UKG DUNG LOGIC M V A GIS TRONG DANH GIA DAT DAI Le Canh Dinh' 1.0ATVANDE Danh gia tai nguyen dat dai (goi tat la danh gia dat dai) nham cung cap thong tin ve kha nang thich nghi ciia cac don vi dat dai ddi vdi loai hinh sif dung dat cu the can danh gia, hd trg quyet dinh ve quan ly va sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen dat dai Trong tap cd dien, ham dac tinh chi cd gia tn, gia tri "0" de chi phan tif khdng thudc tap hop, gia tn 1" de chi phan tif thudc tap hap Trong tap md, ham dac tinh ed gia tri doan [0,1], thd hien mirc dd thudc CLia phan tir len tap hop, ham dac tinh nhu tren goi la ham vien (membership function) ciia tap md (Zadeh 1965) Trong tien tnnh danh gia dat dai theo phuong phap Ham vien cua tap md A tren tap tdng X fky han che idn nhat (FAO, 1976) xem eac tinh chat dat dai hieu la HA) la anh xa ti; X len tap khoang don vi [0,1], (LC) cd tam quan nhu va LC kem nhat [x^: X -^ [0,1]; |.i^(x) la mire dd vien ciia phan tir quyet dmh den ket qua thich nghi (Sys, 1978, 1985; X ciia tap X len tapmdA Zheng et al, 1989; Van Diepen et al, 1991), Mdt hudng nghien ciru khae, sif dung piiuong phap tham sd Cac phep toan tren tap ma: xem cac tap md ^ B (parametric method) de tinh diem thich nghi (CI) (Sys et tren tap tong X, Vxe X do: al, 1991; Orhan Dengiz, 2005), sau phan loai thich • Toan tif hop (OR, Union): C = Ai^B cung la tap nghi theo ti/ng khoang gia tn ciia CI, ket qua phan mo, ham thudc dugc xac dmh: cap thich nghi: rat thich nghi (SI), thich nghi - Theo luat max; ^cC^) = niax{n^(x), ).IB(>) /';,(-Vl //,j(.V) /'.i(-'') A.:(v) //.,(.vl /;,,(.v)| Trong dd; W: trgng sd cua cac tinh chat dat dai; B: ma tran danh gia md; R : ma tran quan he md; )j.,j(x) la thudc CLia tinh chat i ddi vdi cap thich j (i=1,2,.,n; j=1 4); X la diem the hien mirc thich nghi cua tirng LC ddi vdi tirng LUT Trong ma tran R , sd hang bang sd tinh chat dat dai, sd cot bang sd Idp thich nghi (cot den cot tuong irng vdi SI den S3; cot tuong irng vdi khdng thich nghi), ° : toan tir md (fuzzy operator), ed nhieu phep toan hop md, dd cd phep toan thudng sir dung la phep lay Max va phep hgp Lukasiewicz: + Phep toan theo luat Max: + Phep toan theo Lukasiewicz: «, H, «, «, (3) Giai md (defuzzification) de xac dinh kha nang thich nghi dat dai: Giai md dua vao nguyen tac dd thudc Idn nhat (Daniel Z Sui, 1992; A Ergin, 2004) de' xac dinh cap thich nghi KET QUA NGHIEN CQU irng dung md hinh GIS md cho danh gia thich nghi dat dai cay Ca phe tren dia ban huyen Di Linh - tinh Lam Ddng •>• Xac dinh dp thupc cua titng tinh chat dat dal: Tren dia ban huyen Di Linh, chgn tinh chat de xay dung ban dd chat lugng dat dai: Dat (ky hieu So, cd loai), dde (31, cap) Tang day (De, cap), kha nang tudi (Ir, cap) Xac dinh diem thich nghi (Xi) va tinh thudc ciia tirng cap thich nghi (bang 2) Bang Gia tri ham thupc ciia timg tinhchat dai doi cap thich nghi cay Ca phe Tinh chat dat dai (LC) Oat (Soil) Do doc (slope) Tang day (Depth) KN Tifdi (Inigation) Ma (Code) Phan cap Tinh chat dat dai Diem (Xi) So1 So2 So3 So4 So5 So6 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 Del De2 De3 De4 De5 Iri Ir2 Ir3 Oat phii sa (P) Dat Gley (Giu) Oat (Fd) Oat xam (X) Oat mdi bien doi (CM) Dat den (R) 3.5 0.0 9.0 3.0 3.0 9.0 9.0 8.5 7.0 5.0 3,5 3,0 0.0 3,5 5,5 9,0 9,5 9,0 8,5 4,5 C-S" 3°-8° S^-IS" 15°-20° 20°-25° >25° too cm Co tudi nirdc mat Tudi bd sung Khong tudi + Xac dinh so cua t i ^ g tinh chat dat dai: Lfng dung phuong phap AHP (Saaty, 1980), thiet n(x) ciia cap thich nghi SI S2 S3 N 0,00 0,00 1,00 0,00 0,00 1,00 1,00 0,75 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,25 1,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,25 0.00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,00 0,25 0,00 0,75 1,00 0,00 1,00 1,00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0,00 0,75 1,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,00 1,00 0,00 0,00 0,25 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,25 0,75 0,00 0,00 1,00 0,75 0,00 0,00 0,25 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,75 1,00 0,75 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,25 lap ma tran so sanh cap, tren co so dd tinh dugc trgng sd ciia eac tinh chat dat dai: Ws„=0,386; Ws,=0,310; Wpe = 0,182; W, = 0,122, chi sd nhat quan CR=3,1% Bang Ma tran so sanh va trpng so cac tinh chat dat dai Tinh chat dat dai Oat (So) Oo doc (SI) Tang day (De) Kha nang tudi (Ir) Oat 06 doc Tang day Kha nang tirdi Trong so 2/3 a 1/3 1,5 2/5 1/2 2,5 1/2 2 0,386 0,310 0,182 0,122 137 + Oanh giamd + Tinh theo luat Max, B =[0,232 0,0770,097 0,290] Chdng xep md de xay dung ban dd danh gia md theo luat hgp Max va Lukasievi^icz, + Tinh theo Lukasiewicz, B = [0,5360,0770,0970,290] Phuang phap tinh: Gia sCf tai vi tri cd td hgp (LMU): Sol SI2De5lr1, gia trj ham thudc ma tran quan he + Giai md Tuong tu, tinh toan ma tran danh gia md B cho cac md R nhu bang 2, ma tran danh gia B dugc tinh nhu sau: don vi dat dai cdn lai, giai md theo nguyen tac ham thudc Idn nhat, xac dinh dugc ket qua thich nghi dat dai ^0.00 0.00 0,25 0.75' (bang 4) 0,75 0,25 0.00 0,00 fi = H o / ? =0.386 0.310 0.182 0,122 1,00 0.00 0.00 0,00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bang So sanh ket qua danh gia thich nghi ciia cac phuong phap So Don vi PhLTong Phap TT Dat dai FAO (LMU) (Thich nghi/Han che) SI S2 S3 N nghi SI S2 S3 N nghi So1Sl2De5lr1 N/So 0,232 0,077 0,097 0,290 N 0,536 0,077 0,097 0,290 SI So2SI5De51r3 N/So 0,182 0,000 0,091 0,387 N 0,182 0,000 0,169 0,650 N So2SI6De4lr3 N/So,Sl 0,182 0,000 0,091 0,387 N 0,182 0,000 0,091 0,727 N So3SI1De5lr1 SI 0,387 0,000 0,000 0,000 SI 1,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 SI So3S11De5lr2 S1 0,387 0,030 0,000 0,000 SI 0,970 0,030 0,000 0,000 SI So4S12De41r2 N/So 0,232 0,077 0,000 0,387 N 0,505 0,108 0,000 0,387 SI So4S12De41r3 N/So 0,232 0,077 0,091 0,387 N 0,414 0,077 0,091 0,417 N So4SI2De51r2 N/So 0,232 0,077 0,000 0,387 N 0,505 0,108 0,000 0,387 SI So4SI3De3lr2 N/So 0,091 0,310 0,136 0,387 N 0,091 0,386 0,136 0,387 N 10 So4SI3De5lr2 N/So 0,182 0,310 0,000 0,387 N 0,273 0,340 0,000 0,387 N 11 So4SI3De5lr3 N/So 0,182 0,310 0,091 0,387 N 0,182 0,310 0,091 0,417 N 12 So4S14De1lr3 N/So 0,000 0,000 0,310 0,387 N 0,000 0,000 0,401 0,599 N 13 So4S14De3lr2 N/So 0,091 0,045 0,310 0,387 N 0,091 0,076 0,446 0,387 S3 14 So4S14De5lr1 N/So 0,182 0,000 0,310 0,387 N 0,303 0,000 0,310 0,387 N 15 So4S14De5lr2 N/So 0,182 0,030 0,310 0,387 N 0,273 0,030 0,310 0,387 N 16 So4SI4De5lr3 N/So 0,182 0,000 0,310 0,387 N 0,182 0,000 0,401 0,417 N 17 So4S15De4lr3 N/So,SI 0,182 0,000 0,091 0,387 N 0,182 0,000 0,169 0,650 N 18 So4S15De5lr3 N/So,Sl 0,182 0,000 0,091 0,387 N 0,182 0,000 0,169 0,650 N 19 So4S16De2lr3 N/So,SI,De 0,000 0,000 0,091 0,387 N 0,000 0,000 0,137 0,863 N 20 So4SI6De3lr3 N/So,Sl 0,000 0,045 0,136 0,387 N 0,000 0,045 0,227 0,727 N 21 So4S16De41r3 N/So,Sl 0,182 0,000 0,091 0,387 N 0,182 0,000 0,091 0,727 N 22 So4SI6De5lr3 N/So,Sl 0,182 0,000 0,091 0,387 N 0,182 0,000 0,091 0,727 N 23 So5SI1De5lr1 N/So 0,310 0,000 0,000 0,387 N 0,613 0,000 0,000 0,387 SI 24 So6SI2De51r1 SI 0,387 0,077 0,000 0,000 SI 0,923 0,077 0,000 0,000 SI 25 So6SI3De31r2 S3/De 0,387 0,310 0,136 0,000 SI 0,478 0,386 0,136 0,000 SI 26 So6SI3De31r3 S3/De,lr 0,387 0,310 0,136 0,030 SI 0,387 0,355 0,227 0,030 SI 27 So6S13De4lr1 S2/SI 0,387 0,310 0,000 0,000 S1 0,690 0,310 0,000 0.000 S1 28 So6S13De41r2 S2/SI 0,387 0,310 0,000 0,000 SI 0,660 0,340 0,000 0,000 SI 29 So6S13De4lr3 S3/lr 0,387 0,310 0,091 0,030 CI 0,569 0,310 0,091 0,030 SI 30 So6SI3De5lr1 S2/SI 0,387 0,310 0,000 0,000 S1 0,690 0,310 0,000 0,000 SI 138 Lukasiewicz Luat Max Op thuoc n(x) Dp thupc ^(x) Thich Thich So Don vi Phuong Phap n Dat dai FAO (LMU) (Thich nghi/Han che) S1 S2 S3 N nghi SI S2 0,310 0,000 0,000 SI 0,660 0,310 0,091 0,030 SI 0,569 Luat Max Lukasiewicz Dp thuoc |a(x) 06 thupc |a(x) Thich Thich S3 N nghi 0,340 0,000 0,000 SI 0,310 0,091 0,030 SI 31 So6S13De51r2 S2/S1 0,387 32 So6SI3De5lr3 S3/lr 0,387 33 So6S14De3lr1 S3/Sl.De 0,387 0,045 0,310 0,000 SI 0,508 0,045 0,446 0,000 SI 34 So6SI4De31r2 S3/Sl,De 0,387 0,045 0,310 0,000 S1 0,478 0,076 0,446 0,000 SI 35 So6SI4De31r3 S3/Sl,De,lr 0,387 0,045 0,310 0,030 SI 0,387 0,045 0,537 0,030 S3 36 So6S14De51r1 S3/S1 0,387 0,000 0,310 0,000 SI 0,690 0,000 0,310 0,000 SI 37 So6SI4De51r2 S3/S1 0,387 0,030 0,310 0,000 SI 0,660 • 0,030 0,310 0,000 SI 38 So6S14De5lr3 S3/Sl,lr 0,387 0,000 0,310 0,030 SI 0,569 0,000 0,401 0,030 SI 39 So6S15De31r3 N/Sl 0,387 0,045 0,136 0,232 SI 0,387 0,045 0,305 0,263 SI 40 So6SI5De41r3 N/Sl 0,387 0,000 0,091 0,232 SI 0,569 0,000 0,169 0,263 SI 41 So6SI5De51r1 N/SI 0,387 0,000 0,077 0,232 SI 0,690 0,000 0,077 0,232 SI 42 So6S15De5lr2 N/Sl 0,387 0,030 0,077 0,232 SI 0,660 0,030 0.077 0.232 S1 43 So6S15De5lr3 N/Sl 0,387 0,000 0,091 0,232 SI 0,569 0,000 0,169 0,263 S1 44 So6S16De51r3 N/Sl 0,387 0,000 0,091 0,310 SI 0,569 0,000 0,091 0,340 SI Danh gia thich nghi dat dai theo Phuang phap mg (fuzzy method) va phuang phap FAO (phuang phap han che Idn nhat), ket qua cd mot sd khac biet: Phuang phap han che Idn nhat (FAO, 1976) khdng xet den su tuang tac giura eac LC, xem cac LC ed vai trd nhu (trgng sd bang nhau), LC han ehe Idn nhat (cd chat luang kem nhat) quyet dinh den ket qua thich nghi dat dai Odi chieu ban dd thich nghi dat dai (theo phuang phap FAO) vdi thirc te viing nghien eiru (huyen Di Linh): CO nhieu khu vue nhu LMU39-44 han ehe ve dde (2025'') nhung thuc te vin trdng ca phe tdt, neu danh gia dat dai theo phuang phap FAO thi viing khdng thich nghi (N), khdng the trdng ca phe Nhu vay danh gia dat dai theo phuang phap han ehe Idn nhat (FAO, 1976) thudng de xuat sir dung nhirng LUS ehac ehan, bd qua nhurng LUS CO the san xuat duge (cd han che nhung yeu td han che la thif yeu, hoae nhung yeu td khae thich nghi cao nen danh gia chung van tdt) Phuang phap danh gia md, xem cac LC cd mirc anh hudng den cay trdng khac (trgng sd khac nhau), va sir chuyen bien giura cac cap thich nghi (SI, S2, S3, N) la lien tuc (hinh 2), diing phuang phap danh gia md ket qua giai thich duge van de thue tien (LMU39-44 thich nghi S1) vi d cac LMU han che chii yeu la dde (trgng sd: 0,31), yeu td dat chiem trgng sd cao nhat (0,386) va cd chat luong tdt cho cay ea phe (So6: dat den) nen ket qua thich nghi cao (S1) Trong phuong phap danh gia mg, toan tir hoae (OR) theo luat lay Max chi lay nhung yeu td anh hudng Idn, nhirng yeu td anh hudng nhd khdng dugc xem xet qua trinh danh gia; toan tir hop Lukasiewicz xem xet ddng thgi tat ca cac yeu td tham gia qua trinh danh gia nen ket qua tdt hon (vi du nhu LMU13: phuong phap FAO va phuong phap danh gia md theo luat Max thi vung khdng thich nghi cay ca phe, nhung thuc te van trdng dugc vdi mirc thich nghi S3 vi tang day kha va cd nude tudi, dde khdng qua Idn va dat xau nhung van trdng duge; tham chi nhung nam ca phe gia cao viing van trdng ca phe) KET LUAN Trong danh gia thich nghi dat dai, phan loai thich nghi la khai niem mg ma tap ed dien (tap rd) khdng the bieu di§n duac Tap md nhu la phan ma rdng eiia dai sd boolean (ciia tap ro) cd the bieu dien cac tn thuc md va gia tri cae Idp thich nghi mdt each lien tuc, gan gui vdi suy nghi ciia ngudi quyet dinh Md hmh GIS md cd kha nang hd tro quyet dinh khdng gian chinh xac tren cd sd cac thdng tin md Lfng dung md hinh GIS mo danh gia thich nghi eay ea phe tren dia ban huyen Di Linh-tinh Lam Ddng, ket qua phu hgp han so vdi ket qua CLia phuang phap han che Idn nhat (FAO, 1976) Md hinh GIS md vdi phep hgp Lukasiewicz cho ket qua phii hap vdi thuc tien hon so vdi ket qua ciia phepihop theo luat max Do dd, cd the irng dung md hmh GIS md (Lukasiewicz) eho danh gia thich nghi dat dai tu nhien cho cac vung khac tren dia ban tinh Lam Ddng cung nhu toan qude Tuy nhien, de ket qua irng dung ciia md hinh cd tinh kha thi cao han, sat vdi thuc te han, can nghien cifu dua vao md hinh cac chi tieu md nhu: kinh te, xa hdi va mdi trudng 139 TAI UEU THAM KHAO Bui Cong Cudng, Nguyen Doan Phudc (2006), He md - mang nd ron va irng dung, NXB Khoa hpc Ky thuat (in lan thif hai) Duo Kaill (2003), Fuzzy evaluation of urban environmental quality Master thesis, ITC, The Netherlands E.Van Ranst, H.Tang, R Groenemans, S Slnthurahat (1996), Application of fuzzy logic to land suitability for ruber production in peninsular Thailand, Elsevier, Geodema 70,1-19 Rodngo S Slcat, Emmanuel John M Carranza Uday Bhaskar Nidumolu (2005), Fuzzy modelling of farmer's knowledge for land suitability classification, Elsevier, Agriculture system 83,49-75 T.R Nisar Ahamed, K.Gopal Rao J.S.R Murphy (2000), GIS-based fuzzy membership model for crop land suitability analysis, Elsevier, Agriculture system 63, 75-95 Summary APPLIED FUZZY LOGIC AND GIS IN LAND RESOURCES EVALUATION Le Canh Dint)' Objective of this paper presents to simulate a fuzzy GIS modeling in land resources evaluation Weight of each land characteristic is determined by using Analysis Hierarchy Processing (AHP) technique and then calculated the membership function of LC for each land use type by using expert method GIS is applied for building a Land Mapping Unit by using fuzzy overlay function to unite some Land Characteristics (LC) with max aile and Lukasiewicz fuzzy operator union Result of this is fuzzy evaluation, defuzzification with principle of maximum membership grade to get land suitability classification Comparison of three methods (maximum limitation factor of FAO, Fuzzy GIS with max rule union and fuzzy GIS with Lukasiewicz union), the result of fuzzy GIS with Lukasiewicz union method is more suitable than other methods, because of this method to consider all of high criterion and weak criterion to the objective Key words: Fuzzy GIS modeling, comparison of three methods in land evaluation, AHP, land evaluation resources ' Sub-National Institute for Agricultural Planning and Projection (Sub-NIAPP in the South) MUtDO CHUYEN HOA CAC CHAT TifPHE THAI CHAN NUOI (Tiip trang 119) Lipit va gluxit phan giai manh qua trinh xif ly til' chat thai liccng lipit va gluxit chipa dii'P'c phan giai chuydn sang nLcdc xa vdi mifc thap: lipit 0,01-1,78%, gluxit 0,03-0,18% MiFC dp ehuyen hda tii' chat thai sang nu'dc xa ciia 01 14,0-15,1%, Cd 1,6-10,7%, Pb 2,6-3,1%, Hg 4,0-6,8%, A s 2,5-2,7% TAI LIEU THAM KHAO GS Le Van Can (1982) Phan chuong NXB Nong nghiep 2, Vien Thd Nhuang Nong Hoa (1998) So tay phan tich Dat, Nuac, Phan bon Cay NXB Ndng nghiep Yao Yongfu (1989) Chengdu Biogas Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture, P.RC The biogas technology in China, Agneultural Publishing House, Summary TRANS FORMATION LEVEL OF ELEMENTS FROM WASTE TO LIQUID BIOSLURRY Cao Ky Son\ Nguyen Thanh Son^, Tran Thi My Dzung' Research w/as conducted at nine households having biogas digesters which constructed strictly following the Project model designs in two communes of Thanh Xuan and Bac Phu, Soc Son district, Hanoi Cow dung, pig dung and mixture of cow dung and pig dung were used to feed into digesters Converting levels of nutrients from waste to liquid bioslurry are: total nitrogen 4-17 0%, N-NO3 11413.9%, N-NH4 31.5-98.6%, total phosphate 1-2.9%; effective phosphate 17.1-77.2%, total potassium 13.622.6%, effective potassium 15.2-21.3%, pH value had a tendency of aciditization Converting levels of ttie others: Ca 5.6-11 2%, Mg 0.8-3 3%, Na 8.5-19.7%, S 2.9-3.5%, Fe 06-0 1%, Cu 0.03-1.9%, Zn 0.1-0.7%, Mn 0.1-1.2%, Mo 2.4-6.1%, B 1-2.3%, CI 14.0-15.1%, Cd 1.6-10.7%, Pb 2.6-3 1% Hg 4.0-6.8%, As 2.5-2.7% Institute for Soils and Fertilizers, Livestock Producfion Department Liru v cAc tac gia : GlOra phSn s6' nguydn v4 s6 thip phan, tieng Vlf t d$t dS'u phky {,) cdn t)6ng Anh thi d^t da'u cha'm {.); dS' ngSn cSch s6' hang cua m^t day so, Vi^t Nam diing dSu cham (.) mi Anh thi dung dS'u phJy (,)-Xin dimg iSm lln f : 140 ... thich nghi cua tirng LC ddi vdi tirng LUT Trong ma tran R , sd hang bang sd tinh chat dat dai, sd cot bang sd Idp thich nghi (cot den cot tuong irng vdi SI den S3; cot tuong irng vdi khdng thich nghi),... trdng dugc vdi mirc thich nghi S3 vi tang day kha va cd nude tudi, dde khdng qua Idn va dat xau nhung van trdng duge; tham chi nhung nam ca phe gia cao viing van trdng ca phe) KET LUAN Trong. .. thich nghi mdt each lien tuc, gan gui vdi suy nghi ciia ngudi quyet dinh Md hmh GIS md cd kha nang hd tro quyet dinh khdng gian chinh xac tren cd sd cac thdng tin md Lfng dung md hinh GIS mo