trung tâm Xúc tiếế́n Thương mại Đầu tư (ITPC) (2021), “Thị trườờ̀ng nước ASEAN: Thị trườờ̀ng Lào” [3] Trịnh Thị Tâm (2021), “Bản tin kinh tếế́ số tháng 1/2021: Tình hình kinh tếế́ Lào”, Trang Ngoại giao Kinh tếế́ trựộ̣c tuyếế́n, Bộộ̣ Ngoại Giao Việt Nam, truy cập tại: https://ngkt.mofa.gov.vn/forums/lao/ban-tin-kinh-te-so-thang-01-2021-%E2%80%8B/ [4] Trần Xuân Sơn, Lê Duy Toàn (2021), “Triển vọộ̣ng phát triển kinh tếế́ Lào năm 2021”, Tin tức thếế́ giới, Báo nhân dân, truy cập tại: https://nhandan.vn/tin-tucthe-gioi/trien-vong-phat-trien-kinh-te-lao-trong-nam-2021-644072/ ... international integration In the process of international integration in economy and science and technology, Laos is facing difficulties in transforming and building new institutions of economy, trade, finance,... regional and international organizations (United Nations, ASEAN, ASEM, WTO ) In recent years, Laos'' investment environment has been improving positively in an increasingly open direction and in line... small in size and few are capable of listing on the stock exchange Laos'' exchange rate, interest rate and inflation in recent years have been quite stable, but in the recent past, these macro indicators