Strategies for translating English isolating intensifiers from Wuthering Heights by Bronté into Vietnamese

The findings show that translation strategies for English isolating intensifiers into Vietnamese discovered are mainly literal translation, explicitation and implicitation, and the paper will also clarify shifts in the Vietnamese translation of isolating intensifiers. The study brings some implications for English learning, teaching and for the practice of translation.

STRATEGIES FOR TRANSLATING ENGLISH ISOLATING INTENSIFIERS FROM WUTHERING HEIGHTS BY BRONTÉ INTO VIETNAMESE Đoàn Phan Anh Trúc1 Abstract: Isolating intensifiers are regarded as markers of the lexical-grammatical class denoting graduation This category of language performs up-scaling or downscaling of isolated and individual item solely so as to convey the level of intensity (Martin & White, 2005) The paper aims at exploring how isolating intensifiers are rendered into Vietnamese and figuring out what strategies are applied to the process of translation The study was conducted using qualitative method and based on 170 samples extracted from the English literary work namely Wuthering Heights by Bronté The findings show that translation strategies for English isolating intensifiers into Vietnamese discovered are mainly literal translation, explicitation and implicitation, and the paper will also clarify shifts in the Vietnamese translation of isolating intensifiers The study brings some implications for English learning, teaching and for the practice of translation Key words: Translation strategies; Isolating intensifiers; Literal translation; explicitation; Implicitation Introduction Intensifiers are a category of language discussed by a variety of linguists According to Quirk et al (1972; 1985, pp 259-261, 439), intensifiers are referred to not only intensifying adverbs but also intensifying adjectives; some noun phrases and a few prepositional phrases which indicate not only an intensification but also a point on the intensity scale which may be high or low They have a heightening or lowering effect on some unit in the sentence or on the force of the predicate in part or in whole (Quirk et al., 1972); and they can modify a variety of wordclasses, not only adjectives and adverbs but also verbs, nouns, pronouns, prepositions and indefinite articles In the authors’ view, intensifiers are both inside gradability (Quirk et al, 1985) and outside the gradability as the case of emphasizers (Quirk et al, 1972) Diệp Quang Ban (1989) labels intensifiers as adverbs of degree such as rất, hơi, khí and Nguyễn Anh Quế (1988) divides adverbs of degree into two groups: downgraders (hơi, khá) and upgraders (rất, lắm) When combined with adjectives or when reduplicated, downgraders become weaker and upgraders become stronger The concepts of intensifiers by the authors intersect at a point where intensification is realized by adverbs which modify another word class Quirk et al (1972, 1985), however, approve of the unlimitedness of indicating an intensification Martin and White (2005) refer Intensification to the axis of graduation showing scalability, that of grading based on intensity whose nature is the assessment of degree of 1 ThS., Khoa Ngoại ngữ - Trường ĐH Quảng Nam 115 Strategies for translating english isolating intensifiers intensity and process Intensification is realized via markers of the lexical-grammatical class called isolating intensifiers which increase or decrease the level of intensity of a certain individual item Additionally, intensification is also seen via any single lexicalgrammatical item which can convey a meaning of the scaling called infusing intensifiers, unlike insolating intensifiers which modify certain one of function words The concept of infusing intensifiers is stated that “there is no separate lexical form conveying the sense of up-scaling or down-scaling”, i.e any single term itself can convey a meaning of the scaling (Martin & White, 2005, p 143) It is obvious that Martin and White (2005) bring a new lens of intensifiers from the view of language in evaluation Investigating isolating intensifiers in English literary discourse is still an issue left untouched, especially a consideration into strategies of their Vietnamese translation is a thing of novelty The paper helps find out how the category of language is rendered into Vietnamese; what strategies are used for translating them into Vietnamese Hopefully, it would provide a better understanding of isolating intensifiers by language teachers and learners for language using, literary writing and for the practice of translation Content 2.1 Categorization of Isolating Intensifiers Isolating intensifiers are seen as adverbs which modify adjectives, adverbs and verbs; as inflections to adjectives in comparatives and superlatives They are categorised as follows 2.2.1 Up/Down-scaling of Qualities Isolating intensifiers determining the scale of qualities are divided into three groups The first group functions as the pre-modification of adjectives such as a bit, somewhat, relatively, fairly, rather, very, extremely, utterly The second group functions as the premodification of adverbs namely slightly, somewhat, fairly, quite, rather, very Obviously, intensifiers such as very, rather, fairly, somewhat can be the pre-modification of both adjectives and adverbs The last are mophemes as suffixes to adjectives in comparatives (hotter, warmer, wetter, colder, cooler) and superlatives (saddest, happiest); and as premodifiers to adjectives in comparatives and superlatives (more miserable; most miserable) 2.2.2 Up/Down-scaling of Verbal Processes Isolating intensifiers determining up/down-scaling of verbal processes are identified based on the concept suggested by Halliday (2004) and Martin and White (2005) In the position of Halliday (2004), processes consist, in principle, of three components: (i) a process unfolding through time, (ii) the participants involved in the process, (iii) circumstances associated with the process Process can be realized by verbal groups, thus intensifiers like slightly, a bit, somewhat or greatly determining the scale of verbal processes adverbially modify verbal groups such as This upset me slightly / a bit / somewhat (Martin & White, 2005, p.144) 116 Đoàn Phan Anh Trúc 2.2.3 Up/down-scaling of modalities According to Martin and White (2005), modality refers to the degree of certainty or uncertainty of what is being said so as to determine the subjectivity of the speaker or the writer From this point of view, it can be seen that isolating intensifiers denoting the scale of modalities either upwards or downwards are often realised by such grammatical items as just, somewhat, quite, very as in just / somewhat / quite / very possible or reasonably / quite / very / extremely often 2.2.4 Maximisers Isolating intensifiers as maximisers seen are adverbs indicating the scale of the highest possible intensity such as utterly, totally, thoroughtly, absolutely, completely and perfectly (Martin and White, 2005, p 142) As for Quirk et al (1985), the authors add some items such as altogether, entirely, extremely, fully, quite, thoroughly to this type As a result, isolating intensifiers as maximisers are recognized via such adverbs as utterly, totally, thoroughtly, absolutely, completely, perfectly, altogether, entirely, extremely, fully, quite, wholly, dead, awfully and frightfully Covering all the cases of intensification is an impossible answer in the paper, so the researcher decided to exclude cases of isolating intensifiers which are seen as inflections to adjectives; to be more precise, they are the cases of morphemes as suffixes to adjectives, and pre-modifiers to adjectives/adverbs in comparatives What is more, isolating intensifiers as maximisers will be limited in case of morphemes being suffixes to adjectives/adverbs and pre-modifiers to adjectives/adverbs in superlatives 2.2 Translation strategies Discussing translation strategies, a variety of translation theorists present their own points of view Newmark (1988, pp 45-47) shows that translation theory’s main concern is to introduce applicable translation methods to the widest possible range of texts or text-categories He builds eight methods of translation namely (i) Word-for-word translation; (ii) Literal translation; (iii) Faithful translation; (iv) Semantic translation; (v) Adaptation; (vi) Free translation; (vii) Idiomatic translation; (viii) Communicative translation As for Vinay and Darbelnet (2004, pp 85-92), two main translation strategies are stated involving direct (literal) translation, and oblique translation comprising seven procedures, of which direct translation covers borrowing, calque and literal translation while oblique translation covers the four remaining ones - transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation Although the authors categorise translation strategies differently, it is certain that they share a certain point The first three strategies by Newmark (1988) are known as direct (literal) translation by Vinay and Darbelnet (2004) These authors agree literal translation as a popular strategy, which converts the source language (SL) grammatical constructions to their nearest target language (TL) equivalents but renders the lexical words singly, out of context by Newmark (1988); which is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate 117 Strategies for translating english isolating intensifiers TL text by Vinay and Darbelnet (2004) Baker (1996), however, suggests some strategies of translation which are considered as universals of translation namely Explicitation, Simplification, Normalization/ conservatism, Leveling out Explicitation is understood as ‘an overall tendency to spell things out rather than leave them implicit’ (ibid., p.180), described as ‘extra information’ while Vinay and Darbelnet (1995, p.170) consider it ‘gain of information’, which is defined as a “stylistic translation technique which consists of making explicit in the target language what remains implicit in the source language because it is apparent from either the context or the situation” (ibid., p.342) Simplification is regarded as ‘the tendency to simplify the language used in translation’ (Baker, 1996, p.181), and Normalization/conservatism - glossed as a ‘tendency to exaggerate features of the target language and to conform to its typical patterns’ (ibid., p.183) Leveling out described as ‘the tendency of translated text to gravitate towards the centre of a continuum’ (ibid., p.184) Additionally, mentioning translation universals, Toury (2004, p.21) regards explicitation, implicitation, simplicitation, complexification, ect as kinds of shifts in translation, of which explicitation and simplification are considered as up-rank shift and down-rank shift respectively by Le (2014); implicitation is described as a “stylistic translation technique which consists of making what is explicit in the source language implicit in the target language, relying on the context or the situation for conveying the meaning” (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, p 344) Regarding implicitiation and explicitation, Klaudy and Károly (2005) present some criteria to distinguish between them as displayed in Table 2.1 Table 2.1 Criteria to distinguish Implicitation from Explicitation (Klaudy & Károly, 2005) No Implicitation Explicitation SL unit with a specific meaning replaced SL unit with a more general meaning by a TL unit with a more general meaning replaced by a TL unit with a more specific meaning meanings of several SL words combined the meaning of a SL unit distributed in one TL word over several units in the TL meaningful lexical elements of the SL new meaningful elements appeared in text dropped in the TL text the TL text two or more sentences in the ST one sentence in the ST divided into conjoined into one sentence in the target two or several sentences in the TT text (TT) ST clauses reduced to phrases in the TT SL phrases extended or ‘raised’ to clause level in the TT 118 Đoàn Phan Anh Trúc 2.3 Methods and Materials The study was conducted using qualitative methods in order to analyse materials and analyse the data collected The data include 170 samples extracted from an English literary work namely Wuthering Heights by Bronté and their Vietnamese translations from Đỉnh Gió Hú by Nguyễn Vân Hà The data were chosen and narrowed based on the concept of isolating intensifiers by Martin and White (2005) The data were analysed based on the Theoretical Framework of Translation Strategies by Baker (1996); Vinay and Darbelnet (2004); Klaudy and Károly (2005) First, the data of isolating intensifiers collected were examined and described in comparison with the Vietnamese translations so as to discover, recognise, then sort out into strategies Next, they were grouped in literal translation, implicitation and explicitation Then, a quantalitive calculation of the translation strategies used was carried out so as to depict a general picture of frequencies Last, each strategy of translation was described into details to draw conclusions 2.4 Findings It is undeniable that English and Vietnamese are not always identical in language type as well as language structure because English is an inflectional language and tends to move closer to analytic languages whereas Vietnamese is an isolating one, finding oneto-one formal correspondent in translating isolating intensifiers is not always an evident thing Therefore, changes or shifts in the process of rendering isolating intensifiers from English to Vietnamese will be possible and understandable It is obvious that to operate the process of translation requires translators to flexibly apply strategies of translation such as literal translation, implicitation and explicitation From the data analysed, it can be seen that the majority of the cases recorded were literal translation accounting for the largest rate (61%), followed by implicitation reaching the second highest (27%) while explicitation occupied at a very low rate (12%) 2.4.1 Literal Via literal translation, English isolating intensifiers are found in Verb Phrases (VP) which are rendered into VP in the Vietnamese equivalent translations All of the cases are isolating intensifiers as maximisers denoting the scale of the highest intensity and that determining up/down-scaling of verbal processes as illustrated in Table 2.2 Such intensifiers as completely, extremely, perfectly, entirely and absolutely can be put before or after verbs, and rendered their meanings into Vietnamese such as hoàn toàn, hẳn, quá, rất, Due to the language type, they are flexibly placed at positions in Vietnamese verb phrases To be more specific, the case of hoàn toàn which is translated from completely or entirely can be put at the positions both before and after verbs as in [1],[2]&[3] (hoàn toàn bỏ // bỏ hoàn toàn); however, it can not put after the verb as the case in [4] (hoàn toàn chẳng ưa but not chẳng ưa hoàn toàn) The cases of and which can translated from perfectly and absolutely respectively can stand just before verbs as in [5] and [6] (ln im thin thít but not im thin thít ln; muốn biết but not muốn biết 119 Strategies for translating english isolating intensifiers What is more, in some other cases such isolating intensifiers as completely, perfectly, extremely and entirely as in [7],[8],[9]&[10] are translated into hẳn, quá, which are just after the verbs in this type of language (bỏ hẳn but not hẳn bỏ cuộc;khỏi hẳn but not hẳn khỏi; cấu đau but not cấu đau; khỏi but not khỏi đây;) Table 2.2 Isolating Intensifiers as Maximisers and that in Verbal Processes via Literal No [1] [2] [3] [4] SOURCE LANGUAGE They had completely given me up: everybody conjectured that I perished last night What were the use of my creation, if I were entirely contained here? The acquaintance must be dropped entirely His pri-vate feelings entirely disapproved of the exterior of his new abode the poor thing remained perfectly quiet wherever I chose to put him TARGET LANGUAGE Họ kêu ầm ầm lên hồn tồn bỏ đốn tơi bỏ mạng tối qua Tơi sinh để làm gì, hồn tồn bị bó buộc thể xác này? Mối quan hệ phải hồn tồn chấm dứt Bụng hồn tồn chẳng ưa bề ngồi chỗ Chính thằng bé tội nghiệp ln im thin thít trốn nơi tơi giấu [6] ; and I absolutely REQUIRE to know , anh muốn biết em chọn which you choose [7] He yielded completely Nó bỏ hẳn [8] She beguiled Hareton, who had perfectly Tay khỏi hẳn sau vụ tai nạn recovered from his accident [9] She hurt me extremely Cô cấu đau if you really have a regard for her, you’ll Nếu thực lòng quan tâm đến mợ ấy, [10] shun crossing her way again: you’ll cậu đừng có xuất nữa: khơng, cậu nên khỏi move out of this country entirely; [5] In addition, English isolating intensifiers determining the scale of qualities as premodifiers of adjectives and adverbs are converted to the Vietnamese equivalents in the structure of adjective phrases They are rendered their lexical meanings singly, out of the context as seen in Table 2.3 Their Vietnamese equivalents are the very intensifiers in Vietnamese as the case of very - rất, vơ cùng; quite and perpectly - hồn tồn; rather khá, hơi; extremely - Table 2.3 Isolating Intensifiers as Pre-modifiers of Adjectives and Adverbs via Literal 120 Đoàn Phan Anh Trúc No [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] SOURCE LANGUAGE The following evening was very wet his health is very precarious He did not forget me; for he had a kind heart, though he was rather severe sometimes She was rather thin He was quite strong and healthy TARGET LANGUAGE Chiều hôm sau trời vô ẩm ướt sức khỏe yếu Ơng chủ khơng qn tơi, ơng vốn tử tế dù nghiêm khắc Mợ gầy Hắn hoàn toàn khỏe mạnh, cường tráng Linton’s looks and move-ments were Linton cử chậm chạp, thân very languid, and his form extremely hình mảnh dẻ slight ‘Perfectly right; if people be right to Hoàn toàn đúng, người ta cưới marry only for the present She consented, rather unwillingly Con bé đồng ý, dù tơi nghĩ miễn cưỡng 2.4.2 Implicitation It can be found that the strategy of implicitation used in the Vietnamese translation of isolating intensifiers accounted for the highest number at 69% in the case where meaningful lexical elements of the SL text are dropped in the TL text Implicitation occurs when one TL word is created from combining the meanings of several SL words occupying a relatively low proportion of representation at 20% The case of implicitation in which SL unit with a specific meaning is replaced by a TL unit with a more general meaning made up the lowest percentage at 11% The following are the typical examples (i) Meaningful lexical elements of the SL text dropped in the TL text [19] You have no scruples in completely ruining all hopes of her perfect restoration  Cậu chả ngần ngại phá tan may để mợ phục hồi hẳn [20] and she would soon be entirely her former self  nàng sớm trở lại xưa [21] He did not thoroughly comprehend the meaning of his father’s speech  Nó chẳng hiểu lời bố nói It is obvious that completely, entirely, thoroughly and very are dropped in their TL translations; in other words, these meaningful SL lexical elements are left out in the TL texts Although the isolating intensifiers are dropped their meanings in the TL texts, the strategy conveys the very content from the SL texts to TL texts and it does not cause ambiguity (ii) Meanings of several SL words combined in one TL word 121 Strategies for translating english isolating intensifiers [22] but he rose when I appeared, asked me how I did, quite friendly, and offered me a chair  Thấy vào, thân mật đứng lên chào hỏi, kéo ghế mời ngồi [AdvP  A] [23] He took her education entirely on him-self, and made it an amusement  Ơng tay dạy dỗ con, lấy làm vui [PP  N] [24] My feet were thoroughly wetted; I was cross and low; exactly the humour suited for mak-ing the most of these disagreeable things  Chân ướt sũng, người mệt mỏi, quạu đeo, thấy thật nực cười phải làm cơng việc khó chịu trần đời [VP  A] [25] We were quarrelling like cats about you, Heathcliff; and I was fairly beaten in protestations of devotion and admiration  ; Em thua đứt khoản sùng kính, ngưỡng mộ anh (VP  V) Via implicitation, phrases in SL texts are transfered to words in TL texts The adverb phrase ‘quite friendly’ in [22] is translated into a Vietnamese adjective ‘thân mật’; the prepositional phrase ‘entirely on himself’ in [23] into a noun ‘một tay’; the verb phrases ‘thoroughly wetted’ in [24] and ‘fairly beaten’ in [25] into an adjective ‘ướt sũng’ and a verb ‘thua đứt’ respectively It can be realized that the isolating intensifiers via the strategy of implicitation are converted into infusing intensifiers in Vietnamese (iii) SL unit with a specific meaning replaced by a TL unit with a more general meaning [26] I did remark, to be sure, that mounting the stairs made her breathe very quick;  Nhưng nhận thấy rõ ràng mợ thở hổn hển chạy lên cầu thang; [27] in the act of saying she thought she should be able to get up to-morrow, a fit of coughing took her a very slight one he raised her in his arms  mợ ho, cậu đỡ mợ dậy The specific meaning of a unit in the SL text is replaced by a more general meaning in the TL text It can be found that the verb phrase ‘breath very quick’ is more specific because very is used to modify quick, to boost the meaning of quick which is combined with ‘very’ so as to be a complement of the verb ‘breathe’ Its Vietnamese equivalent is a verb phrase but it manifests a more general meaning; hổn hển performs a very quick degree 2.4.3 Explicitation From the data, three forms of explicitation seen in the TL translations involve (i) meaning of a SL unit distributed over several units in the TL, (ii) new meaningful elements appeared in the TL text, (iii) SL unit with a more general meaning replaced by a TL unit with a more specific meaning The first form can be understood as addition 122 Đoàn Phan Anh Trúc which involves in the TL text of extra lexical elements, and the last is seen as specification which adds meaning(s) by using lexical elements that are semantically more informative (Kláudy & Karoly, 2005, p.15) They are specified in the following samples (i) Meaning of a SL unit distributed over several units in the TL [28] She looked very well, and very hand-some; yet, I think, not very happy  Nàng khỏe, xinh đẹp Nhưng nghĩ, nàng không vui vẻ cho [29] I was fairly mad at him  Em phát điên lên Here it can be seen that the isolating intensifiers ‘very’ as in [28] and ‘fairly’ as in [29] are translated into Vietnamese with the addition of some extra elements such as được, cho and lên considered as extra words We can have không vui vẻ instead of being không vui vẻ cho or phát điên instead of being phát điên lên The strategy is applicable to make the translations much more explicit (ii) New meaningful elements appeared in the TL text [30] Oh, he’ll very well  Ồ, thằng bé nhanh chóng quen thơi [31] Both par-ties were delayed very late  Cả việc bị trì hỗn thành chậm trễ The explicitation process occurs because the new meaningful elements namely nhanh chóng, thành appear in the Vietnamese translations as in [30] & [31] (iii) SL unit with a more general meaning replaced by a TL unit with a more specific meaning Transfering the isolating intensifiers in [32], [33] & [34] is counted to undergo the explicitation process because more general meanings in the SL texts namely very ill, very punctually and utterly impossible are established to replace by the TL units with more special meanings We can have ốm nặng as in [32] which is involved by very, so it is likely to exclude [32] ‘My father is very ill,’  Bố thực ốm nặng [33] She obeyed his directions very punctually  Nàng làm theo lời hắn, không chút chậm trễ [34] But it is utterly impossible I can ever be revenged  Nhưng rõ ràng làm có chuyện tơi trả thù The findings show that the strategies applied to translating isolating intensifiers extracted from the English literary work - Wuthering Heights into Vietnamese involve literal, implicitation and explicitation, of which literal translation is the most popular It is 123 Strategies for translating english isolating intensifiers used for rendering isolating intensifiers as maximisers, that determining up/down-scaling of verbal processes and isolating intensifiers as pre-modifiers of adjectives and adverbs into Vietnamese Via the strategy, the TL equivalents are closest to SL grammatical structures and the lexical words are rendered singly, far from the contexts Implicitation is relatively much used when putting the category of language into Vietnamese, especially when the meaning of isolating intensifiers drop in the Vietnamese translations Through implicitation, it is found that isolating intensifiers combine with adjectives, adverbs or verbs to create meaning of a lexical word such as noun, adjective or verb However, explicitation is seen via the Vietnamese translation of isolating intensifiers but it occupies quite a small number 2.4.4 Some implications Investigating the strategies for translating English isolating intensifiers into Vietnamese leaves some implications for English learners and translators First of all, from the collected data, it makes clear to realize that English isolating intensifiers can be flexibly position such as before or after verbs, after objects, before adjectives and adverbs as pre-modifiers, before noun phrases or prepositional phrases This helps learners perceive their flexibility and variety of positions as well as of funtions so as to use them in the effective language communication Secondly, via the lens of translation these intensifiers are rendered into Vietnamese by three various strategies such as literal, implicitation and explicitation Each forces to transform them into Vietnamese in such a way that their Vietnamese equivalents are accepted and convey the very message of the TL text Via these strategies of translation, isolating intensifiers are translated quite differently, and the following case of very is a typical example By literal, very as pre-modifiers of adjectives and adverbs can be translated as rất, vô cùng, tuyệt By implicitation, it can be replaced by a more general meaning in the TL text for example, breathe very quick  thở hổn hển By explicitation, it can distribute over several units in the TL, for instance, not very happy  không vui vẻ cho lắm; or it can create a new meaning in the TL text like very well  nhanh chóng quen thơi Therefore, translators should comprehend this type of language and strategies of translation applied to their rendering into Vietnamese so as to bring exact translations Lastly, the paper clarifies the three strategies for translating English isolating intensifiers into Vietnamese This helps English learners and translators be more confident and flexible in choosing applicable strategies to SL texts Conclusion By way of conclusion, isolating intensifiers are a language category enlightened by Martin and White (2005) operating the theory of appraisal From the samples taken from the English literary work - Wuthering Heights by Bronté, we can see how these intensifiers are translated into Vietnamese, at the same time finding out three strategies of translation involved in the process Literal is the most popular when rendering isolating intensifiers as maximisers, as pre-modifiers of adjectives/adverbs and isolating intensifiers 124 Đoàn Phan Anh Trúc determining scaling of verbal processes into Vietnamese Implicitation is preferable to being applied to the cases when isolating intensifiers in the SL text are left out in the TL text; when isolating intensifiers in their adverb phrases, prepositional phrases and verb phrases in the ST text are converted into a TL word; when isolating intensifiers in a phrase in SL text with a specific meaning are replaced by a TL unit with a more general meaning Explicitation is less used in the process of translating the category of language, however, it can occur when meaning of isolating intensifiers is distributed over several units in the TL text; when new meaningful elements appear in the TL text; and when isolating intensifiers in a more general meaning are replaced by a TL unit with a more specific meaning It is hoped that these initial findings can be of some help to students of English, and that such an analysis of translation strategies of isolating intensifiers is hoped to shed some new light into the study and practice of translation in general and of the literary genre in particular REFERENCES [1] Baker, M (1996) “Corpus-based translation studies: The challenges that lie ahead” In Harold Somers, Ed Terminology, LSP and Translation Studies in Language Engineering in Honour of Juan C Sager, 175-186 Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins [2] Diệp Quang Ban (1989) Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt phổ thông (tập2) Nhà xuất Đại học giáo dục phổ thông Hà Nội (trans General Vietnamese Grammar Volumn Ha noi: University and General Education Press) [3] Halliday, M A K (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar Revised by Matthiessen, C M I M Third Edition London: Arnold [4] Klaudy, K & Károly, K (2005) Implicitation in translation: Empirical evidence for operational asymmetry in translation Across Languages and Cultures, 6(1), 13-28 [5] Le Thi Giao Chi (2014) Grammatical Metaphor in English Official Documentation - A Corpus Approach to the Vietnamese Translation of Nominalisation, PhD Thesis UK: University of the West of England [6] Martin, J.R & White,P.R (2005) The Language of Evaluation- Appraisal in English Palgrave Macmillan [7] Newmark, P (1988) A TextBook of Translation London: Longman [8] Nguyễn Anh Quế (1988), Hư từ tiếng Việt đại Hà Nội: NXB Khoa học & Xã hội [9] Quirk, R, Greenbaum, S., Leech, G & Svartvik, J (1972) A Grammar of Contemporary English London: Longman 125 Strategies for translating english isolating intensifiers [10] Quirk, R, Greenbaum, S., Leech, G & Svartvik, J (1985) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Harlow: Longman [11] Toury, G (2004) “Probabilistic explanation in translation studies Welcome as they are, would they qualify as universals?” In A Mauranen and P Kujiamaki (eds.), 15-32 [12] Vinay, J., & Darbelnet, J (2004) “A Methodology for Translation” In L.Venuti (ed.), 84-93 CHIẾN LƯỢC CHUYỂN DỊCH CÁC TỪ LÀM GIA TĂNG CƯỜNG ĐỘ TRONG ĐÁNH GIÁ TRÍCH TỪ TÁC PHẨM ĐỒI GIĨ HÚ CỦA TÁC GIẢ BRONTÉ SANG TIẾNG VIỆT ĐOÀN PHAN ANH TRÚC Tóm tắt: Từ làm gia tăng cường độ đánh giá từ thuộc phạm trù ngữ pháp từ vựng định thang tăng thang giảm cường độ đánh giá Martin and White (2005) nhóm từ độc lập chuyển tải mức độ tăng hay giảm độ mạnh đánh giá Bài viết nhằm khai thác nhóm từ chuyển dịch sang tiếng Việt; đồng thời xem xét chiến lược chuyển dịch dùng trình dịch Nghiên cứu thực phương pháp định tính, từ khối liệu gồm 170 mẫu trích từ tác phẩm văn học Anh Đồi Gió Hú tác giả Bronté Kết nghiên cứu cho thấy chiến lược chuyển dịch nhóm từ làm gia tăng cường độ đánh giá sang tiếng Việt bao gồm dịch nguyên văn, chiến lược dịch làm hiển ngôn thông tin dịch làm hàm ẩn thông tin Từ việc sử dụng chiến lược chuyển dịch này, nghiên cứu làm sáng tỏ chuyển đổi chuyển dịch phạm trù ngôn ngữ sang tiếng Việt Bài báo mang lại đóng góp định cho việc học dạy tiếng Anh cho việc thực hành dịch Từ khóa: Chiến lược chuyển dịch, Từ làm gia tăng cường độ đánh giá, Dịch nguyên văn, Dịch làm hiển ngôn thông tin, Dịch làm hàm ẩn thông tin 126 ... 123 Strategies for translating english isolating intensifiers used for rendering isolating intensifiers as maximisers, that determining up/down-scaling of verbal processes and isolating intensifiers. .. trả thù The findings show that the strategies applied to translating isolating intensifiers extracted from the English literary work - Wuthering Heights into Vietnamese involve literal, implicitation... the Vietnamese translation of isolating intensifiers but it occupies quite a small number 2.4.4 Some implications Investigating the strategies for translating English isolating intensifiers into