Luận văn thạc sĩ VNU ULIS english reading strategy use by university students in vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES - NGUYEN THI BICH THUY ENGLISH READING STRATEGY USE BY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN VIETNAM (Nghiên cứu chiến lược đọc tiếng Anh sinh viên đại học Việt Nam) A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy [ Hanoi - 2018 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES - NGUYEN THI BICH THUY ENGLISH READING STRATEGY USE BY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN VIETNAM (Nghiên cứu chiến lược đọc tiếng Anh sinh viên đại học Việt Nam) Major: English Language Teaching Methodology Code: 9140231.01 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors: Dr Hoang Thi Xuan Hoa Assoc Prof Dr Lam Quang Dong [ Hanoi - 2018 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP The dissertation titled “English Reading Strategy Use by University Students in Vietnam” has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy I, the undersigned, hereby declare that I am the sole author of this dissertation I have fully acknowledged and referred the ideas of work of others, whether published or unpublished, in my dissertation The dissertation does not contain work extracted from theses, dissertations or research papers previously presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other universities Signed Nguyen Thi Bich Thuy i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Comment [G1]: Deleted:E Writing this dissertation has had a big impact on me The research journey would never have been possible without the involvement of many individuals and groups, to whom my grateful acknowledgments are extended Comment [G2]: Deleted:e First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisors, Dr Hoàng Thị Xuân Hoa, and Assoc Prof Dr Lâm Quang Đông, who gave me opportunities, encouragement, and invaluable guidance throughout the entire journey of my doctoral study including this dissertation Without their intellectual mentoring, I would never have completed this dissertation with pride and satisfaction My sincere thanks go to Dr Huỳnh Anh Tuấn, the Dean, and all the lecturers as well as the staff members of the Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies (ULIS), Vietnam National University (VNU) for their precious help, constructive feedback, and warm support during my study time Thanks are also due to the Managing Board and my colleagues from the College of Techniques, Economics and Trade (CTET) and those from other universities who accompanied me during my study Comment [G3]: Inserted: rom Comment [G4]: Deleted:o I wish to express my gratitude to my research participants for their help and willingness to participate in this research The results I have achieved today partially belong to them Last but not least, my heart goes to my loving Family, whose boundless love, continuous support, encouragement, and exceptional patience have given me the strength and motivation to complete this work This dissertation is dedicated to my Parents, my Husband and my two Children Thank you very much, everyone! Nguyễn Thị Bích Thủy 2018 ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT The present study investigated the strategy use by Vietnamese university students when they read general English materials It also examined if there were differences in the use of reading strategies between students who learned English as a compulsory subject at university (EFL students) and those who used English as a medium of instruction in the university (EMI students) The research also aimed to find out how the factors of gender, academic majors, English learning time, English learning/English reading enjoyment, self-rated English/English reading proficiency, self-perception of the importance of being a proficient English reader related to the students‟ reading strategy use Nine hundred and sixty-three Vietnamese students from six universities in the North of Vietnam participated in the study The main data of the research were collected by means of a questionnaire, adapted from Oxford's (2013) SelfStrategic Regulation Reading Strategy Model In addition, qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with fifteen students chosen from the sample were also analyzed to support the main evidence Comment [G5]: Inserted: - The research findings revealed that the Vietnamese students were medium reading strategy users EMI students reported to use more strategies and at a higher frequency level than their EFL counterparts The results of the study indicated that the Vietnamese university students employed the reading strategies differently according to their personal characteristics, namely academic majors, enjoyment of English learning and reading English materials, and self-rated English and English reading proficiency Though there were not statistically significant differences, students of different gender, English learning time and self-perception levels of the importance of being a proficient English reader used strategies differently as well Based on the research results several pedagogical implications and suggestions for further research were also presented iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii LIST OF FIGURES AND GRAPHS x INTRODUCTION 1 Background to the study Purpose of the study 3 Scope of the study 4 Significance of the study Structure of the study CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Reading 1.1.1 Psycholinguistic model 1.1.2 Social constructivist model 12 1.1.3 Self-strategic regulation model 14 1.2 Reading strategies 17 1.2.1 Definitions and characteristics of reading strategies 17 1.2.2 Classifications of reading strategies 19 1.3 Previous studies on reading strategies 29 1.3.1 Frequencies and types of students‟ reading strategy use 29 1.3.2 Successful and unsuccessful readers‟ reading strategy use 33 1.3.3 Strategies used by English as a second (ESL) and English as a foreign language (EFL) readers 37 1.3.4 Factors affecting the use of reading strategies 39 1.3.5 Strategies used in reading texts of different genres 42 1.5 Chapter summary 51 CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 54 2.1 Common methods applied in reading strategy research 54 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 2.1.1 Questionnaires 56 2.1.2 Oral interviews 57 2.1.3 Verbal report 59 2.1.4 Mixed methods 62 2.2 Research methods of the present study 63 2.2.1 Questionnaire 64 2.2.2 Semi-structured interview 66 2.2.3 The reading text 66 2.3 The pilot study 67 2.3.1 Participants 67 2.3.2 Procedures 67 2.4 The main study 69 2.4.1 The participants 69 2.4.2 Instruments 76 2.4.3 Data collection and analysis procedures 76 2.5 Chapter summary 84 CHAPTER THREE: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 87 3.1 Findings 87 3.1.1 Question What strategies are used by students in their reading General English (GE) texts? 87 3.1.2 Question To what extent is the use of reading strategies by students who learn English as a compulsory subject (EFL students) different from that by students who use English as a medium of instruction in their universities (EMI students)? 93 3.1.3 Question How the factors of gender, academic majors, English learning time, English learning/English reading enjoyment, self-rated English/English reading proficiency, self-perception of the importance of being a proficient English reader relate to students‟ reading strategy use? 99 3.1.4 The predictive relationship among the students' strategy category use and independent variables 121 3.2 Discussion 126 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 3.2.1 Question What strategies are used by university students in their reading General English (GE) texts? 126 3.2.2 Question To what extent is the use of reading strategies by students who learn English as a compulsory subject (EFL students) different from that by students who use English as a medium of instruction in their universities (EMI students)? 133 3.2.3 Question How the factors of gender, academic majors, English learning time, English learning/English reading enjoyment, self-rated English/English reading proficiency, self-perception of the importance of being a proficient English reader relate to the students‟ reading strategy use? 137 3.3 Chapter summary 149 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 151 Summary of the research findings 151 Pedagogical implications 155 2.1 For educational administrators 155 2.2 For teachers of English 156 2.3 For students 158 2.4 For English textbook writers 158 Limitations 159 Suggestions for further research 159 REFERENCES 162 APPENDICES 188 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AFFEC Affective Strategies COG Cognitive Strategies EFL English as a Foreign Language EMI English as a Medium of Instruction ESL English as a Second Language FL Foreign Language GE General English L2 Second Language M Mean Score MARSI Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategy Inventory META Metastrategies SCD Strategies for Coping with Difficulties SCT Strategies for Comprehending the Text S.D Standard Deviation SILL Strategy Inventory for Language Learning SOC Socio-cultural Interactive Strategies SORS Survey of Reading Strategies SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences S2R Self-strategic Regulation WHS While-reading Strategies ZPD Zone of Proximal Development Comment [G6]: Inserted: r Comment [G7]: Inserted: f Comment [G8]: Deleted:t vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Gender of Participants 71 Table 2.2 Academic Majors of Participants 71 Table 2.3 Participants‟ English learning time 72 Table 2.4 Participants‟ English Learning Enjoyment 72 Table 2.5 Participants‟ Enjoyment of Reading English Texts 73 Table 2.6 Participants‟ Experiences in Reading Strategy Training 73 Table 2.7 Participants‟ Self-rated English Proficiency 74 Table 2.8 Participants‟ Self-rated English Reading Proficiency 74 Table 2.9 Evaluation of the Importance of English Reading Proficiency 75 Comment [G9]: Inserted: f Table 2.10 Participants‟ Strategy Training Belief 75 Comment [G10]: Deleted:n Table 2.11 Interviewees' Information 78 Table 2.12 Frequency Scale Delineated by Oxford (1990) 80 Table 2.13 The Sample of Coding Qualitative Data 83 Table 2.14 The Research Procedures 85 Comment [G11]: Inserted: The s Comment [G12]: Deleted:S Table 3.1 Strategies Used by Participants when Reading GE Texts 88 Table 3.2 Participants‟ Use of Each Strategy Category 91 Table 3.3 Participants‟ Use of Cognitive Strategies 91 Table 3.4 Participants‟ Use of Affective Strategies 92 Table 3.5 Participants‟ Use of Socio-Cultural Interactive Strategies 92 Table 3.6 Participants‟ Use of Metastrategies 92 Table 3.7 Overall Strategy Use by EFL and EMI Students 93 Table 3.8 Strategy Use by Categories by EFL and EMI Students 94 Table 3.9 Tests of between Subject Effects 94 Table 3.10 Individual Strategies Used by EFL vs EMI Students 95 Table 3.11 Sample t-test of Individual Strategies Used between EFL & EMI Students 97 Table 3.12 Overall Strategy Use by Gender 99 Table 3.13 Use of each Category Strategy by Gender 99 Table 3.14 Five Most and Least Used Strategies by Males and Females 100 viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com the dictionary - Anything else? - Sometimes I also ask my friends I interact with Interacting to Socio- about the new words in the text Learn and cultural Communicate Interactive knowledge to understand the text I activate my Activating Cognitive better I link the information from the knowledge to Knowledge others while - Do you use your background reading to learn knowledge to comprehend the text? and communicate - Yes, of course When I read something related to what I have known, I try to use my background text with what I have known before understand the - That‟s great What about strategies reading text you not use frequently? - There was not much time, so I concentrated on how to answer the questions as fast as possible, not considering what strategy to use I NO I plan for NO Planning not usually plan for my reading, reading either I always try to complete the reading tasks required without Comment [G568]: Deleted:as evaluation -Anything else? - That‟s all - Thank you very much and wish you more success in your English learning 11 - Hi! Nice, thank you for your presence here today How are you? Comment [G569]: Inserted: , - I‟m fine, thanks - You have already read an article Was it ok for you? - Yes It was not very difficult for me - That‟s very good How did you read I deduce the the text? - First, I looked at the text and saw content of the some new words such as readings from the “sophisticated”, “carousel”, Going Beyond the Cognitive Immediate Data “amusement”, available was information (title, difficult, but then I read again for known words such as height, and looked at vocabulary, topic I thought it 272 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com the picture it was not very difficult sentences ) for me For question 1, I read through the text and guessed it was about a park I looked at the options I reason (analyze and guessed the answer Reasoning Cognitive Obtaining and Cognitive by and guess eliminating unrelated information grammatical For question 2, I did not understand points, the word admission, but when I vocabulary, etc.) looked at the table I saw the price what I read to and some other information I understand the eliminated some information and text chose the answer- entertainment I did not know the word funfair but I guessed from the words I have known fun and fair - Did you use a dictionary? Comment [G570]: Inserted: a - I looked up for only one word, but I I use references did not remember I did not look up (dictionaries, Using Resources a dictionary for the given words I vocabulary, etc.) Comment [G571]: Inserted: a also used some words in bold I tried to help me to guess from the words I have understand what I known or from keywords in the text need to read For the last question, I thought of the word galaxy but perhaps it was not I activate my Activating related In sum, I read through the knowledge to Knowledge text from pictures the and beginning, tables Cognitive used understand the provided, reading text guessed from familiar words and information; used background knowledge; used a dictionary for a few words Comment [G572]: Inserted: a - That‟s good Do you usually read in English? - I like English so I often read English articles whenever I have time - Do you have any difficulties in reading in English? - Not many difficulties - Ok You have also introduced to a list of reading strategies Are they 273 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com new to you? Comment [G573]: Inserted: t - I think most of them are familiar to Comment [G574]: Deleted:f me However, I not use all of Comment [G575]: Deleted:r them very often - Now tell me, which of the strategies you often use when you read an English text? - Generally, I skim the text to get the Interacting to Socio- knowledge to understand the text I others while Learn and cultural like looking at the pictures or tables, reading to learn Communicate Interactive overall idea Then I use my I interact with Comment [G576]: Inserted: the or use highlighted words in the text and communicate to guess the meaning I also try to Comment [G577]: Inserted: the guess the meaning of new words from the words I have known If I Comment [G578]: Inserted: the cannot guess, I use a dictionary or ask my friends Comment [G579]: Inserted: a - Do you combine some strategies at the same time to read more effectively? - Perhaps not because I don‟t know how to - Do you want to be trained on strategy use? - Yes, of course I think it will help me a lot to read effectively I‟ve never been trained on this I read from experiences only - Ok Now tell me which of the strategies you use the least? - I hardly plan for my reading I‟ve NO I plan for never had any ideas for planning the reading NO Planning Metastrateg reading I read when I want or when I am required by my English teacher No I evaluate my in class As I not have much time, reading No No Evaluating ies Comment [G580]: Inserted: or No Comment [G581]: Deleted:o Metastrateg ies I not check if my answers for the reading task are right - Do you motivate yourself while reading? I generate and - Sometimes when I try to understand maintain Generating and Affective Maintaining 274 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com new words without looking up motivation when Motivation dictionary I say to myself “Try my reading best to guess the meaning!” - Anything else? - I think socio-cultural knowledge is very important in reading in English because Vietnamese culture is much different from that of many other countries, especially England or America I need to read in English as much as possible to deal with new socio-cultural contexts while reading - Excellent! It‟s really very important - How you think you would improve your English reading? - I think I will apply the strategies provided today They are very useful, indeed - Thank you very much and wish you a lot of success in English learning 12 - Nice to see you You have already read a text Can you tell me how you dealt with it? - It was an interesting article I think it was suitable for me, though there I use references Obtaining and were some new words Firstly, I (dictionaries, Using Resources read through the text to get overall vocabulary, etc.) meaning Secondly, I looked at the to help me text to see if there were any words understand what I relating to the questions and guessed need to read the answers Then I looked up a dictionary for the new words I could Comment [G582]: Inserted: a not guess the meaning - Did you use the words in bold? - Yes The bold words helped guess I deduce the the content of the text The table told content of the Going Beyond the Immediate Data me about the open hours and ticket readings from the price In addition, I also used the available information (title, 275 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com picture and guessed the text was known about a park, an amusement center vocabulary, topic Comment [G583]: Inserted: r - Did you feel satisfied with the sentences ) Comment [G584]: Deleted:r answers? - Yes, I think I did the task not badly - Excellent How often you read in English? - I like reading and I try to read whenever I have time - Ok What you often read? Metastrateg - I usually read newspaper articles, or ies texts in textbooks - How you usually deal with reading? Cognitive - I usually skim the text first to get general meaning Then I focus on keywords to guess the meaning of each paragraph If there are any Comment [G585]: Inserted: the questions to answer I guess the answers from the keywords I try to understand new words by using pictures or highlighted words in the text If I cannot I look up a dictionary for the new important words Comment [G586]: Inserted: a - Very good Do you have any difficulties dealing with English texts? - Sometimes, when there are too many new words - What you then? I activate my Activating knowledge to Knowledge - I use my knowledge to guess, such as understand the the knowledge about the content, or reading text the words, or the structures I have I reason (analyze known For example, I have a habit and guess Reasoning to find out the roots of new words to grammatical points, guess their meaning - Excellent! That's a very good way vocabulary, etc.) You have already introduced a list of what I read to understand the 276 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com strategies applied in reading Are text they new to you? I guess the text - I think they are not very new to me based on the link Conceptualizing Cognitive Broadly Comment [G588]: Deleted:f Comment [G589]: Deleted:r I use many of them but I not between words, phrases, concepts, know they are strategies Comment [G590]: Inserted: t - Ok Which of them you use the etc., in the Comment [G591]: Deleted:f Comment [G592]: Deleted:r reading most? Comment [G587]: Inserted: t - I activate my knowledge, I guess the text based on the link between words NO I organize NO Organizing Cognitive NO Monitoring NO Comment [G593]: Inserted: z Metastrateg Comment [G594]: Deleted:s in the text, I analyze and guess reading to get grammatical points and vocabulary effectiveness Sometimes I interact with friends to NO I monitor my reading get better comprehension ies - Good Do you use references such as a dictionary or a list of new words? Comment [G595]: Inserted: a - Yes, but not very often I try to guess Comment [G596]: Inserted: a first because I think it takes a lot of time to look up a dictionary Comment [G597]: Inserted: a - What don‟t you usually use? - Ah, I rarely organize my reading I usually read in the way I like So I don’t monitor my reading, either - The strategies are grouped into categories Can you tell the number of strategy categories you use frequently? Comment [G598]: Inserted: to - I think first Group 2, then Group 3, Group and Group - Do you want to add anything? - I think no - It is really very interesting to have an interview with you Thank you very much and wish you a lot of success in English learning 277 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 13 - You have already read a text How was it? - It was suitable for me, though there were some new words - Ok How did you deal with it? - I looked at the questions first Then I read the text, read the questions I use references Obtaining and Metastrateg again to find out the answers I tried (dictionaries, Using Resources ies to get the main meaning to answer vocabulary, etc.) question I also used a dictionary to help me Comment [G599]: Inserted: the to get the meaning of new words understand what I Comment [G600]: Inserted: a For question 2, I used the table with need to read information about open hours and ticket price attached with the text I I guess new words Conceptualizing also tried to guess the meaning of the or phrases while with Details Cognitive new from the words I have known, reading through Comment [G602]: Deleted:d such as funfair (I know fin and fair), the analysis of Comment [G601]: Inserted: th amusement (amused) I guessed the known elements text was about a park with a lot of interesting games I skipped some unimportant words such as probably, elegant, capacity, etc - Ok Do you think you did the reading tasks well? - I am not sure but I think it was ok - That‟s good Do you usually read in English? - Sometimes when I have the time or I read in English lessons only Comment [G603]: Inserted: he t - Do you have any difficulties in reading in English? - I find it difficult if there are a lot of new words And of course, when I read something completely new to me, such as the text with content I not know But this rarely happens The texts in English class Comment [G604]: Inserted: t are usually not very difficult for me Comment [G605]: Inserted: , to understand Comment [G606]: Deleted:f - Ok How you usually deal with Comment [G607]: Deleted:r 278 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com an English text? - I usually read the title of the text first Then I read it from beginning I deduce the Going Beyond the to end (very quickly) to get general content of the Immediate Data) Cognitive meaning I usually underline the readings from the words I don’t know then try to guess available their meaning If I cannot guess I information (title, known look them up in a dictionary - When you read a text with new vocabulary, topic information you use your sentences ) background knowledge? - Yes, I try to link the things I have I activate my known with the information in the knowledge to text Sometimes if I Activating Cognitive Knowledge not understand the reading text understand, I ask my friends - Ok You have already filled in a questionnaire on reading strategies Are the strategies provided new for I use references (dictionaries, you? Obtaining and Metastrateg Using Resources ies vocabulary, etc.) - No, they are not so new to me Comment [G608]: Inserted: t - Which you usually use in your to help me understand what I English reading? Comment [G609]: Deleted:f Comment [G610]: Deleted:r - I focus on the information in the text, need to read especially the keywords I usually guess the meaning of new words and phrases, use illustrated pictures or Interacting to tables, use dictionary, find the Learn and I interact with Socio- others while cultural relationship between information in Communicate reading to learn Interactive the text In addition, I use my and communicate Comment [G611]: Inserted: the background Conceptualizing Comment [G612]: Inserted: the knowledge understand new information - Anything else? to I guess the text Broadly based on the link Generating and - Ah, sometimes I motivate myself to between words, phrases, concepts, complete reading tasks - How you that? Cognitive Maintaining Motivation etc., in the - I say “Try my best”, “Try my best”, reading etc - Great Which ones don‟t you usually I generate and maintain use? NO Planning motivation when 279 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com - Of the strategies, I think I not reading plan for my reading I not NO I plan for NO Monitoring reading monitor my reading, either - Do you want to add anything? NO I monitor my - That‟s all reading - Thank you very much for the interview and wish you a lot of success in English learning 14 - Thank you for our time with me You have already read an article What you think about it? - There were a lot of new words, I could not remember or did not know their meaning Anyway, I have answered some questions but I not know if they are right - Was it difficult for you? - It was normal for me - You mean it was suitable for you? - Yes - How did you deal with the comprehension questions? - I read through the text to find out keywords of the text For question 1, I looked for keywords such as most sophisticated and guessed the text was about an entertainment park - What about other questions? - I also looked for keywords For I use references unfamiliar words, I looked up the (dictionaries, dictionary Obtaining and Metastrateg Using Resources ies Cognitive vocabulary, etc.) - Did you use given things in the text, to help me understand what I such as the pictures? - Yes, I used the picture… need to read Going Beyond the - To guess the meaning of the text? I deduce the Immediate Data - That‟s right My vocabulary is poor, content of the so I usually use pictures in the text readings from the to guess available information (title, 280 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com - What else? Did you find any known questions difficult for you? vocabulary, topic - Yes, questions and Question sentences ) was quite difficult for me It was about two kinds of games in the park - How did you deal with it? - I also used a dictionary to find out Comment [G613]: Inserted: a the meaning of the new words or guessed their meaning - How did you guess the meaning? - I translated the familiar ones and looked at the pictures again to find out the names of the two games - Did you know this park or happened to know about them through reading other English articles? - Yes Did you use your background knowledge to deal with the text? NO I activate my - I did not use the knowledge to deal knowledge to understand the with this reading - Ok You have already introduced a reading text NO Activating Cognitive Knowledge list of reading strategies Are they new to you? Comment [G614]: Inserted: t - Some I have read them some time Comment [G615]: Deleted:f but I did not use them; exactly I did Comment [G616]: Deleted:r not know how to use them to deal with a text - What are the difficulties for you when reading? - My reading is not very good as I not know much vocabulary In addition, my knowledge is poor Furthermore, perhaps because of my poor grammar so I cannot guess the meaning by linking the known ones - Ok Now considering the provided strategies, which of them you think you use the most? 281 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com - Whenever dealing with a reading I reason (analyze Reasoning Cognitive - Do you mean interacting with your I interact with others while friends? Interacting to Socio- Learn and Cultural - Yes, sometimes I also ask my reading to learn and communicate teacher as well Communicate Interactive text, I read through it first, look at and guess the questions to guess answers grammatical basing on familiar words Guessing points, from the content of the text I usually vocabulary, etc.) try to find out the main meaning of what I read to understand the the text - How you find out the main text meaning? - I usually concentrate on the title or the first sentences of the text to find out if it is suitable In addition, I usually skim the text - What will you if you cannot guess the meaning? - In such the case I look up the dictionary or use references Sometimes, I highlight the words and then ask friends for the meaning - Ok Of the 19 strategies provided which don‟t you usually use? I overcome - Analyzing grammatical points knowledge gaps Sometimes I see new grammatical about the text in points but I not know how to deal communicating Overcoming Knowledge Gaps Socio- in Communicating Cultural Interactive with others with them - Do you ignore them? - Yes, I have to - What about knowledge? your socio-cultural NO I guess new words or phrases - I not use them much, but in fact, I while reading like reading texts which have new through the NO No Conceptualizing Cognitive with Details socio-cultural knowledge I think I'll analysis of known try to learn more about them in elements English reading, especially about 282 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com England to get socio-cultural knowledge of the world Comment [G617]: Inserted: , - What about others? NO I plan for NO Planning - Planning I have never planned for reading No Metastrateg ies my reading If I have to read something I read immediately and then guess the meaning of new words - Do you combine the strategies? NO I orchestrate NO Orchestrating No the strategy use Strategy Use Metastrateg - No And I not know how to when reading ies combine them - Ok Do you find the strategies useful for you? - Yes, of course I think I will plan my reading to find out if it is effective for me Comment [G618]: Inserted: out - That‟s very good - I think socio-cultural identity is quite useful In my opinion, we will understand texts generally well if we have the socio-cultural knowledge to understand others Comment [G619]: Inserted: the - You said you have never used such the strategy but now you will? - Yes - Now, you have any ideas to overcome difficulties in your reading? Comment [G620]: Inserted: , - Yes Because I not use the strategies quite often After this, I'll change Comment [G621]: Inserted: , - Do you want to say anything else? - That‟s all - Ok, thank you very much and wish you success in English learning 15 - Hi! Nice to see you How are you? - I‟m fine, thank you - Ok You have already read the article What you think of it? 283 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com - It was not very difficult but there are some new words for me - How did you deal with it? - I skimmed the text first to get its general meaning - And then? - I felt most fascinated and most I reason (analyze Reasoning Cognitive Going Beyond the Cognitive popular were similar; amusement and guess park and fun fair were quite the grammatical same, so I chose the answer I know points, the word carousel, so I ignored the vocabulary, etc.) picture I also focused on keywords, what I read to tables with numbers, linked the new understand the words with preceding ones, and text guessed the meaning of new words I deduce the and gave answers to the questions content of the Immediate Data Comment [G622]: Inserted: the - That‟s very good Do you like readings from the available reading in English? - Yes, I like learning English very information (title, much so I try to read in English as known Comment [G623]: Inserted: s much as possible to improve my vocabulary, topic sentences ) English - Do you have any difficulties with your reading? Comment [G624]: Inserted: th - Yes, especially when there are a lot Comment [G625]: Inserted: w of new words in the text, or the topic Comment [G626]: Inserted: l of the reading is quite new for me Comment [G627]: Deleted:n - You have already been introduced to a list of strategies which can be applied in reading Are they new to you? Comment [G628]: Inserted: t - I know some of them I also use Comment [G629]: Deleted:f them such as guessing, deducing I activate my from given information, or looking knowledge to up a dictionary, etc., but I don‟t understand the reading text know they are strategies Activating Cognitive Comment [G630]: Deleted:r Knowledge Comment [G631]: Inserted: a - Ok Do you think they are useful for your reading? - Very useful I think I can use a lot of 284 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com them in my reading to get better results - Of the given strategies which ones you usually use? - I think I use many strategies of I guess the text group two, such as activating based on the link Conceptualizing Cognitive Broadly knowledge, guessing new words between words, through analysis of known elements, phrases, concepts, guessing based on the link between etc., in the words in the reading reading - That‟s very good What about others? I use references - If I cannot guess the meaning of new (dictionaries, Obtaining and Metastrateg Using Resources ies words, I look them up in a vocabulary, etc.) dictionary Comment [G632]: Inserted: the to help me Comment [G633]: Inserted: a - That‟s in group Are you interested understand what I in strategies in this group? need to read - Most of them are new to me I NO I plan for not plan or implement a plan for reading NO Planning NO Comment [G634]: Inserted: t NO Monitoring Metastrateg Comment [G638]: Deleted:f reading I focus on answering NO I monitor my NO Evaluating ies Comment [G639]: Deleted:r questions without planning anything reading I not monitor or evaluate my NO I evaluate my NO Orchestrating Comment [G635]: Inserted: a Strategy Use Comment [G636]: Inserted: s Comment [G640]: Deleted:s reading, either And of course, I reading not know how to orchestra the NO I orchestrate strategy use Comment [G637]: Inserted: , the strategy use - I see What about other strategy when reading groups? - I sometimes interact with my friends I interact with That‟s when there is something new others while I don‟t know reading to learn Interacting to Socio- Learn and cultural Communicate Interactive - Do you use any of Sociocultural and communicate Interactive strategies? - I am not sure about these strategies very much - They mean you motivate yourself when reading - Ah, I not care about these very much But I Iike learning English and always try to my best to get 285 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com good results I am aware of the importance of learning English and perhaps this helps motivate me in my English learning and reading Comment [G641]: Inserted: ut - That‟s very good I hope this can Comment [G642]: Inserted: ab Comment [G643]: Deleted:f make you get a lot of progress in English learning - Do you think the strategies given are useful to you? Comment [G644]: Inserted: t - Of course I think after this I will use Comment [G645]: Deleted:f as many strategies as possible in my Comment [G646]: Deleted:r reading to get better results - I hope so Do you want to add anything? - That‟s all - Thank you very much for the interesting interview 286 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... of students? ?? reading strategy use; b Successful and unsuccessful readers‟ reading strategy use; c Strategies used by ESL and EFL readers; d Factors affecting readers‟ strategy use; e Reading. .. pre -reading stage; annotating, analyzing in during -reading stage; and summarizing, commenting, and reflecting in post -reading stage) whereas the EFL good learners did not differ in pre -reading stage,... phases: pre -reading, during -reading, and post -reading The study reports that successful readers differed in the use of some strategies such as analyzing in the during -reading stage, evaluating and