Luận văn thạc sĩ VNU ULIS the meanings of the noun love in some english expressions (from cognitive semantics perspectiv

1 VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES ***************** NGUYỄN THỊ THƠM THE MEANINGS OF THE NOUN LOVE IN SOME ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS (FROM COGNITIVE SEMANTICS PERSPECTIVE) (TÌM HIỂU Ý NGHĨA CỦA DANH TỪ LOVE TRONG MỘT SỐ CỤM TỪ TRONG TIẾNG ANH XÉT TỪ GÓC ĐỘ NGỮ NGHĨA HỌC TRI NHẬN) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Hanoi - 2010 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES ***************** NGUYỄN THỊ THƠM THE MEANINGS OF THE NOUN LOVE IN SOME ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS (FROM COGNITIVE SEMANTICS PERSPECTIVE) (TÌM HIỂU Ý NGHĨA CỦA DANH TỪ LOVE TRONG MỘT SỐ CỤM TỪ TRONG TIẾNG ANH XÉT TỪ GÓC ĐỘ NGỮ NGHĨA HỌC TRI NHẬN) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Dr Hà Cẩm Tâm Hanoi - 2010 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………… i Certificate of originality of study project report……………………………………………… ii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………… iii Table of contents……………………………………………………………………………….iv PART I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………… 1 Rationale Aims of the study Scope of the study Research question Organization of the study PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORITICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Cognitive semantics 1.2 Cognitive metaphor theory 1.2.1 Structural metaphors 1.2.2 Orientational metaphors 12 1.2.3 Ontological metaphors .13 1.3 Image schemas 15 1.4 Collocation .16 1.5 The notion love in English 17 CHAPTER 2: THE STUDY 20 2.1 Research question 20 2.2 Data collection 20 2.3 Analytical framework .20 2.3.1 Love is a container 21 2.3.2 Love is a journey 21 2.3.3 Love is a fluid in a container 21 2.3.4 Love is madness .21 2.3.5 Love is insanity 21 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 2.3.6 Love is rapture 22 2.3.7 Love is natural/ physical forces 22 2.3.8 Love is fire/ heat 22 2.3.9 Love is a nutrient 22 2.3.10 Love is a valuable commodity (in an economic exchange) 23 2.3.11 Love is a social superior and opponent 23 2.3.12 Love is a patient .23 2.3.13 Love is war 23 2.3.14 Love is a captive animal 23 2.3.15 Love is a unity (of two complementary parts) 23 2.3.16 Love is a hidden object 24 2.3.17 Love is magic 24 2.3.18 Love is a plant 24 2.3.19 Love is a collaborative work of art 24 2.4 Data analysis and discussion 24 2.4.1 Love is a container 25 2.4.2 Love is fire/ heat 27 2.4.3 Love is a social superior and opponent .27 2.4.4 Love is a valuable commodity 29 2.4.5 Love is natural/ physical forces 30 2.4.6 Love is a fluid in a container 31 2.4.7 Love is a journey 31 2.4.8 Love is a nutrient 33 2.4.9 Love is rapture 34 2.4.10 Love is insanity 35 2.4.11 Love is a unity (of two complementary parts) 35 PART III: CONCLUSION 37 Major findings .37 Implications 38 Suggestions for further study 39 REFERRENCES…………………………………………………………………………………… 40 APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………………… I LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART I: INTRODUCTION Rationale Language is a means to express people‟s thought It is also used to express people‟s emotions, feelings including love, hate, anger, etc In Talmy‟s view, language is a major cognitive system in its own right, distinct from the other major ones: perception, reasoning, affect, attention, memory, cultural structure, and motor control As such, language has some structural properties that are uniquely its own and some others that are in common either with only a few other cognitive systems, or with all other cognitive systems (Talmy, 2000a: 16) In recent years, the study of emotions has been one of the most important areas of research in the Social Sciences Expressing love is not an easy task and different languages may have different conventions In our daily life love is an important emotion Love is not clearly defined in our experience and may be inconceivable without using metaphors (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980: 85) Love, as well as other feeling and emotions, is quite an abstraction It is difficult for us, if not impossible, to comprehend these concepts without metaphor According to Lakoff, we conceptualized the more abstract concept in terms of more concrete, “the non-physical in terms of the physical” (Lakoff, 1980: 59) This present study investigates the concept of love in some English set expressions The theory of metaphor from the point of view of cognitive linguistics (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Lakoff & Turner, 1989; Lakoff, 1993, 1987; Kovecses, 2002) is adopted in this study This new approach on metaphor states that metaphor is a process of understanding our world, particularly those abstract concepts such as love which are often expressed in terms of more concrete ones Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 7) point out that: “Since metaphorical expressions in our language are tied to metaphorical concepts in a systematic way, we can use expressions to study the nature of metaphorical concepts and to gain an understanding of the metaphorical nature of our activities.” The metaphorical concept Love is a journey is reflected in contemporary English through a wide variety of expressions (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980: 44-45): LOVE IS A JOURNEY Look how far we've come We're at a crossroads We may have to go our separate ways We‟re stuck LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com It's been a long, bumpy road This relationship is a dead-end street We're spinning our wheels The marriage is on the rocks Our relationship is off the track In the above examples, love is structured by the concept of a journey These everyday English expressions are used for reasoning about love The metaphor can be understood as a mapping exercise from a source domain (in this case, journeys) to a target domain (in this case love) Entities in the domain of love correspond systematically to entities in the domain of a journey (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980: 207-208) Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 29) claim that “…most of our non-physical reality is structures, understood, and created by metaphors…” We come to know our thoughts and feelings by analogy to the physical world Lakoff and Johnson (1980) proposed that metaphor was a basis structure of understanding through which we conceptualize on domain (the target domain which is unfamiliar or abstract) in terms of another (the source domain, most often familiar and concrete) In short, the conceptual metaphor of love is conventional in different languages, so I applied the theory of conceptual metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Lakoff & Turner, 1989; Lakoff, 1993, 1987; Kovecses, 2002) to the study of recognition of metaphors of love in some English expressions of love It is expected that this study will provide invaluable understanding of correspondence between the domain of love experience and another domain of experience Aims of the study The present study aims at studying the conceptualization of the noun love in some English expressions of love The qualities of love are identified in English based on analyzing the data under the study Scope of the study This study focuses on investigating how love is conceptualized in English evidenced in 115 English expressions of love There are three different categories according to the function of metaphors: Structural, orientaitonal, and ontological metaphors (Kovecses, 2002: 32, 33) In this study, structural metaphors was used as the analytical framework LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 10 Research question The question addressed in this study is: - How is love conceptualized in English evidenced in some English expressions of love? Organization of the study The study comprises parts Part I provides the significance, aims, framework, scope and organization of the study Part II is subdivided into chapters: Chapter provides the general theoretical background of the study and Chapter 2, the backbone of the study It provides the data collection, the analytical framework and data analysis Part III demonstrates the major findings of the study, implications and suggestions for further cognitive studies Appendix and references are also included LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 11 PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORITICAL BACKGROUND In this study, cognitive semantics, especially the theory of cognitive metaphor is the main interest which provides gateways for the understanding and analysis of linguistics expressions containing the word love which are the object of the study This chapter explores the field of cognitive semantics, thus enabling the writer to provide a thorough theoretical framework or background for the study 1.1 Cognitive semantics A new semantic theory, called cognitive semantics, has been developed (Lakoff, 1987; Langacker, 1986, 1987; Croft and Cruse, 2004; Evans, 2006) The prime slogan for cognitive semantics is: Meanings are in the head More precisely, semantics for a language is seen as a mapping from the expressions of the language to some cognitive or mental entities Langacker (1986a: 3) formulates it crisply: “Meaning is equated with conceptualization.” This paradigm of semantics is thus conceptualistic or cognitivistic It rejects the formal traditions of attributing linguistics into phonology, syntax, pragmatics, etc., and that the meaning is independent from syntax Moreover, cognitive semantics states that meanings come from our mind; or rather, meanings are in the head (Gardenfors, 1994) An important tenet of cognitive semantics is that the structures in our heads that are carrying the meanings of words are of the same nature as those that are created when we perceive- when we see, hear, touch, etc different things (Gardenfors, 2007: 58) Cognitive semantics is concerned with investigating the relationship between experience, the conceptual system, and the semantic structure encoded by language In specific terms, scholars working in cognitive semantics investigate knowledge representation (conceptual structure), and meaning construction (conceptualization) Cognitive semanticists have employed language as the lens through which these cognitive phenomena can be investigated Consequently, research in cognitive semantics tends to be interested in modeling the human mind as much as it is concerned with investigating linguistic semantics (Vyvyan, 2007) Cognitive semantics has established close ties between semantics and cognition Cognitive semantics as a multi-disciplinary theory of language attempts to describe language phenomena from a cognitive, cultural and physiological point of view taking into account the sociological and anthropological differences as well as the experiential realisms and natural surroundings that are embodied A major question in cognitive semantics research is how LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 12 different languages and cultures utilize the resource in the language system (the grammar and lexicon) to construe the world Thus, the use of cognitive semantics as an approach to human discourse seen through underlying conceptual schema patterns could be significant an understanding cross-cultural communication Cognitive semantics, in general, agrees that there are universal as well as language specific construal For instance, Asmah (1996) and Yu (2003) have found that the conceptualization and metaphorisation of the body is influenced by and interacts with the folk cultural elements in society Kovecses (1999) also agrees that the conceptualization of the body and body parts is in the large part culture-specific with several universal conceptual structures at the categorical and schematic level 1.2 Cognitive metaphor theory The Cognitive Theory of Metaphor - initiated by Reddy‟s (1979) study on the “conduit metaphor”- had been developed mainly by Lakoff, Johnson and their colleagues (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Lakoff, 1987, 1993; Lakoff &Turner, 1989) It met with wide response It is also called Conceptual Metaphor Theory It is one of the first products of cognitive semantics Conceptual Metaphor Theory is an area of research which deals with the concept of metaphorical language Conceptual metaphors pervade our thoughts and are reflected through our language Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 3) state that: "Our conceptual system is not something we are normally aware of In most of the little things we everyday, we simply think and act more or less automatically certain lines Just what these lines are is by no means obvious One way to find out is by looking at language.” Lakoff and Johnson (1980) pointed out that the concepts that govern our thoughts govern our everyday functioning Our concepts structure what and how we perceive and experience the world Our conceptual system thus plays a central role in defining our everyday realities If we are right in suggesting that our conceptual system is largely metaphorical, then the way we think, what we experience, and what we every day is very much a matter of metaphor They (1980) also identify metaphor as a transfer between the source domain and the target domain This has become known as the “two-domain theory” of metaphor The cognitive view on metaphor regards it as cognitive mechanism whereby one conceptual domain (source domain) is partially mapped, that is, projected, onto another conceptual domain (target domain) The target domain (abstract conceptual reality) is then understood in LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 13 terms of the source domain (physical reality) According to Lakoff (1994: 43), metaphor is thus “a cross-domain mapping in the conceptual system” Let‟s look at the examples: Life is difficulty Love is a journey Argument is war Anger is a hot fluid in a container As we can see in the examples above, life, love, argument and anger are target domain, while difficulty, journey, war and a hot fluid in a container are source domain (Kovecses, 2002: 6) In order to understand the target domain in terms of source domain, we have to have appropriate knowledge of the source domain (Lakoff & Turner, 1989: 60) To sum up, according to Lakoff and Johnsons‟ research (1980), from everyday expressions we know that most of our concepts are partially understood in terms of other concepts and that most of human beings‟ normal conceptual system is metaphorical Lakoff and Johnson identify three types of metaphors: structured, orientational and ontological In the following sections, a brief discussion of each type of metaphor will be outlined 1.2.1 Structural metaphors According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 40) state that structural metaphor refers to a conceptual metaphor that is constructed from one conceptual structure to another In other words, in the structural metaphor model, one concept is understood and expressed in terms of another structured, sharply defined concept With the help of the structural metaphor, we can use the words concerning one concept to talk about another concept For instance, war is a concept that is frequently mapped onto the target domain such as argument As we know war is a concrete concept that we are very familiar with, so we often talk about argument in terms of war Moreover, we also know that war is a very complex process that involves plan, attack, defense, counterattack, fight, win, lose, truce, etc., while argument is complex and abstract concept As a result, the knowledge of war can be used to talk about the unknown abstract concepts These metaphors are the most clearly perceived Let‟s consider the examples (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980: 4) below because this kind of metaphor is reflected in our everyday language by a wide variety of expressions: ARGUMENT IS WAR LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 38 2.4.9 Love is rapture In the table (1), there were metaphorical lexical units included in the conceptual metaphor Love is rapture Normally, when you think of the state of rapture, you think of an extreme pleasure on happiness or excitement, which is made by alcohol or stimulant The English metaphorical expressions in the data represent that love is conceptualized as rapture in terms of its collocational words in the expressions Let‟s consider the collocations in the examples in order to understand how love is conceptualized as rapture (47) He is intoxicated with love (48) I am giddy with love (49) She has drunk with love In daily language, the words intoxicated, giddy, and drunk are used to talk about the people who get drunk because of alcohol or stimulant However, in these expressions, when they are in love, their feelings and emotions are floating and unable to balance These expressions imply that the lovers who are in love are so excited, happy and slightly out of control because of an experience such as love Because of the extreme, happiness and excitement that love bring Therefore, love is an irresistible desire evidenced in the expression (50) below: (50) Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desire When anyone is in love, they are impossible to refuse, oppose or avoid it It attracts all people because it is too pleasant, attractive and strong Not only the expressions of love in English represent love as rapture, but also Love is rapture metaphor can be found in the Vietnamese expressions For example: (51) Yêu trầu vỏ say In this expression, the word “say” (drunk) is used with the word “yêu” (love) In Vietnamese, trầu and cau (betel and areca nut) are used popularly in the betrothal and wedding ceremony They are symbol of love The herbals here not make the lovers get drunk They get drunk, but it is not because of alcohol or any drug It is because of love 2.4.10 Love is insanity There were English expressions of love that represent the conceptual metaphor Love is insanity in the table (1) The meaning of insanity is the state of being seriously mentally ill or extreme foolish and irrational Love is understood as insanity when it collocates with the words, such as folly, incapable, fool or stupid Take a look at the following examples (52) If thou rememberst not the slight folly, LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 39 That ever love did make, (53) People who are sensible about love are incapable of it As we can see that a person who falls in love, his/ her behavior seems lack of control and irrationality The emotion makes them loose all control (54) He has lost his ability to think because of love Expression (54) shows that the lovers‟ states of mind are not normal They are unable to anything, difficult to think straight or to behave in a reasonable way However, people who have rational and lucid mind are considered not to have been fallen in love yet Therefore, love is conceptualized as insanity because of its collocations evidenced above in the expressions of love In Vietnamese, there are some expressions which represent love as insanity For example: (55) Yêu đỗi nên mê Tỉnh biết kẻ chê người cười (56) Yêu tâm trí hao mòn, yêu đến thác yêu In these examples, love makes the lovers insensible (mê mẩn) and their minds are irrational (hao mòn) According to the expressions, we can see that the two languages represent the same conceptualization of love as insanity 2.4.11 Love is a unity (of two complementary parts) In the table (1), there were metaphorical expressions of love included in the conceptual metaphor Love is a unity (of two complementary parts) Unity is the state of being or joining together When finding love, living somebody, or being in a relationship is what makes a human being a complete entity (57) Their knot of love (58) Religion is one with love The meaning of a unity is understood when love is combined with the words like tear, one, knot, or twin The word “knot” in example (57) represents the love relationship as a fastening tie which is made to tie the two persons together In addition, the action “tear” is only acted when the object is a unity Love is a unity metaphor is not only represented the love of a couple, but also it conceptualized as a unity with the people who have the same religion evidenced in example (58) Therefore, when love is combined with these words above, love is conceptualized as a unity (of two complementary parts) In Vietnamese there is also the understanding love as a unity of the complementary parts LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 40 (59) Một túp lều tranh hai trái tim (vàng Although they are two persons, they are one in love The symbol of the two hearts in one cottage means they are a unity in the love relationship LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 41 PART III: CONCLUSION Major findings In this section, major findings that provide the answer to the research question will be outlined Firstly, the results of the study show that the most productive type of the cognitive metaphor in this study proved to be the structural metaphor Hence we can see that the structural aspect of a conceptual metaphor consists of a set of correspondences between a source domain and a target domain The results objectively show that while the metaphors Love is a container and Love is a fluid in a container are characteristic in English, it is not the case in Vietnamese Secondly, it seems that English and Vietnamese share most of the process of conceptualization of love Both languages conceptualize love as fire/ heat, a social superior or opponent, a valuable commodity, natural/ physical forces, a journey, a nutrient, rapture, insanity, and a unity of two complementary parts only inferred via the analyzing the meanings and the senses of words collocated with love Thirdly, according to the data of the study and the results shown, qualities of „love‟ or perceptions of „love‟ are evidenced as follows: 1) Love is understood as a container when it is combined with prepositions such as “in” or “out” 2) Love is conceptualized as fire/ heat when it is collocated with the words such as “burn”, “scorch”, “stir up”, “ignite”, “warm”, “melt”, “kindle” or “consume” 3) Love is used as a social superior or opponent when it is combined with words showing a state of higher in rank or social position or the struggle such as “rule”, “seize”, “overcome”, “fight off” or “beat” 4) Love is understood as a valuable commodity when it is used with words showing the exchange, such as “buy”, “loose”, “take” or “receive‟ 5) Love is conceptualized as natural/ physical forces when it is collocated with the words such as “carry away”, “immerse”, “touch”, make” or “open” 6) Love is understood as a fluid in a container when it is combined with the words such as “full”, “fill”, “overflow”, “popple”, “a fountain” or “a whirlpool” 7) Love is metaphorically understood as a journey when it is used with the words of paths or the movement on the paths such as “track”, “course”, “come” or “go” LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 42 8) Love is conceptualized as a nutrient when it is combined with the words related to food or the process to provide nutrient to keep people healthy/ alive, such as “strength”, “hunger”, “vitamin”, “food”, “starve” or “sustain” 9) Love is understood as rapture when it is collocated with the words such as “intoxicated”, “drunk”, “giddy” or “ecstasy” 10) Love is understood as insanity when it is combined with the words which represent the state of seriously mental illness and insensible such as “folly”, “fool”, “incapable” or “stupid” 11) Love is conceptualized as a unity (of two complementary parts) when it is combined with words of expressing the unity or alignment, such as “knot” or “one” In conclusion, similarly to Yang (2008: 97), the findings of this study confirm that love has so many source domains because it possesses so many qualities, such as sweetness, bitterness, saltiness, illusiveness, blindness, power, etc For each quality, there are so many source domains to be labeled Implications Although I am a teacher of English in a high school, I strongly advocate the development of semantics for teaching purposes By means of cognitive semantics, teachers can understand the accurate meanings of words As a result, they will help their students understand meanings of expressions clearly and analysis the use of words logically Especially, students will be made aware of the fact that polysemy, idiomaticity, cultural diversity and diversity in the use of a single linguistic item are vividly manifested The results of this study seem to be significant to teachers and students of English in teaching and learning vocabulary, reading comprehension, and speaking The first area of using or applying conceptual metaphor is obviously vocabulary learning in general Conceptual metaphors provide us with the possibility of seeing one thing in terms of another This feature enables us to link the senses of a lexical item in one domain to its related metaphorical senses in another domain, thus extending the senses of the same word forms Through this study, I suggest that teachers apply the theory of conceptual metaphor in teaching vocabulary, reading comprehension and speaking Suggestions for further study LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 43 This study only focused on the analysis of love conceptualization in English but could not deal with the equivalents in Vietnamese Further research can investigate the equivalents in Vietnamese to see if the two languages differ The differences definitely will be countable for the cultural identities of the two peoples LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 44 REFERENCES In 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(1996), Spaces, Worlds, and Grammar, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 18 Firth J R (1957), Modes of Meaning In: Firth, J R (Ed.), Papers in linguistics 19341951, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 192-196 19 Jackendoff R (1987), On Beyond Zebra: The Relation of Linguistic and Visual Information, Cognition 26, pp 89-114 20 James, C (1980), Contrastive Analysis, Longman, London 21 Gärdenfors P (1994), Induction and the evolution of conceptual spaces, Charles S Peirce and the Philosophy of Science, The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp 72-88 22 Gardenfors P (2007), Cognitive Semantics and Image Schemas with Embodied Forces, Embodiment in Cognition and Culture, pp 57–76 23 Geeraerts D & Grondelaers S (1995), Looking Back at Anger: Cultural Traditions and Metaphorical Patterns, Language and the Cognitive, Construal of the World, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin & New York, pp 153–179 24 Gevaert C (2005), The ANGER IS HEAT Question: Detecting Cultural Influence on the Conceptualization of ANGER through Diachronic Corpus Analysis, Perspectives on Variation: Sociolinguistic, Historical, Comparative, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin & New York, pp 195-208 25 Geeraerts D & Cuyckens (2007), Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, Oxford University Press 26 Gibbs R W and Colston H L (1995), The Cognitive Psychological Reality of Image Schemas and their Transformations, Cognitive Linguistics 6, pp 347-378 27 Lai T V and Ahrens K (2001), Mappings From the Source Domain of Plant in Mandarin Chinese, Proceedings of the 15th Pacific Asia Conference on Language Information and Computation, City University, Hong Kong 28 Lakoff G (1987), Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London 29, Lakoff G & Kövecses Z (1987) The cognitive model of anger inherent in American English, Cultural models in language and thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 30 Lakoff, G (1994), “The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor”, Metaphor and Thought (2nd ed), Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 202-251 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 46 31 Lakoff G and Johnson M (1980/ 2003), Metaphors We Live By, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 32 Lakoff G and Turner M (1989), More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London 33 Langacker, R (1988), A View of Linguistic Semantics, In B Rudzka-Ostyn (ed.), pp 4990 34 Langacker R W (1986a), Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Volume I: Theoretical Prerequisites, Stanford University Press, Stanford 35 Langacker, R W (1991a), Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Volume II, Stanford: Stanford University Press 36 Kovecses Z (1986), Metaphors of Anger, Pride, and Love John Benjamins, Amsterdam 37 Kövecses Z (1999), Metaphor: Does it Constitute or Reflect Cultural Models? Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp 167-188 38 Kövecses Z (2000), Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling, Cambridge University Press, New York 39 Kövecses Z (2002), Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, Oxford University Press, New York 40 Oatley K (2004), From the Emotions of Conversation to the Passions of Fiction, Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam symposium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 98-115 41 Palmer F.R (1981), Semanitcs (2nd edition), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 42 Penny S., Gwyneth F and Rosamund M (2003), Collis Cobuild Advance Learners Dictionary, New edition, Express Publisher, Jermany 43 Reddy M (1979), The Conduit Metaphor, Ortony A (ed.), pp 284-324 44 Robin R.H (1989), General Linguistics (4th edition), Longman, London and New York 45 Shakespeare W (1974), see The Riverside Shakespeare, Houghton Mifflin, New York 46 Talmy L (2000a), Toward a Cognitive Semantics, Volume I: Concept Structuring System, The MIT Press Cambridge, Mass 47 Talmy L (2000b), Toward a Cognitive Semantics, Volume II: Typology and Process in Concept Structuring, The MIT Press Cambridge, Mass 48 Taylor J R (2002), Cognitive Grammar, Oxford University Press, Oxford LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 47 49 Tissari, H (1999), Love Shakes the Spheres: Five Prototypical Meanings in Shakespeare‟s Plays”, Proceedings from the 7th Nordic Conference on English Studies, University of Turku, Turku, pp 175–191 50 Tissari H (2003), LOVEscapes: Changes in Prototypical Senses and Cognitive Metaphors since 1500, Société Néophilologique, Helsinki 51 Tissari H (2005), LOVE in Words: Experience and Conceptualization in the Modern English Lexicon of LOVE, Perspectives on Variation: Sociolinguistic, Historical, Comparative, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin & New York, pp 143–176 52 Turner, M (1991), Reading Mings The study of English in the age of cognitive science Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 53 Turner M (1996), The Literary Mind, Oxford University Press, Oxford 54, Vyvyan E (2007), A Glossary of Cognitive Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 55 Yang R (2008), A Holographic Study of Metaphors Concerning Love in Chinese, Intercutural Communication Studies 17 (1), pp 90-101 56 Yu N (2003), Metaphor, Body, and Culture: The Chinese Understanding of Gallbladder and Courage, Metaphor and Symbol 18 (1), pp 13–31 57 Yu N (1998), The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor A Perspective from Chinese, John Benjamin, Amsterdam LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 48 Appendix: ENGLISH EXPRESSIONS OF LOVE 1.Love is a container (1) A man falls in love through his eyes, a woman through her ears (2) In art, as in love, instinct is enough (3) Sadly when we're falling out of love, we often don't see it coming (4) People get so lost in love that they rarely see it coming (5) …And to sink in it should you burden love (6) Are still together, who turn as „twere in love (7) I was in love, I was in heaven (8) We were solely falling in love (9) Never frown, even when you are sad, because you never know who is falling in love with your smile (10) I would be rather be poor and in love with you, than being rich and not having anyone (11) We are in love, but where is it taking us? (12) Unlucky in cards, lucky in love (13) When a man is in love or in debt, someone else has the advantage (14) You know you‟re in love when you don‟t want to fall asleep because reality is finally better than your dreams (15) Trip over love, you can get up Fall in love and you fall forever (16) Falling in love is so hard on the knees (17) An old man in love is like a flower in winter (18) The falling out of lovers is the renewing of love (19) When one is in love, one always begins by deceiving oneself, and one always ends by deceiving others (20) In love is no lack (21) All‟s fair in love and war (22) There's beggary in the love that can be reckon'd (23) Though last, not least in love Love is fire/ heat (1) Love burns across the infinitude (2) Love is a smoke made with the fume of sigh, (3) Love scorches me LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 49 (4) Love is burning in my heart (5) Their love is being stirred up (6) His love makes me feel very warm (7) Love ignites my passion for life (8) Even a flood cannot put out a love like this (9) His love has warmed my heart (10) His love melted an ice-cold heart (11) That kindled love in his heart (12) He was consumed by love (13) His heart was throbbing with love (14) Love must be as much as light, as it is flame (15) Love is kindled on them (16) And not impute this yielding to light love Love is a social superior and opponent (1) She is completely ruled by love (2) She was struggling with her feeling of love (3) He was seized by love (4) She was overcome by love (5) He tried to fight off his feeling of love (6) Love cannot be forced (7) Who would give a law to lovers? Love is unto itself a higher law (8) We don‟t believe in rheumatism and true love until after the first attack (9) Once a man has won a woman's love, the love is his forever He can only lose the woman (10) Prick love for pricking and you beat love down (11) Such is love‟s transgression (12) Love conquers all Love is a valuable commodity (1) Success; happiness and the ability to give and receive love all hinge on our relationship (2) Love is often nothing, but a favorable exchange between two people who get the most of what they can expect, considering their value in the personality mark (3) I‟ve lost all my love for her (4) Love is priceless LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 50 (5) Don‟t stop giving love even if you don‟t receive it Smile and have patience (6) I gave her all my love (7) If love does not know how to give and take without restrictions, it is not love, but a transaction that never fails to lay stress on a plus and a minus (8) Love is anything but free Man has bought brains, but all the millions in the world have failed to buy love (9) The exchange of thy love‟s faithful vow of mine (10) I have bought the mansion of love (11) And gave him what becoming love I might Love is natural/ physical forces (1) She was carried away by love (2) She was deeply immersed in love (3) If love has touched you, naught remain but so (4) And you great love to me restrains you thus (5) Love makes your soul crawl out from its hiding place (6) At the touch of love, everyone becomes a poet (7) Love makes time pass, time makes love pass (8) Love is the master key that opens the gates of happiness (9) In springtime, love is carried on the breeze (10) Love makes the world go round Love is a fluid in a container (1)Mashuda is full of love (2) She was overflowing with love (3) She was filled with love (4) Love is like a fountain that flows out (5) Love poppled in the heart (6) Love is like a whirlpool (7) Love moistened his heart like a spring rain (8) And- for I know thou‟rt full of love and honesty (9) Love wells up Love is a journey (1) Her love for him has come to an end LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 51 (2) The race track of love (3) I‟m having a love affair with this guy but it‟s on the rocks (4) The course of true love never did run smoothly (5) In true love the smallest distance is too great, and the greatest distance can be bridged (6) Of my whole course of love: what drugs, what charms (7) Love goes toward love (8) Comes from my love, but I see you‟re mov‟d… Love is a nutrient (1) I was given new strength by her love (2) I am starved for love (3) She is sustained by love (4) He thrives on love (5) The hunger for love is much more difficult to remove than the hunger for bread (6) Love is like a Vitamin of your life and a fire of your life (7) Lovers live by love, as larks live by leeks (8) Poet‟s food is love and fame Love is rapture (1) He is intoxicated with love (2) I am giddy with love (3) She has drunk with love (4) I have been high on love for weeks (5) This is the very ecstasy of love (6) Anyone can be passionate, but it takes the real love to be silly (7) Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desire 10 Love is insanity (1) If thou rememberst not the slight folly, That ever love did make (2) He has lost his ability to think because of love (3) Love favors fool (4) People who are sensible about love are incapable of it (5) Love is being stupid together (6) Txist death and love I‟m torn, I am distracted LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 52 11 Love is a unity (of two complementary parts) (1) Their knot of love Tied, weaved, entangled with so true, so long (2) It just tore us as apart as it more out of spite than real love for the guy I lived with (3) Religion is one with love (4) Whose double bosoms seem to wear one heart, Whose hours, whose bed, whose meal, and exercise Are still together Who twin as „twere in love Unseparable… (5) Love is missing someone whenever you're apart LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... conceptualization of the noun love in some English expressions of love The qualities of love are identified in English based on analyzing the data under the study Scope of the study This study focuses on investigating... concept love as a container in terms of the preposition in and out (1) I was in love, I was in heaven (2) The falling out of lovers is the renewing of love Love is conceptualized as forming a container... thing they concern is the love They believe that the strength of love helps them many things There is the difference between the two languages in representing love as a commodity In English, the