Nutritional Biochemistry, Second Edition_1 pptx

[...]... thank Professor E L R Stokstad for accepting me as a graduate student, for the friendly and lively research environment in his laboratory; and for his encouragement for over a decade XV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SECOND EDITION I am grateful to the following researchers on the University of California at Berkeley campus I thank Gladys Block for patiently answering numerous questions regarding methodology in epidemiology... manner If one were creating an atom, starting with the nucleus, the first electron added would occupy the orbital of lowest energ~ the ls orbital Since each orbital is capable of holding two electrons, the second electron added also would occupy the ls orbital The next available orbital, which has an energy slightly higher than that of the ls orbital, is the 2s orbital A completely filled 2s orbital also... atom This partial removal of electrons from the hydrogen atom results in partially vacant valence orbitals of hydrogen The partial vacancy can be Basic Chemistry 5 filled by electrons from an atom in a second molecule, resulting in the phenomenon of hydrogen bonding The hydrogen atoms of water, alcohol, organic acids, and amines can participate in hydrogen bonding The other atom involved in the hydrogen... available lone pairs of the oxygen atom In this reaction, water serves as a base: HA + H20 ~ A- + H30 + The equilibrium depicted is extremely rapid The lifetime of any given molecule of H3O+ is only 10-13 seconds (Eigen, 1964) Water is an acid as well as a base Pure water partially dissociates to form a hydroxide ion and a proton, which binds to another water molecule: H20 ~ H O - + H + The strength of... -Cull R COH Aldehyde Aldehyde O II R C R RCOR Keto Ketone O II R -C OH RCOOH Carboxyl Acid O II R C -O R RCOOR Ester Ester R K) -R ROR Ether Ether H I R N H RNH2 Amino Primary amine H I R N~R RNHR Amino Secondary amine O H II I R -CmN H RCONH2 Amido Amide (~ Phospho Phosphate O II R -(N-S OH II O RSO4H Sulfo Sulfate R~S R RSR Sulfide Sulfide R S S R Kq -SR Disulfide Disulfide RuN C~R [ H RN CHR Imido... Similarl3r inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate are ionized when dissolved in water In inorganic phosphate and sulfate, the R group is a hydrogen atom As also illustrated in Figure 1.1, a primary or secondary amine group can function as a weak base The degree to which the group is protonated to the positive ion depends on the dissociation constant of the molecule to which it is attached and on the... indispensable (essential) amino acids Those that m a y be present in the diet but can be omitted without threatening life are called dispensable (nonessential) amino acids The proteins of the most value, from a nutritional point of view, are the ones that contain all the indispensable amino acids as well as a variety of dispensable amino acids O O II HO CH O R II H R C OH R C O CH 3HOH C OH + HO CH O = R . 4s H 1 1 He 2 2 Li 3 2 1 Be 4 2 2 B 5 2 2 1 C 6 2 2 2 N 7 2 2 1 O 8 2 2 2 F 9 2 2 2 Ne 10 2 2 2 Na 11 2 2 2 Mg 12 2 2 2 A1 13 2 2 2 Si 14 2. 13 2 2 2 Si 14 2 2 2 P 15 2 2 2 S 16 2 2 2 C1 17 2 2 2 Ar 18 2 2 2 K 19 2 2 2 Ca 20 2 2 2 , f 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2