Ebook FCE use of English 2 (Teacher''s book): Part 1 presents the following contents: Tense forms, the lnfinitive/-ing form/participles, modal verbs, adjectives/adverbs/comparisons, clauses/linking words.
D CONTENTS rnJ Tense Forms Word Formation 17 Practice test 25 [D The lnfinitive/-ing form/Participles 29 Questions/Short Answers 197 Practice test 11 206 Inversion/Emphatic Structures 210 Practice test 12 216 Revision 220 Practice test 42 [J Modal Verbs 46 Practice test 56 Further Practice Sections 223 60 Appendix - Present, Past & Future Forms 240 Appendix - Phrasal Verbs 244 [J Adjectives/Adverbs/Comparisons Practice test 74 Revision 78 [ ] Clauses/Linking Words 81 Appendix - Verbs, Adjectives, Practice test 106 EJ Reported Speech Nouns with Prepositions I Prepositional Phrases I 110 Prepositions of time 250 Practice test 125 Appendix - Word Formation 255 [J Passive Voice/Causative Form Practice test 140 Irregular Verbs 259 Conditionals/Wishes/Unreal Past 144 Suggested Answer section 260 Practice test 156 Revision 160 • Nouns/ Articles I 129 Test 1A / 18 T1 Test 2A / 28 TB Test 3A / 38 T15 163 Practice test 173 Determiners/Pronouns 177 Practice test 1O 193 Tense Forms Identify the tenses , then match them with the correct description They are getting married this summer Present Cont The robber waves his gun and everyone gets down on the floor Present Simple The sun rises in the east and sets in the west Present Simple The course starts on 10th October Present Simple Clare is looking for a new flat Present Continuous We've been sharing a flat for years Pres Pert Cont They employ staff from all over the world Present Simple Paula has become more independent since starting university Present Perfect Simple The child has been missing since last night Present Perfect Continuous a g e i c a fixed arrangements in the near future b personal experiences/changes that have happened c actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking; temporary situations d actions started at a stated time in the past and continuing up to the present e reviews/sports commentaries/dramatic narratives f permanent situations or states g permanent truths or laws of nature h emphasis on duration of an action that began in the past and continues up to the present timetables/programmes (future meaning) h f b d Identify the tenses, then match them with the correct description Bill always stops to buy milk on his way to work Present Simple The new serial is growing in popularity Present Cont There goes the last bus! Present Simple Scientists have just discovered a way to prevent memory loss Present Perfect Andrea has phoned me every day this week Present Perfect Laura is always criticising my appearance Pres Cont I feel exhausted as I have been working on my assignment all night Present Perfect Continuous He's been asking to borrow money again Present Perfect Continuous The Kellys have moved to Manchester Present Perfect h d b c g a past actions of certain du ration having visible results/effects in the p resent b changing or developing situations c recently completed actions d exclamatory sentences e frequently repeated actions with 'always' expressing the speaker's annoyance or criticism f actions which happened at an unstated past time and are connected to the present g emphasis on number, frequency h repeated/habitual actions expressing anger, irritation, annoyance or criticism e a f Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present forms Dear Greg a nd Christine, I 1) .am writing (write) to thank you for coming to our wedding reception last month I hope you ertjoyed yourselves Mark and I 2) have just returned (Lust/return) from our trip to Kenya We 3) have just moved Gust/move) into our new house and since we returned we 4) have been spending (spend) all our free time decorating The house 5) is actualJy beginning (actually/begin) to feel like home now and we 6) are gradually settling (gradually/settle) into a routine We have (have) breakfast together in the morning, but then we 8) don' t see (not/see) each other until late in the evening when we 9) get (get) home from work I hope both of you 10) have been (be) well since we last saw you Best regards, Mark a nd Sheila Roberts n _ Stative verbs express a permanent state rather than an action and not have continuous forms These are: verbs of the senses (used to express involuntary actions) : feel , hear, see, smell, taste etc I see someone standing at the front door Verbs of feelings and emotions: adore, detest, disl ike, enjoy, forgive, hate, like etc She really enjoys cooking for her friends Verbs of opinion: agree, believe, suppose, understand etc I don't believe he 's coming Other verbs: appear (= seem) , belong, concern, contain, depend, fit (= be the right shape and size for sth) , have (= possess) , know, mean, owe, own, possess, need, prefer, require, want, weigh, wish, keep (= continue) , seem etc This skirt fits you perfectly Note: Feel and hurt can be used in continuous or simple forms Ann is feeling 'feels tired Listen, look and watch express deliberate actions and can be used in continuous forms They are looking at some pictures Some stative verbs (be, love, see, smell, taste, think etc) have continuous forms but there is a difference in meaning ACTION STATE •• •• •• • • •• • • I see exactly what you mean (= I understand) Peter thinks he knows everything (= He believes) They have a villa in Portugal (= They own) A baby's skin feels very smooth (= It has a smooth texture) This soup tastes of garlic (= It has the taste of garlic} The room smells of fresh flowers ( = It has the smell oD Most people love/enjoy eating out (= They like in general) Peter is a difficult person to get on with (= His character is difficult) He looks as if he's going to faint (= He appears) The patient appears to be recovering (= He seems to be) Sam now weighs more than his father (= His weight is greater) My uniform doesn't fit me (= It isn't the right size) •• •• • • • • •• • • She is seeing a lawyer tonight ( = She's meeting) He is thinking of studying Law (= He is considering) He is having problems ( = He is experiencing) He is feeling the engine to see how hot it is ( = He's touching) Why are you tasting the curry? ( = Why are you testing the flavour?) Why are you smelling that meat? ( = Why are you checking its smell?) She is loving/is enjoying every minute of her holiday (= She likes specifically) Jane is being particularly generous this week (= She is behaving generously) They are looking at the photos (= They are viewing) Simply Red are appearing on stage next week (= They are giving a performance) The doctor is weighing the baby (= She is finding out its weight) We are fitting a new kitchen next week ( = installing) Fill in with Present Simple or Continuous A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: 14 _ _ j I am Beeing (see) an old friend tonight see (see) - so you won't be able to meet me after work, will you? Why are you smelling (you/smell) the milk? It smells (smell) a bit strange I think it might have gone off Do you enjoy (you/enjoy) reading Jane Austen's novels? Not usually, but I am enjoying (enjoy) this particular one Why is John being (John/be) so bad-tempered today? I don't know He is (be) usually so easy to get on with Carol and I are thinking (think) of getting married Do you think (you/think) that's a good idea? You haven't known each other for very long Do you have (you/have) the phone number of a good business consu ltant? Why? Are you having (you/ have) problems at work? Is the singer appearing (the singer/appear) tonight? Unfortunately not She appears (appear) to have lost her voice A: B: A: B: 10 A: B: Why are you tasting (you/taste) the lemonade? It tastes (taste) a little bitter I think I'll add some more sugar I hear the Fords are looking (look) for a bigger house Yes, it looks (look) as if they are going to move How much does the parcel weigh (the parcel/weigh)? I'm not sure The assistant is weighing (weigh) it at the moment Have gone to • • • @ I Have been to I Have been in She has gone to the bank (She 's on her way to the bank or she's there now She hasn 't come back yet.) She has been to New Orleans (She has visited New Orleans but she isn't there now She has come back.) She has been in the Hague for four years (She lives in the Hague now.) Fill in has/have been to/ in, has/have gone to How long has she been in York? Sheila has been to Brussels twice this year Mum has gone to the supermarket She'll be back in about an hour Sam isn't in the office He has gone to a meeting Mr Smith has been in Paris for nearly three years Since expresses a starting point She's been working here since November For expresses the duration of an action They've been in Hawaii for two weeks [©) Fill in since or for Animals have been a source of help and comfort to humans 1) since history began, and we have known 2) for years that animals make people gentler and more relaxed 3) For a long time the question has been how exactly animals can change people Some researchers believe that stroking a pet helps to relieve anxiety and tension and, 4) since the 1960s, therapists have believed that animals' remarkable powers can be used to heal our bodies and minds This belief has actually been confirmed 5) since the discovery that seriously ill people live longer if they have a pet to care for Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present forms George Smith has been training (train) for this match for months He has been practising (practise) at least four hours a day for the last two weeks and he says (say) that now he is feeling/feels (feel) confident However, he is facing (face) a difficult opponent tonight Palmer has won (win) several games recently, and he looks (look) determined to win this one too The match is (be) about to start, so let's watch and see what happens (happen) Louisa usually goes (go) to work by tube, but today she is going (go) there in a chauffeur-driven limousine The reason for this is (be) that she has just won (just/win) the young business person award , and as part of the prize people are treating (treat) her like royalty Mary has.been dyeing (dye) her hair for years She goes (go) to the hairdresser once a week and tries/has tried (try) every colour you can imagine She says (say) she wants (want) to match her hair with her clothes I have been asking (ask) her for ages why she doesn't keep (not/keep) her natural colour but she says (say) she has forgotten (forget) what it is! A: Excuse me, I have been trying (try) to pay for this shirt for ten minutes Nobody seems (seem) to want to serve me I have tried (try) complaining but nobody listens (listen) It's the worst service I have ever experienced (ever/experience) Something ought to be done! B: I agree sir, but I don't work (not/work) here .• Make all the necessary changes and additions to make a complete letter (See Suggested Answer section) Dear Sir, I write/apply/position of French teacher/advertised/The European Academic qualifications include/degree in French/Oxford University I spend several years/Paris/have excellent practical knowledge of French I work/assistant French teacher/two years/school outside London I be unemployed/at the moment I enclose references/former employer and CV I trust you give/application/ serious consideration I look forward/hear you/earliest convenience Yours faithfully, Derek Spencer Dear Sir, I'm writing to apply Identify the tenses, then match them with the correct description I had read most of his novels by the end of the holiday Past Perfect I was talking on the phone while Tim was watching football on TV Past Continuous We got up at half past six this morning Past Simple They were still considering his proposal that evening Past Continuous She jogged five miles every day when she was young Past Simple She had a shower, got dressed quickly and left for the airport Past Simple Reporters had been telephoning all morning Past Perfect Continuous cr'owd of tourists were waiting outside the hotel A when the lights went out Past Continuous He made his last film in Poland Past Simple 1O They had been going out for five years before they decided to get married Past Perfect Continuous 11 She was upset because she had just heard the news Past Perfect 12 The police officer changed her phone number because she had been receiving anonymous calls for several weeks Past Perfect Continuous 13 The dancer had always dreamed of becoming successful Past Perfect g 16 I 3b 4a Sh 6c 7i a action in progress at a stated past time b complete action or event which happened at a stated past time c past actions which happened one immediately after another d past action in progress interrupted by another past action e action continuing over a period up to a specific time in the past f complete past action which had visible results in the past g past action which occurred before another action or before a stated time h past habit or state Past Perfect Continuous as the past equivalent of the Present Perfect Continuous action not connected to the present and which happened at a definite past time not mentioned k Past Perfect as the past equivalent of the Present Perfect two or more simultaneous past actions m past action of certain duration which had visible results in the past 8d 9j 10 e 11 f 12 m 13 k Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past forms, then match the sentences with the correct description Christopher Columbus 1) wa!? born (be/born) in Italy in 1451 He 2) had worked (work) as a woollen cloth weaver w ith his father before he 3) began (begin) his nautical career at the age of 22 After several merchant voyages he 4) settled (settle) in Lisbon, Portugal in 1478 By this time he 5) had taught (teach) himself Portuguese and Latin and 6) had ~ead (read) many geographical and navigational books In 1481 he 7) married (marry) Felipa Parestrello They 8) had (have) one son, Diego They 9) had been married (be/married) for two years w hen his w ife 10) died (die) At this time he 11) was working (work) for John II of Portugal Columbus 12) had always wished (always/wish) to sail around the world westward but John II wouldn't agree Finally King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain 13) decided (decide) to finance the voyage He 14) set off (set off) for the first time in April 1492 There 15) were (be) three ships; the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria and a crew of 90 men They 16) had/had had (have) many false alarms before they finally 17) spotted (spot) the ' New World' at 02.00 on Friday the 12th of Octob~r, 1492 Columbus 18) made (make) another three voyages after this He 19) retired (retire) to Valladolid 12 years after his first voyage and in 1517 he 20) died (die) there 8, 10, 13, 15, (16) , 18 a complete past action s not connected to the present, w ith an implied tim e reference b action in the middle of happening at a stated past time 11 c action continuing over a period up to a specific time in the past d complete action or event which happened at a stated past time 1, 3, 4, , 14 17, 19, 20 e past action which occurred before another action or before a stated past time 2, 5, 6, (16) f the Past Perfect as the past equivalent of the Present Perfect Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past forms When she 1) wa!? (be) only fifteen Helen 2) left (leave) school without any qualifications Nevertheless, she 3) was (be) very ambitious and 4) wanted (want) to work in the fashion industry Luckily she 5) found (find) a job immediately as an assistant in a small fashion company While she 6) was working (work) there she 7) decided (decide) to go to evening classes to get a qualification in business studies Once she 8) had successfully completed (successfully/complete) the course she 9) was promoted (be/promoted) to the position of assistant manager After she 10) had been doing (do) that job for some years she 11) wanted (want) a change She 12) had been thinking (think) of moving to London for some time, so she 13) applied (apply) for a job which she 14) had seen/saw (see) advertised in a fashion magazine Helen 15) got (get) the job as the manager of a small but prestigious fashion company in central London She 16) had achieved (achieve) her ambition of becoming a successful businesswoman at last 12 Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Continuous to A few years ago a friend of mine, Tom, 1) was travelling (travel) in Java One day he 2) decided (decide) he While faces ooking mysterious-l of paintings old beautiful in covered were visit an ancient temple The walls 3) was walking ( walk) around the temple, he 4) felt ( feel) an inexplicable desire to remove one particular face which seemed to be staring at him Nervously, checking to see that no one 5) was looking (look), he 6) peeled ( peel) the face from the wall and 7) put (put) it carefully in his bag Tom 8) thought (think) no more about the incident until two years later At that time he 9) was living (live) in London and 10) (was) working (work) in a shop selling old books and manuscripts One day an extremely old man 11) walked (walk) slowly through the door Tom could hardly see him but he 12) noticed (notice) the man's piercing black eyes He 13) stared (stare) at Tom, fixing him with his gaze, saying nothing As the man 14) was staring (stare) at him, Tom 15) had (have) an awful, terrifying feeling of shame and fear Suddenly, the man was gone When Tom got home that evening he 16) searched (search) frantically through all his things until he 17) found ( find) the face from the temple It was the face of the old man from the shop! He 18) knew (know) then that he had to return the picture to the temple, or something terrible would happen Pre~~nt P~rfoct She has come (unstated time; we don't know when • • • • • [ljg) she came) (he's still in 10 ee ho 1, ro1 u hospital - action connected to the present) • 'Ce 1h1s " ek (it's still the same een f-J week - action connected to the present) I v seen Nii ole l\idman (action connected to the present - she's still alive ) s Parliame, has decided to dissolve (announcing news) • She came last Friday (stated time - When? Last • He was Friday.) • • i• (he isn't in hospital 1e ho 1i1 any more - action not connected to the present) He went out w 1ce /, 1sr week (action not connected to the present - it's the next week now) I saw Prince Diam (action not connected to the present - she's dead) Mor ng (giving He announced t s d , 1s1 n details of the news - stated time in the past) Fill in with Present Perfect or Past Simple The presid ent 1) h.~s ann •U'1ced (announce) the introduction of a new set of measures to deal with unemploym ent The problem 2) has become (become) worse in recent months, and yesterday the president 3) stated (state) that action must be taken now She actual ly 4) signed (sign) the new bill during this morning's session of Parliament George 1) arrived (arrive) late to work again this morning He 2) has been (be) late at least five times this month The supervisor 3) spoke (speak) to him about it yesterday but he obviously 4) didn't pay (not/pay) any attention John Keats, who 1) died (die) when he 2) was (be) on ly 26 years old , 3) wrote (write) a lot of beautiful poems I 4) have read (read) most of his poetry, but I 5) have never managed (never/manage) to get to the end of Endymion It's too long for me! Clare 1) has been (be) in New York for almost a year now I 2) went (go) to visit her last month and I have to say I 3) was (be) very impressed I 4) have visited (visit) most of th e major cities in Europe but I 5) have never seen (never/see) any place as exciting as the Big Apple I 1) have seen (see) five films this mo nth, but I 2) didn't like (not/like) any of them very much Actually, I think the films they 3) made (make) ten years ago 4) were (be) much b etter than anyth ing I 5) have seen (see) for ages Used to - Be/Get used to • + ing form/ noun/pronoun - Would - Was going to Used to expresses past habitual actions and permanent states (Note that stative verbs are not used with 'would':) She used to wake up at am every day (ALSO would wake up) They used to live in a flat (NOT: ~ • • • Would expresses past repeated actions and routines - not states When I was young, I would go for a walk before breakfast (ALSO I used to go ) Be/Get used to expresses habitual actions and means 'be/get accustomed to', 'be in the habit of' She isn't used to staying up late at night She is getting used to working under pressure Was going to expresses actions one intended to but didn't or shows that one doesn't mind changing his plans She was going to buy a new watch but unfortunately she couldn 't afford one "Do you have a moment?" "Well, I was going to make something to eat." (= but it can wait if you want to tell me sth really important/ interesting) Q • Complete the sentences using the words in bold Use two to five words Paul lived in Brazil when he was young live Paul used to live in Brazil when he was young When he was in the army, he used to wake up at o 'clock in the morning would When he was in the army, he would wake up at o'clock in the morning Rosa didn't like English food at first, but now she quite likes it used Rosa didn't like English food at first but now she is/has got used to it He meant to make a cup of tea but they had run out of teabags going He was going to make a cup of tea but they had run out of teabags I don 't think I'll ever find it easy to eat with chopsticks used I don't think I'll ever get used to eating with chopsticks My grandmother rarely travels by plane used My grandmother isn't used to travelling by plane She wanted to call him but she couldn 't find his phone number going She was going to call but she couldn 't find his phone number My mother always gave me a bath every Friday night when I was little would My mother would always give me a bath every Friday night when I was little Make all the necessary changes and additions to make a complete email (See Suggested Answer section) Dear Sir, Yesterday/I receive/new TV set/I order However/I be/ very angry/as it arrive/terrible condition Firstly/delivery men/be rude/refuse/wait/while l/unpack(TV When I unpack/I see/it be damaged The control knob/be broken/and there be/ large crack/on the top(TV I/never before/receive/anything/ in such bad condition Could you arrange/collect this set/and deliver/a new one/soon/possible? I trust/this matter receive/prompt attention Yours faithfully, L Rogers (Mr) Dear Sir, Yesterday I received • Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate past forms Alexander the Great was born {be/born) in 356 BC in Macedonia He became (become) King when he was 20 and continued {continue) the work that his father had begun {begin) In 334 BC he invaded (invade) Persia and by his thirtieth birthday he had conquered {conquer) most of south-west Asia However, while he was planning {plan) the invasion of Arabia he developed {develop) a fever and died {die) Last month Albert and I went {go) on a skiing trip to Scotland We had been saving up {save up) for months and so we were {be) very excited when the time came (come) to leave We packed (pack) our bags, got (get) in the car and set off (set off) We had been driving (drive) for six hours when Albert suddenly remembered (remember) something - we had forgotten {forget) to pack the skis! George Grimes woke up (wake up) feeling very odd All through the night he had been dreaming (dream) about strange creatu res which were trying {try) to break in through his window They had {have) horns and big green eyes and they seemed {seem) to be threatening him "Oh well ," he thought (think) , "at least they aren't real " Just at that moment, however, a big scaly hand came (come) crashing through the window! When Bob invited {invite) me to go fishing with him I was (be) excited because I had never been (never/be) fishing before But as we were driving (drive) to the river we saw (see) the first black clouds and ten minutes later it was raining (rain ) heavily Three hours later, soaking wet, we were still looking for {still/ look for) somewhere to get warm and dry "Did you enjoy (you/enjoy) your holiday?" "No , it was (be) a disaster! As I was getting on (get on) the plane, I found I had left (leave) my holiday money at home! I had been saving {save) for months to get that money My father sent {send) me a cheque, but it took (take) five days to reach me." Alan had been working {work) in the same office for ten years before he applied (apply) for another post with Mask Ltd He had been waiting {wait) for an answer for weeks when he was asked {be/asked) to attend an interview with the Personnel Manager He went (go) there dressed in an expensive suit which he had bought {buy) the day before, on ly to find that they wanted (want) someone to work as a cleaner Identify the tenses, then match them with the correct description The builders are going to start work tomorrow Going to She' ll be waiting outside the station as usual Future Continuous I forgot to tell Jim the news I'll ring him now Future Simple By the end of the year we will have been working together for ten years Future Perfect Continuous Be careful You're going to fall off your bicycle Going to The meeting starts at o 'clock Present Simple I'm sure things will work out in the end Future Simple Perhaps your mother will change her mind Future Simple Will many people be coming to the wedding? Future Continuous 10 They will have finished the plans by the end of the week Future Perfect 11 Hospital staff are beginn ing a two-day strike tomorrow Present Continuous 12 By the year 2020 more people than ever will be moving to the cities Future Continuous e 110 2d 31 i Sh Gj 7a a prediction about the future b asking politely about people's arrangements c action which may (not) happen in the future d action which is the result of a routine e action intended to be performed in the near future f action which will be finished before a stated future time g action in progress at a stated future time h evidence that sth will definitely happen duration of an action up to a certain time in the future j timetable/programme k fixed arrangement in the near future I decision taken at the moment of speaking Sc 9b 10 f 11 k 12 g Part For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap Use only one word in each gap There is an example at the beginning (0) Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided Example: IBI U IT J J J I J J J I J J J I I Ot1r Moving Earth I Geologi sts believe that the earth's top layer is not solid (0) is broken up into a number of large pieces called 'plates ' These plates are not fixed in one spot but are moving very slowly (about 1-10 cm a year) and independently of one (13) another That is, the plates are all moving (14) in different directions Some plates are moving towards each other, some are moving away from each other, and (15) some are sliding past each other As each plate moves, so (16) the continents and oceans that lie above it It is this movement of the earth's pl ates (called ' Plate Tectonics') that scientists believe explain s geological phenomena (17) such as mountain formation, earthquakes, and the movement of continents (18) in/throughout time For example, when two pl ates (19) that/which are carrying continental crust above them crash into each other, the continents can 'buckle' and 'fold ' to create mountain ranges This is (20) how the Himalayas formed The plate which carri es India above it crashed into the plate w hich carries Asia In fact, the Himalayas are grow ing t aller (21) and taller each year because t hese two plates are (22) constantly/still colliding The position of the continents is also explained by moving plates Less than 100 years ago, m any scient ists believed that the eart h's cont inents (23) had always been in t he same place M any people noted, however, the strange coincidence that many coastlines .11111111!!111'!15il looked as if they could fit together The east coast of South America looked as (24) -i.t' it could fit perfectly with the west coast of Africa, for instance Practice Test ~ Part For questions 25-34, read the text below Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line There is an example at the beginning (0) Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided Pur le - the colour of kings Today, you can see the colour purple (0) But in ancient times, purple was a(n) (25) exceptionally difficult colour to produce in a dye Cloth which was dyed purple was (26) incredibly rare and very (27) expensive The only people who could afford to wear purple clothes were kings, or very wealthy or (28) powerful people In fact, for many centuries, purple was the colour of (29) royalty Legend has it that purple was first discovered by the god Melkarth when his dog ate a sea snail The snail left a (30) beautiful purple colour around the dog's mouth This snail (called Murex) became the first source of purple dye The dye was called 'Tyrian Purple' after the place of its (31) discovery: Tyre The city of Tyre became rich and very (32) famous in ancient times because its purple-dyed clothes were so (33) highly prized It took more than 12,000 Murex snails to produce enough dye to colour just one robe Purple dye was so (34} valuable, that in ancient Rome one gram of purple dye was worth more than twenty grams of gold! 1108 EVERY EXCEPTION INCREDIBLE EXPENSE POWER ROYAL BEAUTY DISCOVER FAME HIGH VALUE Part For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given Do not change the word given You must use between two and five words, including the word given There is an example at the beginning (0) Example: O The accident wasn 't his fault BLAME He the accident Write the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS in the answer boxes provided 35 The company rejected his offer DOWN His offer was turned down by the company 36 I can't believe that he managed to escape so easily DIFFICULT I find it difficult to believe that he managed to escape so easily 37 You'd better book a ticket well in advance WERE If I were you, I would book a ticket well in advance 38 He is less domineering than his brother NOT He is not as domineering as his brother 39 His parents won 't let him stay out late ALLOWED He is not allowed to stay out late \ 40 They won't make it to the final this year CHANCE They have no chance of making it to the final th is year 41 Nobody knows what the answer is ANYBODY There is not anybody who knows what the answer is 42 They invited both their relatives and their friends to the wedding ON LY They invited not only their relatives but also their friends to the wedding Reported Speech Direct Speech gives the exact words someone said ! Reported Speech gives the exact meaning of what We use inverted commas in Direct Speech ; someone said but not the exact words We not use "It's a nice song," he said ! inverted commas in Reported Speech ; He said it was a nice song Say - Tell - Ask - Speak - Talk • • • • Say is used in Direct Speech It is also used in Reported Speech when it is not followed by the person the words were spoken to "She won 't come," he said • He said (that) she wouldn't come Tell is used in Reported Speech when it is followed by the person the words were spoken to "She won't come," he said to me • He told me (that) she wouldn 't come Ask is used in reported questions and commands or in direct questions He said to me, "Please leave " • He asked me to leave He asked, "Have you got any money?" • He asked me if I had any money We use say + to - infinitive BUT never say about We use tell sb, speak/talk about instead Ann said to call her at 12.00 He told them/spoke/talked about the incident Expressions with say, tell and ask ············· ···: ·············································· ························································: Expressions with say say good morning/evening etc, sa.y something, say one's prayers, say a few words, : ! .! ~.~~.~-~.' ~.~~-~o ~?.r~: s~~ ~?.~ ~~.~~'.~· ·-~ ~~-f?~ ~~~~ ~~~ E 'th t [ tell the truth, tell a lie, tell (sb) the time, tell sb one's name, tell a story, tell sb a secret, l : xpress1ons w1 e11 : : ~ ! tell sb the way, tell one from another, tell sb's fortune, tell sb so, tell the difference etc ~ rE~p;~-~ ~i~~~ ~11·h· ~-~k··r·~~·k ·~-1~~~-~;:··~;k·1h·~··11~~:··~;k··~ ~-~~~t1~·~·. ~~k th~·p;i·~~ ~1~····· ·········· ·········· ···················! : : Fill in: say, tell or ask in the correct form Tony said he enjoyed the performance 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 I can't say for sure, but I think she's divorced Never tell me a lie again The teacher said she was happy with our results She asked me for a loan of £50 Don't tell the secret to anybody else My neighbour always says "hello " whenever he sees me Please tell me if I look okay in this dress She asked the doctor how long she would have to stay in hospital He said he had never seen such a ridiculous film before "Of course I'll help you, " she said to me Can you tell me the way to the nearest bank? Don 't say I didn 't tell you they were coming Mum promised to tell us a story before we go to bed I wish she'd stop asking favours She stopped to tell a passer-by the time The twins look alike I can 't tell one from another She asked/told me to meet her at the cinema at o'clock I remember her saying something , I just can 't remember exactly what And now I would like to say a few words about this year's competition To tell you the truth, this is the first time I've tasted blackberries She did tell me her name but I can't remember it now I don't teel like arguing so we'll say no more about the subject There are three types of Reported Speech: statements, questions and commands/requests/sugges tions Statements • Reported statements are usually introduced with say or tell That is optional in the reported sentence Inverted commas are omitted in Reported Speech "He 1s nch, · Ann said • Ann said (that) he was nch • Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to context I like your car, " he said to Mary • He told Mary that he liked her car Tenses change as follows : ;· iii.reci.speec.h iiidireci.speecii Present Simple .{.''She works hard,;; he said ~ Re"sa/'c{{that) she wo'ik'eci"fiard: Present Cont "She is working hard, " he said • He said (that) she was working hard Past Simple "She worked hard," he said • He said (that) she had worked hard Past Cont ~ "She was working hard, " he said • He said (that) she had been working hard i Future Simple uShe will work hard, · he said • He said (that) she would work hard Future Cont j "She will be working hard," he said • He said (that) she would be working hard Present Perfect : "She has worked hard, " he said • He said (that) she had worked hard i Present Perf Cont "She has been working hard," he said • He said (that) she had been working hard ! ! l ! ! ! • • • Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous not change in Reported Speech Past Simple changes to Past Perfect or remains the same When the reported sentence contains a time clause, the tenses of the time clause remain unchanged She came round to my house while I was doing my shopping, ·• he said • He said (that) she had come/came round to his house while he was doing his shoppmg If the reported sentence is out-of-date, the tenses change, but if it is up-to-date, the tenses can remain the same "She called last week, " he said • He said (that) she had called the week before (speech reported after she had called - out-of-date) He is seeing the dentist tomght, ' she said • She said he is seeing the dentist tomght (speech reported before he sees the dentist - up-to-date) Tenses not change In Reported Speech when: • the reporting verb (said, told, etc) is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect ·1can 't dnve, " he says • He says (that) he can 't drive • the speaker expresses general truths, permanent states or conditions "The sun rises m the east, " the teacher said • The teacher said (that) the sun rises m the east • the reported sentence deals with conditionals type 2/type 3, wishes or unreal past "I wish I was flying to Brazil, " he said • He said (that) he wished he was flying to Brazil • the speaker is reporting something immediately after it was said (up-to-date) 'The food is delicious " he said • He said (that) the food is delicious (up-to-date) Note: If the speaker expresses something which is believed to be true, the tenses may change or remain the same "She likes seafood," he said • He said (that) she likes/llked seafood However, if the speaker expresses something which is believed to be untrue, the tenses change "India is a rich country," he said • He said (that) India was a nch country • Time words can change or remain the same depending on the time reference Direct Speech tonight, today, this week/month/year now now that yesterday, last night/week/month/year tomorrow, next week/month/year two days/months/years etc ago • Indirect Speech • • • • • • that night, that day, that week/month/year then, at that time, at once, immediately since the day before, the previous night/week/month/year the following day/the day after, the following/next week/month/year two days/months/years etc before "The report Is due m next week, · the lecturer said • The lecturer said (that) the report was due in the following week (out-of-date reporting) "I went to a party last night," she said • She said (that) she went to a party last night (up-to-date reporting) certain words change depending on the context: this/these • that/those, here • there, come • go etc "He isn 't coming to the meeting, " she said • She said he wasn 't going to the meetmg Reported Speech [@ Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech "They will have arrived in Bali by now," he said (out-ofdate reporting) He said they would have arrived in Bali by then "I've always hated the music they play at this 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 disco," he said (out-of-date reporting) He said he had always hated the music they played at that disco "He' ll repair the car next Friday," she said (up-todate reporting) She said he will repair the car next Friday "I'll be travelling home this time next week," she said (out-of-date reporting) She said she would be travelling home that time the following week "He left last Monday," she says She says he left last Monday "I haven't decided what type of car I'll buy," he said (upto-date reporting) He said he hasn't decided what type of car Bali - Indonesia he will buy "It's time we went out," she said She said it was time we/they went out "The earth is round," he said He said the earth is round "When they were fishing they caught a trout," he said He said that when they were fishing they caught a trout "Your reports are all typed up," the secretary said (up-to-date reporting) The secretary said my/our reports are all typed up "Dinosaurs are extinct," the teacher said The teacher said dinosaurs are extinct "Paris is a small city," said Lucy Lucy said Paris was a small city "I've been sunbathing all afternoon," he said (out-of-date reporting) He said he had been sunbathing all afternoon "She looks very pretty today," said Paul Paul said she looks/looked very pretty today/that day "If I were you, I'd enter the competition," he said He said that if he were me he would enter the competition "If they had played well, they'd have won," the coach said The coach said that if they had played well they would have won "She doesn't seem to be enjoying herself," he said (up-to-date reporting) He said that she doesn't seem to be enjoying herself "Water freezes at 0°C ," the professor said The professor said that water freezes at o·c "She ought to see a doctor," he said He said she ought to see a doctor "Mum is making a cake now," said Tom (out-of-date reporting) Tom said Mum was making a cake then "We went to Australia two years ago, " she said (out-of-date reporting) She said they had been to Australia two years before "He can't possibly be serious," Tim said (up-to-date reporting) Tim said he can't possibly be serious "We were watching television when we heard the news," her father said Her father said they had been/were watching television when they heard the news "I am meeting Terry tomorrow," she said (up-to-date reporting) She said she is meeting Terry tomorrow "Next time you' ll have to better than that," my boss said (out-of-date reporting) My boss said that I would have to better than that the next time Reported Questions • Reported Questions are introduced with ask, wonder, inquire, want to know etc In reported questions we use affirmative word order and the question mark becomes a full stop Inverted commas are omitted To report a question we use: a) ask + question word (who, where, which, how etc) when the direct question begins with a question word, and b) ask+ If/whether when the direct question begins with an auxiliary verb (can, do, have etc) Tenses, personal pronouns, possessive adjectives, time words etc change as in statements : Direct Speech i , "What time is it?" she asked him Reported Speech !; , She asked him what time it was : .':~.~.X?.~.~.~~ '!!~~~.' ::.~.~~.~~~~~.~'.~: l ~.~~.~s~~~ ~;::1 ~~!~~.~.~~~.~ ~~.~!.~.~:~.t· ' 112 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech "Will you take the dog out for a walk? " he asked me He asked me if/ whether I would take the dog out for a walk "How much money have you got?" he asked me He asked me how much money I had "Did you really write this poem?" she asked Tim She asked Tim if/whether he had really written that poem "How did the operation go? " they asked the doctor They asked the doctor how the operation had gone "Will you be going on holiday next summer?" he asked her He asked her if/whether she would be going on holiday the following summer "Is that your daughter walking along the pier, Mary? " Joan asked Joan asked Mary if/whether that was her daughter walking along the pier "Why is he acting this way? " she asked me She asked me why he was acting that way "Can you let Joan know I'll be late?" she asked me She asked me if/whether I could let Joan know she would be late "Which of these dresses suits me best?" she asked Lynn She asked Lynn which of those dresses suited her best 10 "Does this bicycle belong to anyone?" he asked He asked if/whether that bicycle belonged to anyone 11 "Who used my toothbrush?" he asked He asked who had used his toothbrush 12 "Do you want to join us at 6.00? " he asked me He asked me if/whether I wanted to join them at 6.00 13 "Why didn't you tell me about the party?" he asked me He asked me why I hadn't told him about the party 14 "Have you been to York before?" she asked Sue She asked Sue if/whether she had been to York before • Indirect questions are used to ask for advice or information They are introduced with: Could you tell me ?, Do you know ?, I wonder , I want to know ., I doubt , etc and the verb is in the affirmative If the indirect question starts with "I want to know .", "I wonder " or "I doubt ", the question mark is omitted Question words (what, where, who, etc) or whether can be followed by an infinitive in the indirect question if the subject of the question is the speaker ····· : j Direct Speech Indirect Speech I::~~~:.i~(,~:?t~:~,~f~iis~=~~:::·=::·1 ~f}~~:~~::;~:~;,~:~~~had told ~: t~:··;~;::- ·-··1, : _ : 1: "What shall I next?" he asked me ! He wanted to know what he should do/what to next Turn the following sentences into indirect questions Omit question marks where necessary Where are you going? (I want to know ) I want to know where you are going Did he steal the money? (I doubted ) I doubted that he had stolen the money Has she told anyone about our engagement? (He wondered ) He wondered if/whether she had told anyone about their engagement What time does the train leave? (Could you tell me ) Could you tell me what time the train leaves? Who did it? (She wondered ) She wondered who had done it Where have you been? (He wanted to know ) He wanted to know where I/he/she/we/they had been Does he speak French fluently? (I wonder .) I wonder if/whether he speaks French fluently Will she be on time? (I doubt ) I doubt that she will be on time How long has he been working here? (Do you know ) Do you know how long he has been working here? 10 Are they moving house? (I want to know ) I want to know if/whether they are moving house Reported Commands/Requests/Suggestions Reported Commands/Requests/Suggestions are introduced with a special introductory verb (advise , ask, beg , suggest etc) (see pages 103-104) followed by a to-infinitive, an -ing form or a that-clause depending on the introductory verb 'Watch out, he said to me "Please, don't move.· he said to me ·Let's play chess," he said "You'd better see a doctor," he said • • • • He told me to watch out (command) He asked me not to move (request) He suggested playing chess (suggestion) He suggested that I (should) see a doctor (suggestion) Reported Speech Turn the following sentences from Direct to Reported Speech ''Turn off the light please! " he said to us He asked us to turn off the light "Wipe your feet on the mat!" mother said Mother told me/us to wipe my/our feet on the mat 'l " l?lea~e lQ~~l\{e mel." ~t\e ~ald St\~ a«.~~d m~ t.,Q {Q~~l\(~ t\~~ "Could you babysit for me ton ight?" he said to me He asked me if/whether I could babysit/to babysit for him that night "You sho uldn't eat so much meat," she said to me She advised me not to eat so much meat "Be here on time in future," Tom's boss said Tom's boss told him to be there on time in futu re "Could you pass me the salt?" Barry said to her Barry asked her to pass him the salt "Let's buy some new curtains! " Sally said Sally suggested buying some new curtains "You'd better go to bed early," Hen ry said Henry advised me/him/her/us/them to go to bed early 10 "Don 't be horrible to your little sister! " his father said His father told him not to be horrible to his little sister Modal Verbs in Reported Speech Note how the following modal verbs change in Reported Speech when the reported sentence is out-of-date will/shall • would, can • could (present reference)/would be able to (future reference), may • might/could, shall • should (asking for advice)/would (asking for information)/offer (expressing offers) , must • must/had to (obligation) (* "must" remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction) , needn't • didn't need to/didn't have to (present reference)/wouldn't have to (future reference) Would, could, used to, mustn't, should, might, ought to and had better remain unchanged in Reported Speech Direct Speech He said , "I will always love you " He said , "I can't help you." He said , "We can come soon." He said , "It may snow." He said , "What time shall we leave?" He said , "Shall I buy a red one?" He said , "Shall I help you?" He said, "You must tell the truth " He said , "She must have got lost." He said , "They should try a little harder." He said , "She had better pay me back." He said, "You needn't hurry." He said , "You needn't come to work on Friday." Indirect Speech • • • • • • • • • • • • • He said (that) he would always love me He said (that) he couldn't help me He said (that) they would be able to come soon He said (that) it might snow He asked what time we would leave (information) He asked (me) if he should buy a red one (advice) He offered to help me (offer) He said (that) I had to tell the truth (obligation) He said (that) she must have got lost (deduction) He said (that) they should try a little hard er He said (that) she had better pay him back He said (that) I didn't have to/didn't need to hurry He said (that) I wouldn't have to go to work on Friday Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech She said , "You needn't pay until next month " She said (that) I wouldn't have to pay until the following month 10 11 12 13 14 She said, "When shall we let them know?" She asked when we would let them know She said, "Shall I carry your suitcase?" She offered to carry my suitcase She said, "I can't play chess very well " She said (that) she couldn't play chess very well She said, "We must finish the work today." She said (that) they had to finish the work that day She said, "You needn't wear formal clothes." She said (that) I didn't have/need to wear formal clothes She said, "You should take more exercise." She said (that) I should take more exercise She said, "Shall I get you an aspirin?" She offered to get me an aspirin She said , "Tony must have missed the bus." She said (that) Tony must have missed the bus She said , "We' ll go to the zoo tomorrow." She said (that) they would go to the zoo the following day She said , "I may ta ke up skiing " She said (that) she might take up skiing She said , "What shall I buy him for his birthday?" She asked me what she should buy him for his birthday She said , "They won't arrive on time." She said (that) they wouldn't arrive on time She said , "They needn't be at the meeting next week." She said (that) they wouldn't have to be at the meeting the following week Special Introductory Verbs Introductory verb Direct Speech agree + to-inf demand offer promise refuse threaten claim ·- advise + sb +to-inf allow ask beg command encourage forbid instruct Reported Speech "Yes, I'll come with you." "Tell me everything! " "Would you like me to carry it?" ''I'll study more." "No, I won't come with you." "Behave yourself or I'll punish you." • • • • • • "I heard her say that." • order permit remind urge warn want "You should take a coat." "You can use my phone." "Please, put it away." "Please, please help me." "Fire! " "Go ahead, phone her." "You mustn't eat sweets." "Insert your card and wait for the instructions to appear." "Would you like to come to my house?" "Sit down immediately." "You may speak now." "Don't forget to pay the bill." "Finish your work." "Don't touch that switch." "I'd like you to study harder." accuse sb of + -ing form apologise for adm it (to) boast about complain to sb about "You broke the vase!" "I'm sorry I upset you " "Yes, I lied to her " "I am better than you." "You never tidy up." deny insist on suggest "No, I didn 't steal the car." "You must wear warm clothes." "Let's go to the theatre." invite sb He agreed to come with me He demanded to be told everything He offered to carry it He promised to study more He refused to come with me He threatened to punish me if I didn't behave myself He claimed to have heard her say that -• He advised me to take a coat He allowed me to use his phone He asked me to put it away He begged me to help him He commanded the soldiers to fire He encouraged me to phone her He forbade me to eat sweets He instructed me to insert my card and wait for the instructions to appear He invited me to go to his house - He ordered me to sit down immediately He permitted me to speak He reminded me to pay the bill He urged me to finish my work He warned me not to touch that switch He wanted me to study harder He accused me of breaking the vase He apologised for upsetting/having upset me He admitted (to) lying/having lied to her He boasted about being better than me He complained to me about my never tidying up He denied stealing/having stolen the car He insisted on me/my wearing warm clothes He suggested going to the theatre agree + that-clause boast claim complain deny exclaim explain "Yes, that is a beautiful hat " ''I'm a brilliant dentist " "I know the answer." "You never listen to me." "I've never spoken to her." "It's wonderful! " "It's an easy recipe to follow " inform sb "You will be called for an interview." • promise suggest "I won 't lie to you again." • "You ought to take the other road " • He agreed that it was a beautiful hat He boasted that he was a brilliant dentist He claimed that he knew the answer He complained that I never listened to him He denied that he had ever spoken to her He exclaimed that it was wonderful He explained that it was an easy recipe to follow He informed me that I would be called for an interview He promised that he wouldn't lie to me again He suggested that I take the other road "This is how you make it." He explained to me how to make it explain to sb + how - • Reported Speech Introductory verb won.d er where/what why/how + clause (when the subject of the introductory verb is not the same as the subject in the reported question) : Reported Speech Direct Speech l He asked himself, "How can she reach l the top?" l He asked himself, "Where is Joan?" • • j He asked himself, "Why is she crying?" • He wondered the top He wondered He wondered He wondered how she could reach where Joan was why she was crying what she was doing l He asked himself, "What is she doing?" • ··wai1Cie·r· +··-wilei"her··+··1··He;··as.i